UBUCHWEPHESHE OBUQINISEKILE BOKUKHULA KAMAZAMBANE ENINGIZIMU LENDAWO YASE-RUSSIA OKUNGENZEKA UKUSETSHENZISWA KOKUNISELA, OKUVUMELA ABALIMI UKUBA BATHOLE UKUVUNA OKUQINISEKISIWE, OKUNGAMELELE KUMQULU WEMVELO. NOKHO, AMAFUMU ANGAKHETHA OKUFANELE (OKUNIKEZA IMBUYELA ENKULU KAKHULU EKUTSHAYENI) INDLELA YOKUZICELA KWAWO. NAMHLANJE SIZOKHULUMA NGOBUHLE KANYE NOBUBI BOKUNXASA NGENKASA.
U-Irina Berg
NGAPHANDLE IZINKETHO
Namuhla, ezweni lakithi, ukuchelela kwezitshalo kanye namasimu angapheli kwenziwa endaweni engamahektha angaba ngu-230 XNUMX. Ngokusho kuka-Aleksey Novikov, Ikhandidethi Yezesayensi Yezolimo, iPhini Lomqondisi Wezokucwaninga Nokuthuthukiswa Okusha kwe-All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture (Volgograd), ekutshaleni amazambane, ama-drip irrigation systems (DIS) asetshenziswa nakubuchwepheshe bokulima izimboni, futhi. njengasezindlini zasekhaya. Le ndlela yokunisela yenza kube nokwenzeka ukwethula emhlabathini inani lomswakama izitshalo nomhlabathi ohwamukayo nsuku zonke, futhi kugcinwe izinga elibi lomswakama.
IPhini Lomqondisi Jikelele we-Vesta LLC UViktor Solenkov Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi ezimweni zesimo sezulu sendawo, ukutshala imifino namazambane ngaphandle kokunisela kuyibhizinisi elingenangqondo. Esifundeni saseTambov, lapho ibhizinisi likhona, izinkathi zonyaka ezinemvula eyanele azivamile muva nje. Futhi eminyakeni enjalo, cishe bonke abakhiqizi bangaziqhayisa ngesivuno esihle, esinganiki izinzuzo zokuncintisana. Leli pulazi, eselisebenza kusukela ngo-2002, laqala ukufaka i-drip irrigation kuma-cucumber, kwase kulandela ku-anyanisi. Futhi lapho ihlolwe ukuchelela emasimini amazambane, waphinda
wake waqiniseka ngokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu futhi wenza lo mkhuba unomphela.
Inhloko yeziza zasekhaya Alexander Cherny kusukela eKrasnodar Territory sekuneminyaka engaba ngu-15 kudla amazambane futhi kancane kancane yandisa indawo yokutshala izitshalo yaba amahektha ayisithupha. I-agrarian ayizange ifike ngokushesha ukuzochelela nge-drip, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho inkinga yokuntuleka komswakama obunzima ehlobo ayizange ixazululwe. Wayeqonda ukuthi ukukhiqizwa, okugxile ekuthengisweni kwemikhiqizo emakethe yezitolo ezinkulu, kufanele kusebenze kahle ngangokunokwenzeka. Futhi ukufakwa kwe-DIS kuphela kuzovumela ipulazi ukuthi lithole isivuno esiphezulu njalo.
Esifundeni sase-Astrakhan, akunakwenzeka ukutshala amazambane nemifino ngaphandle kokunisela, futhi abalimi bakhetha ukuchelela nge-drip. Udokotela wezeSayensi yezoLimo, iNhloko yeLabhorethri yeTechnologies yezoLimo yezitshalo zemifino ye-Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center yeRussian Academy of Sciences" Anastasia Bondarenko ichaza lokhu ngezinga eliphezulu lokuhwamuka komswakama. Njengasezindaweni eziningi zeLower Volga, alikho imvula yemvelo eyanele lapha, futhi izinga lokushisa lomoya ehlobo likhuphuka lifinyelele ku-40-45°C.
Elena Gushchina ubetshala amazambane epulazini lakhe kusukela ngo-2021. Ukusetshenziswa kohlelo lokunisela ngamaconsi kwahlinzekwa wuhlelo lwebhizinisi, olwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukunqoba isibonelelo sikahulumeni sokuthuthukisa i-agro-startup. Ngokusho komlimi, izici zesimo sezulu sase-Astrakhan esishisayo nesomile asivumeli ukulima ngaphandle kokunisela. Futhi indlela ekhethiwe, okokuqala, yenza kube lula ukucubungula izindawo ezincane, ngaphakathi kwamahektha ayi-10-20.
