Boris Anisimov, Federal Research Center of Amazambane aqanjwe nge-V.I. A.G. I-Lorkha
Ukuqala kokulinywa kwamazambane eRussia kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa negama likaPeter I. Kukhona inguquko yokuthi uPeter I, ehlangane namazambane eHolland (1697-1698) futhi ehlonipha ubuhle bayo, wathumela isikhwama sezilimo eziyizigaxa ku-Count Sheremetev nge umyalo oqinile wokuzala lesi sitshalo eRussia ... Kukholakala ukuthi umlando wamazambane akhulayo eRussia uqale ngalesi sikhwama samazambane. Kodwa-ke, akukho lwazi mayelana nokuqhubeka kwalesi simiso sasebukhosini. Uma ngabe kwenzeka ngokoqobo, bekuyindlela eyodwa kuphela yamazambane angene ngayo ezweni lethu. Kunoma ikuphi, kuyaziwa kusuka kokulondoloziwe ukuthi phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. emadolobheni amaningi aseRussia nasezindaweni zasemakhaya, abalimi kanye nabalimi sebetshalile amazambane.
Ekuqaleni, amazambane eRussia, njengakwezinye izindawo, ayethathwa njengomkhiqizo wezwe ongaziwa. Kuphakwe njengesitsha esingavamile futhi esimnandi emabhola esigodlo nasemadilini. Futhi, ngokumangazayo njengoba kungabonakala, amazambane abese efafazwa hhayi ngosawoti, kepha ngoshukela.
Kancane kancane, abaseRussia bafunda kabanzi ngezinzuzo zamazambane. Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-200 eyedlule, kwesinye sezindatshana zomagazini "Ukuqamba nokuhumusha, kwenzelwa nokuzijabulisa kwabasebenzi", okunikezelwe kumazambane, kwathiwa "ama-apula omhlaba" (okokuqala ngqa igama lamazambane) isidlo esimnandi nesinempilo. Kuvezwe ukuthi amazambane angasetshenziswa ukubhaka isinkwa, ukupheka iphalishi, ukupheka ophaya nodombolo. Kakade ngo-1764-1776. amazambane ayelinywa ezingadini zaseSt. Petersburg, eNovgorod, ngaseRiga nakwezinye izindawo.
Indima ebalulekile ekusatshalalisweni kwamazambane eRussia yadlalwa yiMedical College, ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyisikhungo sesibili sesayensi eRussia ngemuva kwe-Academy of Sciences. Lapho kuma-60s wekhulu le-XVIII. kwaqubuka indlala kwezinye izingxenye zezwe, iMedical College yathumela umbiko okhethekile eSenate. Lo mbiko, ikakhulukazi, uveze ukuthi indlela engcono yokulwa nendlala “... siqukethe lawo ma-apula obumba, okuthiwa eNgilandi abizwa ngokuthi ama-potetes, nakwezinye izindawo, amapheya obumba, ama-tartuffle namazambane».
ISenate ikhiphe isimemezelo esikhethekile esisho ngamazambane: «Кmayelana nokusizakala okukhulu kwala ma-apula nokuthi adinga umsebenzi omncane kakhulu ngesikhathi sehlukaniso, futhi lo mklomelo ukhulu kakhulu hhayi kuphela kubantu ngokudla okumnandi nokunempilo, kepha futhi usebenza njengokudla kwazo zonke izilwane ezifuywayo, kufanele bahlonishwe ngokuhamba phambili imifino ekwakhiweni kwemizi nesehlukaniso zama konke okusemandleni akhe».
Ngaphezu kwesinqumo, iSenate iphinde yakhipha "imfundo" ekhethekile, i.e. umhlahlandlela wokutshala amazambane. Iqiniso lokuthi ngo-1765-1766 iSenate yayizimisele ngokusatshalaliswa kwamazambane eRussia kufakazelwa ukuthi ngo-22-30. udingida lolu daba amahlandla angama-40. Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zathathwa ngokushesha: imbewu yathengwa yathunyelwa kuzo zonke izifundazwe, kufaka phakathi lezo ezikude kakhulu. Lezi zinyathelo zinikeze imiphumela efanele. Ngokushesha amazambane athola ukuqashelwa ezifundazweni eziningi zaseCentral Russia, e-Ukraine nasezifundazweni zaseBaltic. Kuliqiniso, kwakukhona nezinxushunxushu ezinkulu ezihambisana nokwethulwa ngenkani kwezitshalo zamazambane, lapho umhlaba othathwa kahle kakhulu uthathwa kubalimi bamazambane, bajeziswa ngokwehluleka ukulandela imiyalo yeziphathimandla, futhi bakhokhiswa imali. Ngama-XNUMX-XNUMXs wekhulu le-XIX. ephendula izinyathelo ezinodlame zikahulumeni kaNicholas I, kwavela lokho okwakuthiwa "udlame lwamazambane".
