Ludmila Dulskaya
Ihlobo eledlule lalikhunjulwa ngezinhlekelele zesimo sezulu: izifunda eziningi zaseRussia emaphakathi nase-Urals zibhekane nesomiso. E-Krasnodar naseStavropol Territories naseCrimea, ngokuphambene nalokho, kwakukhona izimvula ezinkulu.
Kulo nyaka, inkathi yokuhlwanyela cishe kulo lonke izwe yaqala ukusala ngemuva kwesikhathi esivamile. Yiziphi izinkinga okufanele zesatshwe enkathini entsha? Yini engenziwa ukusindisa isivuno? Ukuze uthole iseluleko, saphendukela kubo UMaria Kuznetsova, Inhloko yoMnyango Wezifo Zamazambane Nezitshalo Zemifino, Umcwaningi Oholayo we-All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology.
Ukucindezeleka kwe-Abiotic kanye nokuntuleka kokudla okunomsoco
“Unyaka ka-2021 kube unyaka oyingqayizivele. Isimo sezulu esomile esishisayo sasidlangile ezindaweni eziningi zaseRussia. Umswakama ophansi kakhulu wenhlabathi kanye nokuntuleka kwemvula emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kuye kwadala izimo ezingezinhle zokutshala izitshalo zemifino. Ngenxa yokuntuleka komswakama, izitshalo azikwazanga ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele umanyolo ofakwe emhlabathini. Lokhu kubangele izifo eziningi ezisebenzayo zamazambane, okuhlanganisa: ukubonwa kwezindlala (ukugqwala) kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukufiphala kwe-pulp, ukuchichima kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nokwakheka kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-cheburashkas".
Amazambane, abhekana nokucindezeleka kwe-abiotic ngenxa yokuntuleka komswakama kanye nezakhi, kamuva kwaba lula kakhulu emiphumeleni yezifo ezithathelwanayo ze-etiologies ehlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifo ezazikhona ezigabeni zembewu esimweni esicashile zaqala ukuzibonakalisa ngenkuthalo. Ezindaweni eziningi zengxenye Emaphakathi yeRussia, e-Urals nakwezinye izindawo zaseSiberia, ukubonakaliswa kwama-bacteriosis, i-anthracnose, i-rhizoctoniosis kwabonwa kakhulu, kwaphawulwa ukukhubazeka okuhlukahlukene kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ukushoda komswakama nakho kube nomthelela ekulimaleni okusebenzayo kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngotwayi oluvamile, ukubonakaliswa kwe-verticillium ne-Fusarium wilt yezitshalo.
Ezimweni zokuntuleka kwemvula, imithi yokubulala ukhula ayizange isebenze ngendlela efanele. Abalimi abaningi bamazambane bakhulisa imithamo yezidakamizwa futhi benza ukwelashwa okuphindaphindiwe, okuthinte kabi izitshalo nokuholela ekushiseni kwamakhemikhali, futhi kwaba nesandla ekubonakalisweni kwangaphambili kwezimpawu ze-alternariosis ne-anthracnose.
Ngo-2021, ezifundeni eziningi zeRussian Federation, ezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane ahlukahlukene, kwabonwa ukubonakaliswa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwe-alternaria blight kanye nokulimaza kwakamuva, okwagcina kuholele ekwehleni kwekhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi sokuvuna. I-Fusarium ne-bacteriosis, i-anthracnose kanye nokubola kwe-pithy kwabonakala ngentshiseko ezigabeni ngesikhathi sokugcinwa.
Ukuchichima kwezulu e-Krasnodar nase-Stavropol Territories kanye nomsebenzi ongalungile ngokwengxenye wokuvikela amazambane emaqabungeni amaqabunga kwaholela ekulimaleni okukhulu kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngokulimaza sekwephuzile kanye nokubola kwamagciwane.
Ilungiselela ukuhlala
Yini engenziwa ukunciphisa isibalo sezinkinga ngesizini ezayo?