ISESHA UMTHOMBO
U-Alexey Novikov ikholelwa ukuthi umbandela oyinhloko wokuhlela ukuchelela nge-drip ukuba khona kwemithombo yamanzi endaweni eseduze yamasimu. Ingasetshenziswa kokubili emithonjeni evulekile (imifula, imisele yokuchelela) kanye nasemithonjeni evaliwe (amapayipi amakhulu nasepulazini). Usosayensi udonsela ukunaka kokubaluleka kokuqinisekisa ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi okusezingeni eliphezulu ekungcoleni kwemishini kanye nezinsalela zezitshalo zasemanzini. Ngokuvamile udaba lungaxazululeka
imishini yokunisela yokunisela enezihlungi ezihlukahlukene.
umnotho Elena Gushchina itholakala amakhilomitha angu-15 ukusuka eMfuleni iVolga, endaweni asemaqeleni. Amanzi ahlinzekwa emasimini asendaweni esuka emiseleni yokunisela eyakhiwa eminyakeni eminingi edlule futhi elawulwa yisikhungo samanzi sikamasipala. Abalimi babeka
amaphampu abo kanye nokumpompa umswakama onikeza ukuphila osuka lapha, ohlukana phakathi esifundeni sonke. Imali yokubhalisa yenkonzo kulo nyaka ngama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-14 ngehektha ngalinye lendawo eniselwayo. Amanzi avela emiseleni adalwe ekhulwini elidlule lokunisela izitshalo zerayisi zaseKrasnodar futhi ondliwe nguMfula iKuban nawo asetshenziswa. Alexander Cherny. Umlimi wamazambane minyaka yonke uphetha isivumelwano nesikhungo sesabelomali sikahulumeni, esiphethe uhlelo lokunisela. Intengo yesevisi ifanekisela kakhulu. Ukunisela ihektha elilodwa lamasimu kubiza cishe ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,3 kulo lonke ezolimo
inkathi.
Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izifunda ezingaziqhenya ngamadamu amakhulu kanye nenethiwekhi ebanzi yemisele yokunisela, phakathi kwayo yisifunda saseTambov. UViktor Solenkov uyaphawula ukuthi kungalesi sizathu ipulazi lakhe linganyusi indawo eniselwa ngenkasa. KANYE
iminyaka embalwa edlule ngokunisela nge-drip - amahektha angaphezu kuka-100-150 wezitshalo zemifino, kuhlanganise namazambane.
INZUZO "YEHLA"
Uma ukhetha ukuchelela nge-drip, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngaphezu kokuthenga isikhathi esisodwa kwemishini eyisisekelo, kuzodingeka uthenge itheyiphu entsha yokudonsa njalo ngonyaka. Izindleko zayo okungenani zingu-30% wezindleko eziphelele ze-DIS futhi, ngokwezilinganiso UViktor Solenkov, finyelela kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-20-25 ngehektha ngalinye. Namuhla, imitha yomugqa wepayipi ibiza ama-ruble amabili, futhi intengo iye yahlala ingashintshiwe kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-2000. Ukuhlaziywa kwezomnotho kubonisa ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali okunjalo kunesizathu esiphelele. Isivuno samazambane kwaVesta LLC siphindeke kabili uma siqhathaniswa nemiphumela yenkathi evamile ngokwemibandela yemvula. Ibhizinisi lithola inzuzo eyengeziwe hhayi kuphela ngenxa yomthamo wamazambane akhiqizwayo, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokwanda kokudayiswa kanye nekhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Abalimi abaningi bezolimo, bethula le ndlela yokunisela emapulazini abo, basebenzise usizo lozakwabo abanolwazi olunzulu. umeluleki Elena Gushchina waba nguyisezala UVladimir Gushchinoseneminyaka engaphezu kuka-20 kwezolimo. Akagcinanga ngokunikeza izeluleko ezisebenzayo, kodwa futhi wanikeza ipulazi elincane uhlelo lokuhlunga lwe-SKO. Kwakuwusizo kakhulu, ngoba intengo yesihlungi esisha sezimboni iqala kusuka kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-150 futhi ingakhula kuye ngokuthi izicelo zomkhiqizi wezolimo. Imizamo yaba nemiphumela emihle, kwathi ngonyaka odlule isivuno samazambane safinyelela kumathani angama-60 ehektheleni. Umlimi uqinisekile ukuthi uzothola imiphumela encomekayo, ngoba ipulazi lakhe lisephakathi kwabaqalayo.