Imisebenzi yeFree Economic Society, eyahlelwa eSt. Petersburg ngo-1765, yayibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamazambane akhula eRussia.Izindatshana eziningi zososayensi abadumile bangaleso sikhathi ababekhuthaza amazambane zashicilelwa ku- "Trudy" yalo mphakathi . Phakathi kwabo, indima ekhethekile ingeyokuqala usosayensi-isazi sezolimo namahlathi u-Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov. Ngo-1770, washicilela i-athikili yesayensi, "Inothi ku-Tarto." Kwakungomunye wemisebenzi yokuqala futhi enemininingwane eminingi "ekusungulweni, ekutshalweni nasekusakazweni kwamazambane", kanye "nokuqoqwa nokunakekelwa kwalezi." KwakunguBolotov owayengowokuqala ukubiza amazambane hhayi "ama-apula omhlaba" hhayi "amazambane", kodwa "utamatisi." Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leli gama laguqulwa laba amazambane.
Kwakunabanye abaningi abathanda isiko elisha eRussia. Ukufaneleka okukhethekile ekulimeni amazambane kungokwensimu yasePetersburg u-Efim Andreevich Grachev, ongowokuzalwa kubantu base-Yaroslavl. Iqoqo lakhe lamazambane lalihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwekhulu. Ngemisebenzi yakhe yokujwayela nokuzalanisa izinhlobo ezintsha, uthole izindondo ezingama-100 emibukisweni eyahlukahlukene eRussia nakwamanye amazwe. E-International Gardening Exhibition eSt. Petersburg, izinhlobo zamazambane zikaGrachev zabonwa njengezihamba phambili. U-Grachev ugcizelele ukuhlukahluka kwaseMelika i-Early Rose, okuthi ezimweni zase Russia ithole izimfanelo ezintsha futhi yaba inhlobo ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu - "ukuvuthwa kwasekuqaleni". Kamuva lo msebenzi waqhutshwa nguN. Ya. Nikitinsky. Uthole endodakazini yakhe uGrachev zonke izinhlobo ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi futhi waqala ukuzizalanisa endaweni yaseKostino ethengwe ngale njongo esifundazweni saseRyazan.
N. Ya. UNikitinsky ubuye wathola izinhlobo eziningi ezivela phesheya, ubesebhaleni elisebenzayo namakhasimende, ebathumela izinhlu kanye nezinto zembewu uma bezicela. Wanikela isikhathi esiningi emsebenzini wokuhlola: ukuwela, ukukhetha nokusabalalisa izinhlamvu ezihle kakhulu ukudala izinhlobo ezintsha. Ukuqoqwa kwamazambane N.Ya. UNikitinsky wenyuka waya ezinhlotsheni ezingama-400, kufaka phakathi ama-nzalo afuywe ngokuwela. Izwe laseKostino ngaleso sikhathi laliwukuphela komthombo omkhulu wamazambane embewu ezweni. Ngo-1912 N. Ya. UNikitinsky washona, umkakhe waqhubeka nomsebenzi wokuzalanisa nokunakekela izinhlobo. Ngemuva kwenguquko ka-1917, indawo yaseKostino yawela esimeni, njengoba ingazange ithole ukusekelwa nguhulumeni.
