USergey Banadysev, Udokotela Wezesayensi Yezolimo, i-SGC DokaGene
Amazinga aphezulu okukhiqiza ayisici esibalulekile esibalulekile ekugcinweni okusebenzayo kwamazambane. Ibhizinisi kufanele libe nemithetho eqinile yokusebenza ngezikhathi ezehlukene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanzeka njalo ngesikhathi sokugcina. Kunconywa ukuthi uthole isitifiketi semikhuba emihle yenhlanzeko yokugcina. Ukucwaninga okwenziwa kuleli cala kusiza ekuboneni izinkinga ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo ezibalulekile mayelana nokuhlanzeka nesimo sempahla kanye nendawo yokugcina impahla iyonke. Ucwaningo luphinde luqinisekise ukutholakala kwemibhalo yokulawula izinhlobo ezibaluleke kakhulu zomsebenzi (ithebhu. eyodwa).
Ithebula 1. Imibandela yokuhlola izinga lenhlanzeko endaweni yokugcina amazambane
Inkomba | ||
1. | Indawo yokugcina iyahlanzwa futhi igcinwe ngendlela efanele. YEBO/CHA 5/0 Kunemithethonqubo ebhaliwe ehambisanayo. | |
2. | Indawo yokugcina izinto iyahlanzwa futhi ibulawe amagciwane ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa. YEBO/CHA 5/0 Kunemithethonqubo ebhaliwe ehambisanayo. | |
3. | Indawo yokugcina ihlukaniswe ngokwanele noma ihlukaniswe nokungcola kwangaphandle. YEBO/CHA 10/0 | |
4. | Indawo eseduze nendawo yokugcina iyahlanzwa futhi igcinwe ngendlela efanele. YEBO/CHA 5/0 Kunemithethonqubo ebhaliwe ehambisanayo. | |
5. | Izitezi zesitoreji zihlala zomile. YEBO/CHA 5/0 | |
6. | Indawo yokucubungula umkhiqizo ivikelwe endle noma emanzini angaphezulu ngezithiyo noma ibanga elanele. YEBO/CHA 10/0 | |
7. | Ukutholakala kwenqubo yokucubungula/ukulahlwa kwemikhiqizo engeyona ejwayelekile. YEBO/CHA 15/0 Kunemithethonqubo ebhaliwe ehambisanayo. | |
8. | Ukutholakala kwenqubo yokucubungula/yokulahla udoti nokungcola. YEBO/CHA 15/0 Kunemithethonqubo ebhaliwe ehambisanayo. | |
9. | Iziqukathi zokupakisha zigcinwa ngokwemithetho futhi zivikelekile ekungcoleni (izinyoni, amagundane, izinambuzane, njll.) YEBO/CHA 10/0 Kunemithetho ebhaliwe efanele. | |
10. | Amaphalethi, amabhokisi, amakhreyithi, njll. ahlanzekile, asesimweni esihle futhi awangenisi izinto zangaphandle emkhiqizweni. YEBO/CHA 5/0 Kunemithethonqubo ebhaliwe ehambisanayo. | |
11. | Umkhiqizo ogcinwe ngaphandle emalolini, emigqonyeni, ezitsheni noma phansi ngobuningi uyambozwa futhi uvikelekile ekungcoleni. YEBO/CHA 10/0 Kunemithethonqubo ebhaliwe ehambisanayo. | |
12. | Izinto ezingezona ukudla ezifana nopende, izinto zokuthambisa, izibulala-zinambuzane, njll. azigcinwa eduze nemikhiqizo. YEBO/CHA 10/0 Kunemithethonqubo ebhaliwe ehambisanayo. | |
13. | Izinto zikagesi ezisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokulondoloza zihlanzekile futhi zivimbela ukungcoliswa komkhiqizo. YEBO/CHA 5/0 Kunemithethonqubo ebhaliwe ehambisanayo. | |