Qiniseka ukuthi ubheka ukushintshashintsha kwezitshalo (ungabuyeli ensimini kungakapheli iminyaka emithathu kuya kwemine). Sebenzisa izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo kuphela lapho utshala. Isimo sokulungiselela izilimo eziyizigaxa zokutshala kule nkathi kuhlanganisa ukufudumala kwazo okuphoqelekile. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zidinga ukubuyekezwa, zilahlwe lezo ezithintekayo yi-stem nematode, ezinezimpawu zokulimaza sekwephuzile, i-bacteriosis, i-fusarium, i-phomosis, i-anthracnose. Kubalulekile ukuhlola amandla okumila kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, ngoba ukucindezeleka kwe-abiotic, ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhubazeka, kungaba nomthelela omubi ekuhlumeni.
Yenza iqoqo lezinyathelo: ukuhluma, ukutshala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukufudumala inhlabathi. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezitshalwe emhlabathini ofudumele zizohluma ngokushesha futhi zingangenwa kalula yizifo. Ngaphambi kokutshala noma ukutshala, izilimo eziyizigaxa kufanele ziphathwe ngamalungiselelo avela emagciwaneni enhlabathini ukuze kugwenywe izifo ezinjenge-rhizoctoniosis ("uqweqwe olumnyama"), i-anthracnose, utwayi lwesiliva.
Siyaqaphela futhi ukuthi izimo zezulu zango-2021, ngeshwa, zazivuna ukuqoqwa kwezinambuzane. Kwawa iqhwa lapho kwakungakabi khona isithwathwa esiqinile, futhi inhlabathi yayingenaso isikhathi sokuqhwa. Ngakho-ke, izinambuzane eziningi namagciwane ziye zasinda kuwo.
Ezifundeni eziningi zaseRussia, ukuba khona kwe-Colorado potato beetle kanye ne-nibbling cutworms kwabonwa ngesizini edlule. Ngakho-ke, lapho utshala, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ama-insectofungicides - ukunciphisa ubungozi bezinambuzane nezifo.
Kuthiwani ngembewu evela kwamanye amazwe?
Kule nkathi, imbewu yamazambane avela emazweni angaphandle ithunyelwa ngokohlelo olulula, futhi inkinga yekhwalithi yembewu eRussia ingase ibe yimbi kakhulu. Amagciwane amaningi, njengama-blackleg pathogen, alele. Kungenzeka ukungenisa imbewu ethelelekile, futhi kufanele sikulungiselele lokhu.
Okufanele ukwenze ngenkathi yokukhula
Qiniseka ukuthi wenza ukwelashwa ngokumelene nokhula. Ngonyaka odlule, ukuvikelwa kwamasimu okhula emapulazini amaningi kwakuhlelwe ngendlela engafanele, okubangele ukuqoqwa kwembewu yokhula futhi kungase kwandise inkinga yokukhula kweziza. Njengoba wazi, ukhula alushintshi nje kuphela i-microclimate ekutshalweni kwamazambane, kodwa futhi luyizindawo zokugcina izifo ze-bacterial and fungal etiology, ngakho-ke kufanele zilwe kanzima, hhayi emasimini kuphela, kodwa nasezindaweni eziseduze.
Okunye okubaluleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi komanyolo we-organic kanye namaminerali: kumazambane embewu, isilinganiso se-N:P:K singu-1:1-1,2:1,6-2; ngokudla - 1:0,8-1:1,5-1,8. Umanyolo uthinta ukwakheka kwekhwalithi nenani le-microflora yenhlabathi, okuhlanganisa nama-antagonist microbes.
Indlela engcono kakhulu yokufaka umanyolo ngokusebenzisa inhlabathi. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezomile kakhulu noma ezimanzi kakhulu, ukugqoka okuphezulu kwe-foliar kuyisengezo esihle - kuphumelela kakhulu emaqabunga amancane, lapho u-75% wokutshala esakhula.