Ngo-1919, i-Bureau of Applied Botany yeKomidi Lezesayensi Yezolimo yaqala umsebenzi wokwakha iqoqo lezinto ezisetshenziswayo kanye nokuqoqwa okujwayelekile kwamasampuli (kwasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe) okuzalisa izinhlobo zamazambane asekhaya. Ngo-1920, lapho i-Korenev Experimental Station (kamuva eyi-All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming) yahlelwa esifundeni saseMoscow, umsunguli wayo nomqondisi u-AG. U-Lorkh ulethe iqoqo lezinhlobonhlobo zeN. Nikitinsky. Esikhathini esifanayo iT.V. U-Aseeva no-A.G. U-Lorkh uhlele futhi wenza ucwaningo oluningi nokukhethwa kwezinhlobonhlobo (ezifuywayo nezangaphandle) ezitshalweni zabampofu zamazambane esifundazweni saseMoscow. A.G. U-Lorkh uphinde wabhala futhi wagcwalisa ukuqoqwa kwezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu nezintsha zaphesheya. Besebenzisa lo mthombo wokuqukethwe, abasebenzi besiteshi saseKorenevskaya ngo-1921 baqala ukuzalanisa ukudala izinhlobo zasekhaya zamazambane. Ngo-1930, izinhlobo ezahlukaniswa nguLorkh noKorenevsky zakhiwa futhi zahlukaniswa, owokuqala wazo usalinywa eRussia.
Esikhathini kusuka 1925 kuya 1958. kwaziswa izinto eziningi ezibalulekile zokuzalisa ngesikhathi semikhankaso eyayiqhutshwa yi-S.M. I-Bukasov, S.V. Yuzepchuk, N.I. IVavilov, P.M. UZhukovsky nabanye abacwaningi bemithombo yezitshalo eNingizimu Melika. Ngokuya ngocwaningo lwezindawo, i-botanical kanye ne-cytological, i-S.M. UBukasov wakha uhlelo lokuqala lwesayensi lomhlaba wezinhlobo zamazambane, olwaqashelwa ngokushesha njengososayensi abahamba phambili bamatekisi weNew and Old World. Futhi kuyisisekelo sazo zonke izinhlelo zesimanje zamazambane akha i-tuber.
Umsebenzi owenziwe e-Research Institute of Plant Industry eqanjwe nge-V.I. N.I. IVavilov (VIR) ekongweni, ekutadisheni nasekusebenziseni ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo ekuzalelaneni kube nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo zokuzalela kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu eyinhloko (ukuxhasa ukuzalanisa) kwezinhlobo zamazambane zoqobo ezakhiwe ngesisekelo sezikhungo zocwaningo eziklanyelwe ezindawo zemvelo ezahlukahlukene. nezimo zendawo. amazwe.
Ukwakheka kwamazambane okwavela eRussia engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-90 sekuvele ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-XNUMX kuyekile ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezintsha zemakethe, ikakhulukazi maqondana nezimpawu zekhwalithi yokuhweba yamazambane angena kwezohwebo. Ngakho-ke, esigabeni sabakhiqizi abakhulu bamazambane, kufaka phakathi izinhlangano zezolimo (i-AO) kanye namapulazi amaPeasant (amapulazi) (PFH), ukusweleka kwezinhlobo ezinhle zenjongo yetafula nezinhlobonhlobo ezifanele ukucubungulwa kwaqala ukuzwakala kahle kakhulu, futhi emapulazini amancane Kwabantu kwakudingeka ukwandiswa kokukhethwa kukho, okokuqala, ukuvuthwa kokuqala, okulimaza sekwephuzile nezinhlobo ezingamelana nematode.
Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ososayensi nabafuyi baseRussia ngesikhathi esifushane bathuthukise kakhulu izisekelo zezindlela nezobuchwepheshe zokwenza izinhlobo zamazambane ezifunwayo. Imizamo eyinhloko yayihloselwe ukutadisha ubunjalo befa kanye nokuhlangana kwezimpawu eziyinhloko ezinquma ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezibikezelwe, ukuhlola ikhono elihlanganayo lamafomu wabazali nokukhomba inhlanganisela ethile yokuwela ezindaweni ezithile zokuzalisa ngokoqobo, ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo ngokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene okuhlosiwe, kucatshangelwa izinga lokubonakaliswa kwezibonakaliso ezinkulu zezomnotho, njll.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezintsha zezindlela ekuzaleni okusebenzayo kuvunyelwe esikhathini sika-1991-2010. ukudala izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-70 eziphumelele ngempumelelo izivivinyo zombuso futhi zafakwa kwiRejista Yombuso Yezimpumelelo Zokuzala ezivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni.