14. | Izinyathelo ziyathathwa ukusiza ukukhipha izinambuzane (izinambuzane, amagundane) endaweni yokugcina YEBO/CHA 10/0 Kukhona imibhalo eqinisekisa lokhu. | |
15. | Ukutholakala kohlelo lokulawula izinambuzane endaweni yokugcina izinto. YEBO\CHA 10/0 Kukhona amadokhumenti asekelayo. | |
16. | Izindonga zangaphakathi, phansi kanye nosilingi kusesimweni esihle futhi akunakungcola nokuqhekeka. YEBO/CHA 5/0 | |
17. | Amanzi okuphuza asetshenziselwa ukupholisa/ukuswamisa imikhiqizo. YEBO/CHA 10/0 Kunamaphepha asekelayo. | |
18. | Ukutholakala kwemithetho yokugcina ebhaliwe ebhizinisini. YEBO/CHA 10/0 | |
19. | Ukunikezwa kwesibopho sochwepheshe sokulondoloza. YEBO/CHA 10/0 | |
20. | Amakamelo okugcina ayagadwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana nezimo zokushisa ezimisiwe kanye nomswakama. YEBO/CHA 10/0. Kunemithethonqubo ebhaliwe ehambisanayo. | |
21. | Ama-thermometer nama-psychrometers ahlolwe ukunemba. YEBO/CHA 5/0 Kunamaphepha asekelayo. | |
22. | Kukhona ukujiya emkhiqizweni, ezindongeni, nakusilingi. CHA/YEBO, 15/0 | |
23. | I-condensate yesiqandisi ayihlangani nomkhiqizo. Isistimu yesiqandisi isebenza kahle. YEBO/CHA 10/0 | |
24. | Imishini yokuqandisa (ama-condensers, abalandeli, njll.) igcinwa futhi ihlanzwa ngesisekelo esihleliwe. YEBO/CHA 10/0 Ingabe akhona amaphepha aqinisekisa lokhu? | |
25. | Ukucubungula umkhiqizo endaweni yokugcina kwenziwa ngokuhambisana nombuso kanye nokulawulwa komonakalo. YEBO/CHA 15/0 Kunemithethonqubo ebhaliwe ehambisanayo. | |
26. | Ngaphambi kokuba inqubo yokulayisha iqale, izimoto zisesimweni esifanele (zihlanzekile, zisebenza kahle, ngaphandle kwephunga elibi). YEBO/CHA 10/0 Kunemithethonqubo ebhaliwe ehambisanayo. | |
27. | Inkampani ibhale imithethonqubo yabathwali kanye nezimoto ekugcineni izinga lokushisa elinikeziwe ngesikhathi sokuthutha. Imithethonqubo ibonisa izinga lokushisa lomkhumbi futhi liyabhekwa. YEBO/CHA 10/0 | |
28. | Izimoto zilayishwa ukuze kuncishiswe umonakalo womkhiqizo. YEBO/CHA 5/0 | |
29. | Izindawo zezisebenzi (amagumbi okukhiya, izindawo zokudla kwasemini nezakuphumula, njll.) zihlanzekile futhi ziqhelelene nezindawo zokugcina, izinto zokuhamba, nezindawo zokwamukela izivakashi. YEBO/CHA 10/0 | |
30. | Amarekhodi ayagcinwa abonisa umthombo womkhiqizo ongenayo nendawo yomkhiqizo ophumayo, okuvumela iqoqo elithile ukuthi likhonjwe ngokucacile futhi lilandelelwe. YEBO/CHA 10/0 Ingabe akhona amaphepha aqinisekisa lokhu? | |
31. | Isamba samaphuzu okuhlola | |
32. | Amaphuzu aphezulu angaba khona = 265 | |
33. | Izinga lokuthobela (31:32) |
Izinga lokuhlanzeka kwesitoreji libhekwa njengelihle kakhulu uma i-coefficient yokuthobela ingaphezu kuka-0,9, enhle - ngaphezu kuka-0,8, eyanelisayo - ngaphezu kuka-0,7.
Ukuvuna njalo, ukuhlanza kanye nokubulala amagciwane kungavimbela ukusabalala kwezifo eziningi zamazambane.