Kuyadingeka ukwenza ukugqoka okuphezulu kwe-foliar, kufaka phakathi i-nitrogen. Akufanele usebenzise ngokushesha umthamo ogcwele we-nitrogen lapho utshala, abalimi abaningi bamazambane bahlukanisa le mali ibe imithamo emibili noma emithathu. Eyokuqala - ngaphambi kokutshala, ngenani lama-60% yenani eliphelele (elinganqunywa ngokusekelwe kokuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen yamaminerali emhlabathini entwasahlobo); okwesibili - isonto ngemuva kokuqala kokubunjwa kwe-tuber, ngenani lama-20%.
Umthamo wonke unconywa ukuthi usetshenziswe phakathi namasonto ayisishiyagalolunye kuya kwayishumi emva kokumila, ngoba u-90% we-nitrogen uthathwa yisitshalo ngalesi sikhathi.
Ngesikhathi sokukhula, ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen kungalungiswa ngokufaka okwengeziwe kwe-UAN noma i-urea. Ngenxa yengozi yokushiswa kwamaqabunga, i-urea ene-nitrogen concentration engaphezu kuka-10-15 kg/ha akufanele isetshenziswe - kufanele isetshenziswe ngemithamo eminingana. Lokhu kwelashwa kungahlanganiswa nokwelashwa kwesikhunta ngokumelene nokulimaza sekwephuzile kanye ne-Alternaria.
Kuyadingeka futhi ukwenza ukuphakelwa kwe-foliar kwamazambane ngomanyolo we-monopotassium phosphate - ukunqanda ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo emaqabunga. Futhi ukwethulwa kwe-calcium nitrate kuzovikela izilimo eziyizigaxa ekulimaleni nasekuthelelekeni ngamagciwane ngesikhathi sokuvuna, ukuthuthwa nokugcinwa.
Ukuvikelwa kwezifo
Ngokusho kolwazi lwethu, kule nkathi, akuwona wonke ama-fungicides alethwa eRussia ngokugcwele, okungadala izinkinga ekuhleleni ukuvikelwa kwamazambane ekubhubhiseni sekwephuzile kanye nokubola kokuqala. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ezimeni zokukhula okuqinile kwezifo, indlela yamakhemikhali kuphela engaqinisekisa isitshalo esizinzile.
Abalimi bamazambane kudingeka babuyekeze isitokwe sabo semithi ebulala isikhunta, bacacise ukusebenza kwayo ngokumelene ne-bright bright kanye nokulimaza kwangaphambi kwesikhathi, futhi benze ngokuvumelana nezimo zezulu. Etafuleni "Ukusebenza kwezithako ezisebenzayo ngokumelene ne-blight sekwephuzile kanye nokubola kwamazambane okuqala" izinkomba zokusebenza zinikezwa, okufanele kuthenjelwe kuzo lapho kukhethwa izidakamizwa. Ake nginikhumbuze ukuthi ukufafaza ngokumelene nokubola okuphuzile kusebenza kahle uma kwenziwa ngaphambi kokuqala kwesifo ensimini. Futhi ukwelashwa ngokumelene ne-alternariosis kungaqalwa ngemva kokuvela kwezimpawu zokuqala zesifo.