Ngokuya ngemininingwane yezivivinyo zemvelo kanye nezendawo, amandla ezinhlobonhlobo afakwe kwiRejista Yombuso anikeze isivuno ezingeni lama-40-45 t / ha, okwatholakala ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhiqiza ngezinga lobuchwepheshe elifanele lokutshala amazambane .
Inqubekela phambili ebonakalayo esilinganisweni sokukhethwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha ezihlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqizwa kwezolimo yafinyelelwa esikhungweni sokuzalela i-All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Economy njengomphumela wokuqaliswa ngempumelelo ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kwesazi sezakhi zofuzo esidumile kanye nomfuyi , Udokotela Wezesayensi Yezolimo. BONA. Uhlelo lukaYashina lokuzalisa ngokuthuthuka okufanayo kwabantu be-hybrid ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zemvelo nezendawo. Abafuyi bezikhungo zesayensi zesifunda babambe iqhaza emsebenzini kulolu hlelo kusukela ngo-1986. Bonke babenethuba lokuthola izinto zokuzalela ezahlukahlukene kusuka esikhungweni sokukhetha se-All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Economy, esikhethwe kusengaphambili esigabeni sokukhethwa kokukhiqiza ngaphambi kokuzalela ukutholakala kwezakhi zofuzo ezibalulekile kanye nama-polygenes abhekele abaningi izici ezibalulekile kwezomnotho - ikakhulukazi ukumelana nezifo nezinambuzane kanye ne-heterozygosity, enquma isivuno esikhulu kumazambane.
Ukuqaliswa kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwabantu abafanayo ukuze kukhethwe ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zemvelo nezendawo kuye kwenza ukuthi kube lula ukwandisa inani lezinhlobo ezifuywayo ezinamandla ahlukahlukene wokuzivumelanisa nezimo zezifunda eziyinhloko zokulinywa kwamazambane. Uhlelo oluhlanganyelwe lokuhlola inani elifanayo le-hybrid livumele bonke ababambiqhaza ukuthi bonge imali ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha.
Njengengxenye yecebo lokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kokuzalisa okusebenzayo, ososayensi be-V.I. A.G. Lorkh ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kukaDokotela Wezesayensi Yezolimo E.A. I-Simakov, izinkomba ezibaluleke kakhulu zesikhathi kuze kufike ku-2020 zitholakele:
Ukwakhiwa kwezinhlobo zamatafula okuncintisana adingekayo emakethe yabathengi. Imingcele eyinhloko yazo yilezi: ukubukeka okukhangayo kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukusebenza kokunambitha okuphezulu, uginindela ongafiphazi ngesimo esiluhlaza nesibilisiwe. Izinga lokugayeka kwezinhlobonhlobo zetafula lingahluka kusuka kokungagayeki (uhlobo lwesaladi) kuya ezinhlotsheni ezingaphezulu kakhulu. Izici zesimo sesigaxa, umbala wesikhumba kanye noginindela nazo zibalulekile kumthengi wanamuhla.
Ububanzi bezinhlobo zamatafula ezinikeziwe, okokuqala, ukuqinisa umsebenzi wokwakhiwa kwezinhlobo zokuvuthwa zakuqala ukuze kutholwe isivuno sokuqala, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo zakuqala kakhulu ezinesivuno esithengiswayo izinsuku ezingama-70-80 ngemuva kokutshala nezinhlobo zakuqala ezinesikhathi sokukhula esifinyelela ku Izinsuku ezingama-80-90.
Enye yezinkomba ezintsha ezakhiwe ekukhethweni kwezinhlobo zamazambane wethebula ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwama-antioxidants kwizilimo eziyizigaxa nokwakhiwa kwezinhlobo ezinombala ogqamile (okhanyayo) we-anthocyanin noma we-carotenoid wethala lezilimo eziyizigaxa, inani eliphezulu lokudla okunempilo ukuze isetshenziswe ekudleni okunempilo okulinganiselayo kwanamuhla.
Ukudalwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zokucubungulwa kwemikhiqizo yamazambane (ama-chips, amafriji aseFrance, amazambane awomile amisiwe). Lezi zinhlobonhlobo kufanele zibe nezici ezihlukile, okuqukethwe kokuqukethwe okomile (20-25%) nokunciphisa ushukela (ngokufanele kuze kufike ku-0,2%) kwizilimo eziyizigaxa, okunquma ikhwalithi nombala womkhiqizo wokugcina ophelile, kubaluleke kakhulu. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezihloselwe ukucubungula umkhiqizo othile kufanele zibe nemingcele yazo ezakheke kahle (ama-chip - round, fries - side), ukujula kwamehlo, ukumelana nokulimala, ukufiphazwa kwempuphu, ukukhishwa kwengxenyana yezentengiselwano yosayizi ojwayelekile.
Ukudalwa kwezinhlobo zobuchwepheshe ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesitashi. Lesi siqondiso sibheka nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kuthuthukiswe izici zekhwalithi zesitashi (ubukhulu bezinhlamvu zesitashi, isilinganiso se-amylose ne-amylopectin nezinye izinkomba). Ukuhlanganiswa kokuqukethwe kwesitashi okwandisiwe (okungenani u-18%) nokumelana nokulimaza okwedlulele namazambane nematode nakho kubalulekile kuleli qembu lezinhlobonhlobo.
Ukwandisa ukumelana kwezinhlobonhlobo ezifweni ezahlukahlukene futhi kwahlala kuyisimo esibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuzalanisa amazambane ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Lo mgomo ubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni zesimanje zokulimala okuqhubekayo kwamagciwane amaningi, ukuvela kwezinhlanga nezinhlobo ezintsha, nokwakhiwa kwamafomu amelana nama-fungicides. Ukuqhubeka kulokhu, izinhlelo zokuzalela zazicabanga inhlanganisela yezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokumelana ezinhlobonhlobo ezidaliwe - amasosha omzimba, ukuzwela ngokweqile, ukubekezelelana, ukumelana nensimu ngokuya ngesifo, imithombo yezakhi zofuzo esetshenziswayo kanye nethuba lokusebenzisa imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo zamakhemikhali nezemvelo.
Igalelo elibonakalayo ekuthuthukisweni kwezinhlelo zokuzalanisa lenziwe yizikhungo zesayensi zesifunda eziqhuba ukuzalanisa amazambane ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zezolimo zaseRussia. Lokhu kwenze ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukwenziwa kwezinhlobo zezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zokuvuthwa, kuhlanganiswa ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ukumelana okuphezulu nezifo ezivamile, izinambuzane nezinhlobonhlobo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo.
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule (2010-2020), abasunguli baseRussia benze izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-50 ezintsha ezethembisayo ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo zamatafula zokukhiqiza kusenesikhathi kanye nokugcinwa kwesikhathi eside, izinhlobo zokudla okunomsoco nokucubungula imikhiqizo yamazambane (amaFrench fries, chips , amazambane omile puree), kanye nezinhlobo zobuchwepheshe zokukhiqiza isitashi.
Muva nje, izinhlelo zokuzalela amazambane zilungiswe ngokujulile ngezidingo ezintsha zemakethe yabathengi ezihambisana nesidingo sokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yokudla okunempilo empilweni yomuntu - ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kokudla kwekhalori, ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni aphelele, amavithamini nama-antioxidants. Ukucabangela lezi zidingo, ekuzalaneni kwamazambane, umsebenzi onzima usuvele wenziwa ngemithombo yomthombo yokuthola ama-nzalo athembisayo nokwakha izinhlobo ezahlukile kuzimpawu zamakhemikhali ezilimo eziyizigaxa, kufaka phakathi ezinesitashi esiphakeme nesiphansi. okuqukethwe okwandisiwe kwamaprotheni, amavithamini kanye nama-antioxidants aqinisa amasosha omzimba womuntu. Vele, ngezinga elikhulu, inqubekelaphambili yokuzalanisa ekwandiseni inani lokudla okunomsoco wezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane kunqunywa yizinga lolwazi ngemvelo yezici ezikhethiwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zesimanje zokucwaninga ngezakhi zofuzo, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwe-DNA omaka, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha bokukhethwa komaka (MAS), kanye nezindlela ezintsha ezisebenza kahle kakhulu nobuchwepheshe bokuhlela okuqondisiwe kofuzo lwamazambane ukuze kutholakale ama-genotypes anezici ezithile ezibalulekile kwezomnotho esifundweni esilandelayo sokuzalisa.