Amagciwane amazambane ahlala esebenza endaweni yokugcina isikhathi eside kakhulu. Impahla ye-warehouse kanye negumbi lokugcina ngokwalo lisebenza njengendawo yokugcina isikhunta esiyingozi, amagciwane, izinambuzane, ama-nematode kanye nembewu yokhula. Zisakazeka kusukela ku-tuber kuya ku-tuber, insimu kuya ensimini kumishini, ngesikhathi sokugcinwa futhi kubangela izinkinga uma zingaqediwe noma okungenani zincishiswe. Ngakho-ke, i-pathogen ye-silver scab ingaphila okungenani izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye ngokufaka igwebu kanye nediphozithi yomhlabathi futhi cishe izinyanga ezintathu ku-plywood neshidi lensimbi. I-bacterial ring rot pathogen ihlala iminyaka emithathu ezindaweni eziqinile futhi kuze kufike eminyakeni eyisikhombisa ezindaweni zokhuni. Ezinye izifo - ezifana ne-bacterial ring rot (okubangelwa i-Clavibacter michigaense) - zingenza umsebenzi wabatshali bembewu bezambane ube nzima kakhulu, noma ngabe ukubonakaliswa kwesifo kukuncane. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokunciphisa ukusabalala kwamagciwane wuhlelo oluqinile lokukhucululwa kwemfucuza kwemishini kanye nezindawo zokugcina.
Izinambuzane eziningi zingaqedwa ngokuphumelelayo ngokususa yonke inhlabathi nemfucumfucu. Ukunamathela kwenhlabathi kwenzeka kuwo wonke amasimu kanye nemishini yokulima futhi akupheleli emishinini ekhethekile yokucubungula amazambane. Ngakho, umsebenzi wokuqala womkhiqizi wezolimo uba ukususwa okuphelele kwenhlabathi emishinini. Ukuhlanza kungenziwa kusetshenziswa amanzi acindezelweyo noma impahla yesitimu. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ngayinye yalezi zindlela ingase ibangele ukukhishwa/ukulimala kukapende.
Impahla yasensimini kufanele isuswe inhlabathi endaweni yangaphambili yensimu noma indawo okungezona ezokulima ukuze kuvinjwe inhlabathi engcolile ukuthi idluliselwe ensimini entsha.
Ukususwa kwenhlabathi nothuli oluqukethe izigidi zezinhlamvu namagciwane nakho kungenziwa kusetshenziswa isicoci se-industrial vacuum cleaner.
Amapayipi omoya adinga ukuhlanzwa ngendlela efanayo. Ukumane uwabeke ngaphandle elangeni akwanele. Izilwane ezidala izifo kumazambane ziyakwazi ukuphila endaweni yokugcina izinto kanye nezinto zokusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima - njengezigaxa noma amafilimu amaseli azungezwe futhi avikelwe ama-mucilage amagciwane omisiwe, ubisi lwezitshalo ezomisiwe noma ezinye izinto. Ukwakheka okunjalo kubizwa ngokuthi ama-biofilms futhi kunzima ukukuncibilikisa nokukhipha. Ukuchayeka elangeni kuyisinyathelo esihle sokugcina emishinini yokuhlanza noma amapayipi ngemva kokuba esewashwe kahle futhi wabulawa amagciwane.
Ukubulala amagciwane kusebenza kuphela ezindaweni ezomile. Ebusweni obusamanzi, ama-micropores wezinto ezibonakalayo agcwaliswa ngamanzi, futhi isisombululo sokubulala amagciwane asikwazi ukungena lapho ngenxa yokungezwani kwendawo. Kodwa-ke, amabhaktheriya nama-microbes ahlala kuma-micropores. Ukuze uziqede, udinga ukulinda izinsuku ezimbalwa phakathi kokugeza ingcindezi nokusebenzisa isibulala-magciwane.
Amanye ama-disinfectants angasetshenziswa ngokufutha (imvamisa izixazululo ezinamanzi). Ukuthuthwa kwemfucuza kuvuselela kahle izindawo ezivaliwe zanoma yikuphi ukuphakama nokumisa (lo mphumela ngokuvamile awukwazi ukufezwa ngesifutho, isicoci se-vacuum kanye nokugeza). Kodwa ukuze ukwelashwa kuphumelele, kuyadingeka futhi ukwenza ukuhlanza okuphelele kuqala.
