Indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuhlanganisa izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zokuthuthuka kwesifunda, evumela ukuthi kusetshenziswe yonke izinsiza ezikhona futhi isebenzise kahle insimu, futhi ifinyelele ezingeni elidingekayo lokuzimela kokudla, kuyinto yokuhlangana.
UNikolay Smirnov, Isifundiswa Esiphezulu soMnyango "Isondlo, Inhlangano Yezokuthutha Nokuphathwa Kwezokuthutha", Isikhungo Sezemfundo Sezimali Semfundo Ephakeme Sombuso "iNizhny Novgorod State Engineering and Economic University"
Ukutshala amazambane kungenye yamagatsha amakhulu kwezolimo eRussia, okudlala indima enkulu ekunikezelweni kokudla okuzinzile ezweni. Isimo se-subcomplex ekhula amazambane kanye nokuma kwamazambane emakethe yokudla kuyamukelwa enkambisweni yomhlaba njengezinkomba eziyinhloko zokuphepha kokudla, ngakho-ke, ukubaluleka kwamazambane emnothweni wanoma isiphi isimo akunakulinganiswa.
ПInqubo yokukhiqizwa kwamazambane ibumbano elixhumene nobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe, inhlangano kanye nabaphathi. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza buphawulwa yisilinganiso esithile sezindleko zezinsizakusebenza zokukhiqiza ngophiko ngalunye lomkhiqizo olwenziwayo. Ubuchwepheshe obuhlinzeka ngemiphumela emihle kakhulu, eqoqiwe isilinganiso esifanele kanye nezinga lezinto zokukhiqiza, isisekelo esithile sobuchwepheshe nenhlangano yokukhiqiza.
Kulesi sihloko sizozama ukuhlukanisa nokuhlelela izinto ezithinta ukusebenza kahle kwezokukhiqizwa kwamazambane (Fig. 1).
Ezimweni zesimanje, zonke izinhlaka zebhizinisi ziphoqelelwa ukuthi zifune futhi zisebenzise izinqolobane ezikhona ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho ekukhiqizweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi yinhlangano efanelekile yomsebenzi ukuthola izinqolobane kanye nokuhlaziya izinto ezikhona zokukhiqiza, ngokusekelwe kulwazi lwasekhaya nolwamanye amazwe.
Kuze kube manje, ekukhuleni kwamazambane, njengakwezinye izimboni, kunezimo zezomnotho lapho ibhizinisi ngalinye kufanele lihlale liqaphe izinga lezinzuzo zokuncintisana zemikhiqizo yalo ukuze kuqinisekiswe indawo ezinzile emakethe yokuthengisa. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwemibuso yezwe ehamba phambili kukhombisa ukuthi indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye ezahlukahlukene zentuthuko yesifunda, eyenza sikwazi ukusebenzisa yonke imithombo etholakalayo futhi sisebenzise izinzuzo zensimu, futhi sifinyelele ezingeni elidingekayo ukuzimela kokudla, yiqoqo.
Ngale ndlela yokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlangano zezomnotho, umncintiswano obizwa ngokuthi "ngaphakathi" uvuka, onomthelela ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwekhwalithi yemikhiqizo yokusetshenziswa kokugcina naphakathi nendawo. Ngasikhathi sinye, amaqoqo enza kube nokwenzeka ukwandisa izinzuzo zokuncintisana zezinhlangano zawo, aqhakambisa ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, anciphise izindleko zokuthengiselana, athuthukise futhi aqinise ubudlelwano phakathi kwemikhakha yezokukhiqiza, isayensi, imfundo, uhulumeni kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezihlinzeka ngokuxhumana okungekho emthethweni phakathi kwabo bonke abahlanganyeli bamaqembu nabathengi bezambane .
Ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ezihlangana kahle nezixhunyiwe endaweni ethile kwaziwa kusukela ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwezandla, kulokhu, ukuba khona kweqembu njengento yokuhlanganisa ezomnotho sekufakazelwe ngesikhathi. Okwamanje, kuvame ukwaziwa ukuthi izifunda ezinezigaba zazo ezisebenza kuzo zithola ubuholi futhi zinomthelela omkhulu ekuncintisaneni kwemikhiqizo eyenziwe.
Ngokusekelwe ekufundweni kwemisebenzi kumaqoqo, lezi zinto ezibalulekile ezilandelayo ezibalulekile ekwakheni ubudlelwano obunjalo zingahlukaniswa: indawo, izinga lobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, inani lababambiqhaza beqembu (izinhlangano zebhizinisi), izinga lomncintiswano ngaphakathi kososeshini, umjikelezo wempilo yokuhlangana kanye nenhloso yawo eyinhloko ( imisebenzi), okusha kanye nomsebenzi wezenhlalo. Ngenhlanganisela efanelekile, lezi zinto zinikezela ngokuphumela kwe-synergistic, okuthi ngamanani wokulinganisa nawokubaluleka kwedlula isilinganiso esilula semiphumela yemisebenzi ehlukile yento ngayinye (umnotho).