Enye yezindawo eziseqhulwini futhi ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwezindlela zesimanje ze-biotechnological kanye nobuchwepheshe be-meristem-izicubu zokuthola nokwakhiwa kwe-micropropagation ye-in vitro material yasekuqaleni kanye nokwakhiwa kwesisekelo sesikhwama sokuncintisana samazambane embewu yoqobo ezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha ezithembisayo.
Ukuhlola isimo samanje semakethe yamazambane abathengi eRussia, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngokwe-World Food and Agriculture Organisation (i-FAO), emhlabeni jikelele, ukusetshenziswa kwamazambane nemikhiqizo yamazambane ngomuntu ngamunye cishe kungama-35 kg ngonyaka, ngenkathi isilinganiso saso sonke isifunda saseYurophu, leli nani lisezingeni lama-85 kg kumhlali ngamunye, kanti eRussia - 90 kg umuntu ngamunye.
E-Russian Federation, umthamo waminyaka yonke wamazambane adliwe ngenhloso yokudla ulinganiselwa kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-13-14. Ukucubungula okujulile kwemikhiqizo yamazambane (amafriji aseFrance, ama-chips, amazambane awomile), kudla cishe amathani ayisigidi. Isidingo samazambane embewu yezigaba zezinhlangano zezolimo (AHO), abampofu (abalimi) amabhizinisi (PFH) kanye nosomabhizinisi ngabanye (IE) abanendawo ephelele yokutshala engaphezu kwamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-1 cishe amathani ayisigidi. Kunzima impela ukulinganisa inani langempela lokusetshenziswa kwamazambane kwimbewu nokudla kwemfuyo esigabeni semindeni emincane yabantu, yize isibalo esilinganisiwe lapha singaba amathani ayizigidi ezi-300-1. Ngokwezibalo ezisemthethweni, kuzo zonke izigaba zamapulazi, ukusetshenziswa kwamazambane ezimbewu ngo-5 kwaba ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-6, kwefolishi lemfuyo, amathani ayizigidi ezingama-2018. Isilinganiso sokulahleka kwaminyaka yonke ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kwamazambane kulinganiselwa kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-4,6.
Ngokwe-Federal Customs Service yaseRussia, ngonyaka we-2019 ukulethwa kwamazambane okuthekelisa kwaba ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-298,3.
Ngakho-ke, eRussia, izinga lokuphakelwa kwamazambane akhiqizwa ekhaya kufanele libe okungenani amathani ayizigidi ezingama-22. Ukwehla kwaleli zinga kungaholela ekushodweni kwemali esele yamazambane athengiswayo, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda kwesabelo sokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Isabelo esivelisiwe sokungenisa ezweni kumthamo ophelele wamazambane asetshenzisiwe silinganiselwa kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-300-350. Lawa ikakhulukazi amazambane asencane "amancane", okufunwa ngawo nokuthengiswa ngamaketanga okuthengisa kuvame ukwanda esikhathini esingaphandle kwesizini, lapho ishalofu lezitoko zezitshalo zanyakenye licishe liphele ngoMeyi, futhi okungenani izinyanga ezi-2 -x.
Isivuno esikhulu samazambane eRussia kuzo zonke izigaba zamapulazi e2019 afinyelela kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-22,0, kufaka phakathi amathani ayizigidi eziyi-7,5 ezinhlanganweni zezolimo nasemapulazini abalimi. Ukuhlaziywa kukhombise ukuthi kule minyaka eyi-15 edlule, isabelo semindeni ekukhiqizeni amazambane sehle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngonyaka ka-2013, kube nokwehla kusuka ku-77,7% kuya ku-65,8%, kuyilapho isabelo sezinhlangano zezolimo sikhuphukile sisuka ku-13,8 saya ku-21,0%, amakhaya abalimi (abalimi) kanye nosomabhizinisi ngabanye - kusuka ku-8,6 kuye ku-13,3, XNUMX%.
Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi eminyakeni ezayo ukwehliswa okuqhubekayo kwesabelo semindeni kumthamo ophelele wokukhiqizwa kwamazambane kungalindeleka futhi nomthelela wabo emakethe yamazambane athengiswayo uzoqhubeka wehle. Ukwanda okungenzeka ekukhiqizweni okuphelele kwamazambane kwezohwebo kumabhizinisi ezolimo, amapulazi abalimi kanye nosomabhizinisi ngabanye kungafinyelelwa ngokwengxenye ngokwandisa izindawo futhi, ikakhulukazi, ngokwanda kwesivuno.