Izibulala-magciwane, Kunconywa ukuthi kusetshenziswe ezindaweni zokugcina amazambane (Ithebula 2), cindezela zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziyingozi. Asusa amagciwane amaningi, kuhlanganise nalawo abangela izifo zokuhlukaniswa, kanye nokubola okumanzi. Lezi zithako ezisebenzayo ziyasebenza ngokumelene nama-virus kanye nesikhunta, okubalulekile ezifweni ezikhula ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, njengesiliva ne-fusarium. Ama-disinfectants anolaka kakhulu futhi anenani eliphansi le-pH, ngakho-ke lapho usebenza nawo kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa zonke izindlela zokuzivikela (amagilavu, amabhuzu, izibuko, imaski, izingubo ezikhethekile).
Ithebula 2. Izibulala-magciwane zokugcina imifino
Igama lokuhweba | Into esebenzayo | Izinga lohlelo lokusebenza/indlela yohlelo lokusebenza | I-Spectrum yomsebenzi |
I-Eau de Javel igqwalisa izinsimbi | I-sodium hypochlorite | 10% (10l/100l amanzi), 2,5% (2,5 l/100l amanzi) | Isebenza kuma-fungus nama-bacteria |
I-AB5 – igqwala ngendlela emsulwa futhi ayinalo udlame ensimbi ngendlela ehlanjululwe, | I-Formaldehyde (60 g/l) ne-glutaraldehyde (80 g/l) | 1%, isikhathi sokuxhumana imizuzu eyi-10; ngemva kokugeza, hlanza, kahle nge-VMB (bheka ngezansi) | Ngokumelene namabhaktheriya, isikhunta, amagciwane |
I-VMB (isicoci nesibulala-magciwane) – ibola ngendlela yayo emsulwa, ayinalo udlame ensimbi lapho ihlanjululwa | I-Formaldehyde (24 g/l) ne-glutaraldehyde (32,5 g/l) + i-surfactant | 2-5% (= 20-50 ml ilitha lamanzi); shiya imizuzu engu-15, bese ugeza. Asikho isidingo sokuhlanza (ngokuphelele) umkhiqizo | |
Impophoma - ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi | I-hydrogen peroxide (210g/l) ne-peracetic acid (55g/l) | 0,2-2,5%, ngesikhathi sokuxhumana kusuka kumaminithi angu-5 kuya kwangu-15; ngaphandle kokugeza, | Amagciwane, isikhunta, amagciwane, imvubelo |
I-Desperox - i-corrosion futhi i-oxidizing, ayinabudlova ensimbi ngendlela ehlanjululwe | I-hydrogen peroxide (210g/l) ne-peroxyacetic acid (55g/l) | I-0,2-2,5% ngesikhathi sokuxhumana kusuka kumaminithi angu-5 kuya kwangu-15 ngokuhlanza kwangaphambili; ngaphandle kokugeza | Amagciwane, isikhunta, amagciwane, imvubelo |
I-G-Extral Forte | I-Glutaraldehyde, i-100 g/l | I-1-2% ngesikhathi sokuxhumana okungenani imizuzu engama-20 (+ ukucwiliswa) | Amagciwane, isikhunta, amagciwane kanye nezinhlamvu |
I-Horti-Desin – ayigqwali ensimbi ngendlela ehlanjululwe | I-Glutaraldehyde (20g/l) ne-dimethyledidesyleaammonium chloride (320g/l) | 0,25% ngesikhathi sokuxhumana imizuzu eyi-15 | Amagciwane, isikhunta |
I-Virocide – ayinalo ulaka lapho ihlanjululwe, ayinalo udlame ensimbi | Ama-molecule angu-4 ahlukene: 2 i-quaternary ammonia (248,6 g/l) + glutaraldehyde (107,25 g/l) + isopropanol (146,25 g/l) + pinoyl (20 g/l) | 0,5% ngesikhathi sokuxhumana imizuzu eyi-15; ukugeza ngemva. | Amagciwane, isikhunta, amagciwane kanye nezinhlamvu. |