Ukuze Alexander Cherny, owake wasebenza njengomqhubi wokunisela nge-drip kwelinye lamapulazi amakhulu esifundeni, kwakungenzima ukuhlela ukunisela endaweni yakhe yangasese. Ngemuva kwalokho, ikhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezikhulile yaba ngcono ngokuphawulekayo futhi isivuno sakhula: ezinhlobonhlobo ze-Colomba, kusukela kumathani angu-35 amazambane athengiswayo ngehektha ngalinye kuya kumathani angu-52-55, kanti i-Colette, isuka kumathani angu-32 ihektha ngalinye yaya kumathani angu-45-47. Ngakho zonke izindleko zokuchelela zimbozwe impindiselo.
U-Alexey Novikov iqinisekisa ukuthi ukubuyiswa kwezindleko zabalimi kuqinisekiswa izinga lemikhiqizo etholiwe. Ku
I-All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture isikhathi eside yenza ucwaningo oluhloselwe ukuthuthukisa
izici zobuchwepheshe bokulima amazambane ekuniseleleni nge-drip. Kuye kwatholakala ukuthi ngendlela yokutshala ama-ridge ezimeni ezomile kakhulu zesifunda saseLower Volga emhlabathini okhanyayo we-chestnut, kungenzeka ukuthola amathani angama-70 wezilimo eziyizigaxa ehektheleni ngalinye.
IZINZUZO EZINGAPHEKI
Ngakho-ke, izinzuzo eziyinhloko zokunisela nge-drip kubalimi zihlanganisa ukonga amanzi okunisela, ukwandisa isivuno kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lemikhiqizo yezolimo. Njengoba kuchaza U-Alexey Novikov, amazinga aphezulu angafinyelelwa ngenxa yokunisela okwanele nokufana, ukusetshenziswa kwethamo likamanyolo oyinkimbinkimbi osheshayo kanye nokulima ngesikhathi.
Ukuchelela ngamaconsi kugcina izikhala zemigqa zomile, okuqeda isidingo sokuxegisa nokunciphisa isibulala-khula, ukuhlakula kanye nezindleko zokutshala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo sokuba
ukusetshenziswa kwama-fungicides.
Ngokuvumelana ne UViktor SolenkovIsici esibalulekile sale ndlela uma kuqhathaniswa nokuchelela phezulu ukuncishiswa kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Kanye nokonga amandla okubalulekile. Ngenxa yendawo, ukunikezwa okujwayelekile
umswakama endaweni yezimpande, kanye nokugcina ingcindezi ephansi ku-DIS, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi kuncane.
Alexander Cherny wathi ngemva kokuchelela ngakunye ngokufafaza, okungukuthi, masonto onke, kwakudingeka ukwelapha izitshalo ezibangelwa ukubola sekwephuzile. Kodwa manje, lapho amaqabunga nenhlabathi engaphezulu kuhlala yomile, kwanele ukufaka isicelo
izinto zokuzivikela njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-12. Abalimi bamazambane nabo bayaqaphela ukwehla kwezinga lokukhula kwenhlabathi.
Ngemuva kokufakwa kwe-DIS, ukusetshenziswa komanyolo oncibilikayo namanzi oketshezi nawo kuyancishiswa ngenxa yokulethwa kwawo ngqo endaweni yezimpande. Anastasia Bondarenko ithi ngale ndlela, izitshalo zimunca umsoco ngokushesha okukhulu nangempumelelo kunalapho zivundisa inhlabathi ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela.
Ukulethwa kukamanyolo ngokunisela nge-drip, ngokusho kuka-Elena Gushchina, kuqinisekisa abalimi base-Astrakhan
isivuno esihle. Inhlabathi yendawo impofu kakhulu, futhi ngaphandle kokuphakela ngamaphuzu okunekhono, cishe akukho lutho olukhulayo lapha.
Ububi obuyinhloko bale ndlela yokunisela emapulazini amakhulu isidingo sokusungula nokufaka njalo ngonyaka
ukususa i-SKO, okwandisa isabelo somsebenzi wezandla. UViktor Solenkov ibiza lesi sici njengesithiyo esikhulu ekusebenziseni "amaconsi" ezindaweni ezinkulu.