Ithebula 1. Ukusebenza kwezithako ezisebenzayo ngokumelene nokulimaza sekwephuzile kanye nokulimaza kwamazambane okuqala
Isithako esisebenzayo: umuthi | I-Phytophthora | I-Alternariosis |
Amalungiselelo ethusi | + | (+) |
I-Dithiocarbamates | + | + |
I-Chlorothalonil | + | + |
I-Fluazinam | + | (+) |
I-Dimethomorph + Mancozeb | + | + |
I-Dimethomorph + Initium | + | - |
I-Cymoxanil + famoxadone | + | + |
I-Cymoxanil + Mancozeb | + | + |
I-Cymoxanil + yethusi | + | - |
I-Fenamidone + Mancozeb | + | + |
I-Mefenoxam + Mancozeb | + | + |
I-Metalaxyl + Mancozeb | + | + |
I-Oxadixyl+copper oxychloride | + | - |
I-Mandipropamide | + | - |
I-Mandipropamide + Difenoconazole | + | + |
I-Propamocarb-HCl + Fluopicolide | + | - |
I-Propamocarb-HCl + phenomidone | + | + |
I-diazofamide | + | - |
I-Difenoconazole | - | + |
I-Pyraclostrobin + boscalid | - | + |
i-fluapiram + pyrimethanil | - | + |
I-famoxadone + i-oxathiapiproline | + | + |
- akukho mphumela; + kukhona umphumela
Ukwandisa ukuvikelwa kwamazambane ekubhujisweni sekwephuzile kanye nokubola kokuqala, izikhathi ezintathu ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo zamazambane kufanele zihlukaniswe: kusukela ekuhlumeni kuya ekuqaleni kokuvalwa kweziqongo ngemigqa (isigaba 1), kusukela ekuqaleni kokuvalwa kwezitshalo. phezulu kuya ekuqhakazeni (isigaba 2) futhi kusukela ekuqhakazeni kuya ekufeni kwemvelo kweziqongo (isigaba sesi-3). Phakathi nezikhathi ezishiwo, kufanele wenze izenzo ezishiwo.
Isigaba 1. Ukufafaza kuyafaneleka lapho kutholwa i-foci ye-phytophthora noma kusengozini enkulu yokuvela kwayo kusenesikhathi. Ubuningi bamaqabunga ngalesi sikhathi bukhula kancane, ngakho-ke noma iyiphi i-fungicide ingasetshenziswa. Ukufafaza okuphindaphindiwe ngokohlelo lwendabuko (oluvamile) - kungakadluli izinsuku ezingu-7-10 ezinhlobonhlobo ezithintekayo, futhi ngemva kwezinsuku eziyi-11-14 - ezimelana nazo.
Isigaba 2. Ngalesi sikhathi, inqwaba yeziqongo iphindwe kabili njalo ezinsukwini ezingama-4-5. Ama-fungicides ahlelekile avikela ukukhula okusha kwamaqabunga neziqu, ngokusho kohlelo lwendabuko, kufanele asetshenziswe kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-7-10 ezinhlotsheni ezingenwa kalula, nangemva kwezinsuku eziyi-11-14 kwezingazweli. Ama-fungicides othintana nawo kanye ne-translaminar kufanele asetshenziswe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamazambane ngokuya ngohlelo lwendabuko njalo ezinsukwini ezi-5.
Isigaba 3. Ukukhula okusebenzayo kweziqongo kulesi sigaba kuyama. Imigomo eyinhloko: ukuvikela iziqongo nezilimo eziyizigaxa ekubhujisweni sekwephuzile, kanye neziqongo ezivela ku-Alternaria. Ngokumelene nokulimaza sekwephuzile, kuyathandeka ukusebenzisa i-translaminar kanye nama-fungicides othintana nawo avikela izilimo eziyizigaxa. Ukucutshungulwa ngokohlelo lwendabuko - kungakedluli zonke izinsuku ezingama-7-10 ezinhlobonhlobo ezisengozini futhi ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-11-14 - kwezingazweli.
Ekupheleni kwenkathi yokukhula, ukuze kuvinjwe ukudluliswa kwezifo ze-etiologies ehlukahlukene ukusuka phezulu kuye kwezilimo eziyizigaxa futhi unciphise ubungozi bokulimala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngokulimaza sekwephuzile, i-alternariosis, i-anthracnose kanye ne-bacteriosis, ukubhujiswa kwangaphambi kokuvuna kufanele kwenziwe. amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu ngaphambi kokuvuna.
Ukutshala izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo, ezihlanjululwe kanye nezinambuzane eziphathwe ngesikhunta emhlabathini ofudumele, kusetshenziswa imithamo elinganiselayo yomanyolo, ngokuhambisana nazo zonke izidingo ze-agrotechnical lapho ukhula amazambane, ukuvikela ukutshala okhula, izinambuzane nezifo ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo - lesi yisihluthulelo isivuno esiyimpumelelo sesizini ka-2022.
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