I-Hyprelva SL - ayinalo ulaka ensimbi ngemva kokuhlanjululwa | I-Glutaraldehyde ne-cocobenzyldimethylammonium chloride. | Ukubulala amagciwane endaweni yokugcina: ngokufafaza noma ngokushiswa okushisayo, i-1%, isikhathi esincane sokuxhumana 30 min. ngaphandle kokugeza. Ukuhlanza ngaphambilini! | Amagciwane, amagciwane, isikhunta kanye nemvubelo |
I-Menno TerForte – igqwala ibe yinsimbi | I-Dimethylammonium chloride (312g/l) | 1% | Ngokumelene namabhaktheriya, isikhunta |
I-Ambionet iyagqwala futhi i-oxidizing. Ukuthintana nezindawo ezinamathayili nemicu ye-polyamide akunconywa | I-Glutaraldehyde (175 g/l) + Didecyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride (50 g/l) + N-alkyl-benzyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride (40 g/l). | Futha/cwilisa: 0,25% ngokumelene namagciwane, 0,4% ngokumelene nesikhunta, 1,5% ngokumelene namagciwane. Hlanza ngamanzi. Ukwelashwa kokushisa: Ukushisa: 2,6 l / 1000m3 /, isakhiwo esigcwele iziqukathi 3 l / 1000m 3. Isikhathi sokuxhumana: ihora elingu-1 | Amagciwane, isikhunta, amagciwane. |
I-Ammonium 38 Master – i-pH engenalo ulaka, engathathi hlangothi, ecasulayo (amehlo, isikhumba, umgudu wokuphefumula) | I-Cocobenzyl dimethylam ammonium chloride (32g/100ml)+ i-ethoxylated fat alcohol + 2-propanol | Isetshenziselwa ukucwiliswa ngamanzi abandayo noma ukufutha. Isixazululo esingu-0,5%, 5 l isikhathi sokuxhumana esingu-10.000 m2: imizuzu engama-20 | Amagciwane, i-virucide, isikhunta, i-sporicide. Isexwayiso: Lo mkhiqizo unobuthi kakhulu ezinhlanzini. |
Zonke lezi zinto ezisebenzayo zigunyazwe ngokusemthethweni ukuthi zisetshenziswe ekufuyweni kwezilwane kanye nokukhula kwemifino ebamba ukushisa futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi eRussian Federation. I-Virocid kanye namajenerikhi ayo abonwa njengasebenza kakhulu. Izibulala-magciwane ezivame kakhulu nezitholakalayo zihlanganisa i-sodium hypochlorite, i-calcium hypochlorite, i-ammonium hypochlorite, i-chlorine dioxide, i-copper quinolinolate, i-quaternary ammonium, izingxube ze-hydrogen peroxide kanye/noma i-peroxyacetic acid. Lezi zinto ezisebenzayo zifakiwe ekulungiselelweni kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene evela kubakhiqizi abahlukene; umehluko usephesentini lesithako esiyinhloko, amanani okufaka isicelo kanye nethuba lokusebenzisa umkhiqizo ukucubungula imifino.
Ukukhethwa kwesibulala-magciwane esizogcinwa kufanele kwenziwe ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha elandelayo: isigaba sezingozi zomuthi, izinto zokuzivikela ezinconyiwe; imikhawulo ohlotsheni lwezindawo ezicutshungulwayo (zezimbotshana noma ezingezona izimbotshana); ukutholakala kwezimpawu “kungasetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane ezindaweni zokugcina kanye / noma izinto zokucubungula amazambane”, “okuzosetshenziswa kuphela ezikhungweni nasezinsizeni zamazambane embewu”; kunesidingo sokugeza into ngamanzi ngemva kokwelashwa.