Alexander Cherny ayitholi inqubo yokufaka i-drip irrigation system idla isikhathi esiningi. Egunjini lakhe elingemuva
epulazini, i-tube yokudonsa ibekwa ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwamazambane. Kodwa ukuchelela okuzenzakalelayo okulungiseka kalula
yonga isikhathi esiningi nomzamo. Noma ngasiphi isikhathi esimlungele, i-agrarian ivele ivale futhi ivule ompompi, okusele
I-SKO yenza umsebenzi wayo ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu.
Ungakhohlwa ukuthi i-drip tape ebuthakathaka ilimala kalula, futhi ubuqotho bayo bungasongelwa yimishini yezolimo noma izinambuzane ezihlala emasimini. Izinambuzane, amagundane ngisho nezinyoni ngezinye izikhathi zishiya izimbobo ezincane ku-tape ziyofuna amanzi. Kodwa umonakalo onjalo ulungiswa kalula ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushintsha ithubhu.
Lapho ukhula amazambane ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lamanzi anikezwe wona ngamaribhoni amnyama angaba nomthelela omubi kuma-tubers. Ukuze amanzi angashisi kakhulu ngaphansi kwelanga, U-Alexey Novikov kweluleka
ukuchelela ekuseni nakusihlwa amahora.
Ukuchelela ngamaconsi kugcina izikhala zemigqa zomile, okuqeda isidingo sokuxegisa nokunciphisa isibulala-khula, ukuhlakula kanye nezindleko zokutshala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo sokusebenzisa ama-fungicides sincishisiwe.
KUDINGEKA UZAME
Indawo yomhlaba wezolimo lapho kusetshenziswa khona ukuchelela nge-drip eRussia iyaqhubeka nokukhula. Ngokuvumelana ne U-Alexey
Novikov, kuphela esifundeni saseLower Volga, cishe amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30-40 omhlaba angaphansi kokunisela. Yebo, ukwakhiwa kwe-DIS kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu okuvela kubalimi. Ngakho-ke, okokuqala, kuyafaneleka ekutshaleni inzuzo enkulu
ukutshala okungapheli: amasimu ezithelo, izivini, amasimu amajikijolo. Futhi futhi - amazambane, imifino kanye nezinye izitshalo zemboni ezinenzuzo enkulu.
Anastasia Bondarenko ubona amathemba amahle kakhulu ale ndlela yokunisela, eyenza kokubili umsoco wezitshalo kanye
kanye nokuthatha izinyathelo zokubavikela.
Ngokunisela nge-drip, abalimi bangasebenzisa izidakamizwa ezahlukahlukene ngokumelene nezifo nezinambuzane ezinokonga okukhulu
izimali kanye nesikhathi.
Ngokuvumelana ne Alexander Cherny, uma izimali zivuma futhi kukhona wonke amathuba okufaka i-DIS, asikho isidingo sokungabaza,
kuyadingeka ukwenza. Ukunisela nge-Drip kuhle, futhi umlimi wamazambane e-Krasnodar uyazisola ngokungazange alokothe ukukusebenzisa ngokushesha.
Elena Gushchina weluleka ukuthi ungesabi futhi uzame konke okusha, ngenxa yokuthi ungenza umsebenzi wakho ukhiqize kakhudlwana.
Ukunisela nge-Drip kwavumela amapulazi e-Astrakhan, adume ezweni lonke ngamakhabe awo, ukuba angene emakethe nawo.
utamatisi wakuqala wezinga eliphezulu kakhulu. Isilimo esilinywa ngokuchelela sibonisa isivuno esingafika kumathani ayi-120-150 ehektheleni.
Isibalo sabangabazayo sisaphezulu, futhi abalimi abaningi abaqondi ukuthi kungani kudingeka bafake "iconsi" futhi baphathe.
izindleko ezengeziwe. UViktor Solenkov uzama ukuchazela ozakwabo abavela esifundeni saseTambov nakwezinye izifunda ukuthi le ndaba
hhayi kuphela ekukhuleni ezithela amazambane. Uma umsebenzi wezomnotho uncike esimweni sezulu, awubonisi noma yikuphi ukuzinza, futhi
ama-tubers akhulile awekho izinga eliphezulu, futhi ngeke kube khona izindlela ezithembekile, ezinzile zokuthengisa imikhiqizo. Njengoba inkathi edlule yabonisa, ukuba khona kwabo kuyisihluthulelo hhayi kuphela empumelelweni, kodwa futhi ekusindeni komlimi wamazambane wanamuhla.