Esikhathini esifushane, isivuno samazambane esilinganisiwe esilinganiselwe kumabhizinisi ezolimo kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe besimanje singaqina ezingeni lama-26-28 t / ha. Emapulazini abalimi, kungenzeka ukuthi izinga eliphansi lokukhiqiza lizohlala ngaphakathi kwebanga elingu-21-23 t / ha, okuyinto enkulu ngenxa yesizinda esibuyela emuva kakhulu nesisekelo sobuchwepheshe uma kuqhathaniswa namabhizinisi ezolimo, kanye nokuningi ukufinyelela okunzima kwabalimi ekuqashiseni imishini, ukubolekwa kwemali, uxhaso lomanyolo, uphethiloli nezinye izinsiza.
Emabhizinisini amaningi ezolimo anezinto ezidingekayo nezisekelo zobuchwepheshe neziteshi ezisatshalaliswe kahle, ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane kungenzeka kuhlale kuzinzile. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngombono wethu, amandla abalulekile okwenyuka kwangempela kwevolumu yokukhiqizwa kwamazambane angasetshenziswa esigabeni semindeni yabalimi (abalimi) kanye nosomabhizinisi ngabanye. Ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane kulesi sigaba samapulazi, ukuthuthukiswa kokubambisana kwamapulazi emkhakheni wokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa amazambane wokuhweba nembewu kungabaluleke kakhulu. Okuhlangenwe nakho okunqwabelene kwemikhuba yasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ehamba phambili kukhombisa ukuthi ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezinhlangano zamapulazi, abalimi, ababa ngamalungu okubambisana futhi bafeze umqulu wayo, abalahlekelwa ukuzimela kwezomnotho nakwezomnotho, kepha bayazikhulula ezinkingeni zokuthengisa imikhiqizo, ukungenisa izinto zokwakha ezidingekayo ekukhiqizeni noma ekutholeni ezinye izinsizakalo. ... Ngasikhathi sinye, ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwazo zonke izinsizakusebenza namakhono elungu ngalinye lomfelandawonye kuyaqinisekiswa ukunciphisa izindleko, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina nokwenza inzuzo.
Ukusebenza okuphezulu kokubambisana kwe-interfarm ekukhiqizeni nasekujikelezeni imbewu namazambane we-ware kuqinisekiswa yiminyaka eminingi yokuhlangenwe nakho ezinhlelweni zomhlaba ezihamba phambili zamazwe anezinga eliphakeme lokuthuthuka komkhakha wamazambane (eFrance, eNetherlands, e-USA, njll. .). Ukubheka lokhu, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamapulazi ngesisekelo senhlangano yokuzithandela yamapulazi abalimi abalima amazambane (abalimi), kanye nosomabhizinisi ngabanye abaqinile ngokwezomnotho, kungaba enye yezinkomba ezisebenza kakhulu nezethembisayo ekuthuthukiseni amazambane umkhakha eRussia.
Sengiphetha, ngithanda ukuphinda ngiqhakambise iqiniso lokuthi eminyakeni yamuva nje ulwazi lwethu kanye nokuqonda inani lokudla okunempilo kwamazambane njengoba umkhiqizo obaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwabantu usunwebeke kakhulu, ikakhulu lokhu kungenxa yemiphumela ye izifundo zokujula emkhakheni wokwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokuzalanisa okukhulu kokukhulisa ekuqondeni kokukhulisa inani lokudla okunempilo kwamazambane.
Ngenxa yokuqukethwe okunokulinganisela kahle kwezingxenye ezibalulekile ngokwempilo ezilwaneni eziyizigaxa (ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, amafutha, amavithamini, ama-antioxidants, usawoti wamaminerali, ama-organic acid, njll.) Kanye nenani lawo elihle, amazambane ahlala ngokufanele futhi azohlala kwenye yezindawo eziholayo phakathi kwemikhiqizo enenani eliphakeme lokudla okunempilo, futhi nendima yayo ekudleni okunempilo kwabantu banamuhla ngokungangabazeki izokwanda kuphela.