Ake sigxile kakhudlwana endabeni yezindawo ezibulawa amagciwane. Indawo enezimbotshana yinoma iyiphi indawo evumayo - njengokhuni, ukufakwa kwe-insulation noma ukungcola phansi. Izindawo ezingezona izimbotshana zichazwa ngokuthi azikwazi ukungena, izindawo eziqinile njengensimbi, ingilazi noma ukhonkolo. I-calcium ne-sodium hypochlorites ingagqwala ezindaweni zensimbi. Imikhiqizo ye-Hypochlorite ne-hydrogen peroxide yenziwa ingasebenzi kalula yi-organic matter ngakho ayisebenzi kahle enhlabathini noma okhunini. Ukukhulula emhlabathini kanye nemfucumfucu kubalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza kahle okukhulu kwalezi zinto ezisebenzayo. Lapho usebenzisa amakhompiyutha asekelwe ku-chlorine, kuyadingeka ukulungisa i-pH yesisombululo ibe ngu-6,0 - 7,5 ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu. Kubalulekile futhi ukugwema ukuxuba izinhlanganisela ze-chlorine namanzi ashisayo noma eminye imikhiqizo ngaphandle uma kuvunyelwe kulebula.
Isibulala-magciwane sisetshenziswa kuzo zonke izindawo futhi indawo yokugcina ivalwa amasonto amabili. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, udinga ukuvula iminyango, ukufaka umoya futhi womise igumbi. Le nqubo iyasebenza nasezintweni zokungenisa umoya. Kudingeka ukunameka ngokucophelela nangokuphelele kwazo zonke izindawo, okuhlanganisa i-plenum, imigudu yomoya, ne-plenum.
Ukubulala amagciwane kubulala ngempumelelo ama-microorganisms e-pathogenic angase abe khona emishinini nasekugcinweni kwayo. Hlola ilebula ye-sanitizer ukuze uthole ukuthi ukugeza ngamanzi ahlanzekile kuyadingeka yini ngemva kokwelashwa. Lapho ugcina imbewu yamazambane, indawo yokugcina kufanele ihlanzwe ngokucophelela. Lokhu kubalulekile ezikhungweni zokugcina ezike zasebenzisa i-growth inhibitor chlorpropham (CIPC). Uma imbewu ivezwa ezinsalela ze-CIPC, ukubambezeleka okukhulu ekuhlumeni nasekukhuleni kwenzeka. Kunconywa ukuthi ugcine imbewu yamazambane kungakapheli unyaka owodwa ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kokugcina kwe-chlorpropham endaweni yokugcina.
Indawo yokugcina impahla kanye nezinto zokusebenza kufanele kugcinwe kuhlanzekile ngaso sonke isikhathi ngesikhathi sokugcina. Kufanele kuhlanzwe nsuku zonke futhi kuhlanzwe izindawo zokusebenza. Imfucuza yokukhiqiza kufanele isuswe endaweni yokugcina futhi ilahlwe nsuku zonke. Ngesikhathi sokugcina isikhathi eside, kungase kube nesidingo sokubulala amagciwane emagumbini okugcina ayinkinga noma amaqoqo emikhiqizo. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa indlela yokufuthwa ngokuhambisana nazo zonke izidingo ezingenhla. (isithombe 1,2).
Isifinyezo: Ukugcina inhlanzeko eqhubekayo endaweni yokugcina nokukhipha amagciwane njalo kuzo zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo kuvimbela ukusabalala kwezinambuzane nezifo futhi ngaleyo ndlela kukhuthaze ukulondolozwa kwemikhiqizo. Uhlu lwezinhlobo eziphoqelekile zomsebenzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanzeka emsebenzini kuhlanganisa izinto ezingu-30, inqubo yokwenza iningi lazo okufanele ilawulwe futhi ngezikhathi ezithile iqinisekiswe ngokucwaninga kwangaphandle. Uhlu lwama-disinfectants oluvunywe ngokusemthethweni ezindaweni zokugcina amazambane lwanele ukulawula okusebenzayo kwezinambuzane. Kudingeka ukuba nemishini ekhethekile (iwasha umfutho ophezulu, isicoci se-industrial vacuum cleaner, amajeneretha enkungu) futhi unikeze isikhathi esanele nezinsiza zokugcina inhlanzeko ngesikhathi sokugcina. Kubalulekile futhi ukunaka nokubheka izinto eziningi ezibalulekile zokufeza ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza, ukuvuna kanye nokubulala amagciwane ezindaweni zokugcina amazambane.
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