Befunda isipiliyoni sokusebenza kwamaqembu ahlanganayo ekukhuleni kwamazambane, abacwaningi banaka uhlu lwezinto okufanele zinakwe lapho kubhekwa kabanzi le nkinga.
Ibhizinisi elihambisana nokukhiqizwa kanye nokuthengiswa kwamazambane lifaka izigaba ezimbalwa ezibalulekile, kubandakanya: ukuhlinzeka ngesisekelo sembewu, ukukhula, ukuhlela isitoreji nokunye okuningi, okunquma isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sobukhosi beqoqo elingaba khona. Abahlanganyeli abangahle babe khona eqenjini lesifunda lamazambane kungaba: amapulazi enhlanyelo; Izikhungo zokucwaninga ezibandakanyekile ekufundeni kwezinkinga zamazambane; Izikhungo zemfundo zemfundo ezahlukahlukene kanye nezindawo zokuqeqesha; abamele uhulumeni abamelwe abaphathi bezifunda nabaphathi bezifunda; abakhiqizi bezambane bona ngokwabo, bahlinzeka ngevolumu edingekayo yemikhiqizo yezingxenyana ezahlukahlukene futhi abakwazi ukuyigcina; ukucubungula amabhizinisi (ukucubungula okujulile); abamele amaketanga wezitolo; Izinhlangano zokuhamba, njll.
Kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi abaqalayo ekwakhiweni kwalesi sigcawu kufanele, okokuqala, izinhlaka zikahulumeni ezikulungele ukuhlinzeka ngosizo oludingekayo kubakhiqizi. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi iqoqo ngokwezifiso zalo zangempela alinakwakhiwa ngezindlela zokuphatha, eziqinisekiswa ngezibonelo eziningi zomhlaba. Amaqoqo ahlelwe kuphela lapho kuvela izimfuno zangempela ezinquma ukungeneka kwezomnotho kokwenza ubudlelwano bezomnotho phakathi kwamapulazi amazambane kanye nokwakha ingqalasizinda efanayo yokukhiqiza nolwazi. Ezingeni lesifunda, lolu hlobo lokuhlangana luza kubukeka kanjena (Fig. 2).
Kumodeli ehlongozwayo, "isici" esiyisisekelo ukulima amazambane okukhethekile. Okusizayo - i-International Innovative Information and Consulting Center yokuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa kokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zasemakhaya (ezinamandla esayensi kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo nezobuchwepheshe ezidingekayo ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe obusha ekukhuleni kwamazambane). Kubhekwe namathuba okuqeqesha abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe nokusekelwa kwezesayensi nezindlela zokwenziwa kwezindlela ezintsha zenqubo yokukhiqizwa kwamazambane. Inqubo uqobo lwayo igadwe yisikhungo sokuqhamuka nezokubonisana sendawo yezimboni zezolimo kanye nesifunda saseNizhny Novgorod.
Imodeli enjalo (iqoqo) yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi inikeze indlela ehlukile ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla esayensi nokukhiqiza esifundeni futhi inciphise ubunzima benkambiso yokukhiqiza amazambane nemikhiqizo yabo esetshenzisiwe, ngenkathi ikhulisa izinga lokukhiqizwa kokukhiqiza.
Ngokunikezwa zonke izici ezingenhla, sakha incazelo yeqoqo lezambane.
Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwalesi sigcawu, ukusebenzisana kwezinto ezihlelekile kuhloswe ngazo ukushintshana ngolwazi, okusha, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza nezindlela zokuthengisa amazambane. Futhi, ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela kwengqalasizinda, ukukhangisa kanye nokukhangisa kwemikhiqizo, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi abafaneleke kakhulu ngenani elidingekayo ekusebenzeni okuzinzile kwamabhizinisi afakiwe enhlanganweni kuyenziwa. Inhloso enkulu yeqoqo leprojekthi ekukhuleni kwamazambane ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwebhizinisi ngokuqinisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamabhizinisi nombuso.
Kuze kube manje, kusungulwa amazambane wokuqala waseRussia (kanye nengxenye yezolimo yokuqala) esifundeni saseYaroslavl.
Isifunda saseYaroslavl sinawo wonke amathuba okuhlela le nhlangano: izimo zezulu ezinhle zokutshala imbewu namazambane etafula, ingqalasizinda eyenziwe kahle (kucatshangelwa ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo sokuhambisa), kanye nokutholakala kwezinyathelo ezithuthukisiwe zokusekelwa kombuso kwabakhiqizi bezolimo. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi lesi sigcawu sizohlanganisa amapulazi amazambane ayi-10, isikhungo sokuhanjiswa okuthengiswayo okugcwele, ucwaningo kanye nezikhungo zemfundo.
Uhlobo olufanayo lokuhlangana nalo lusakha esifundeni saseNizhny Novgorod. Ukwakheka kwalo mphakathi kufaka phakathi amapulazi amazambane amaningi anezindawo ezifanayo ezihlwanyelwe kanye necebo lokuthuthuka eliphelele, okungukuthi: ukukhulisa utshalomali ukuthola umphumela omuhle. Ngokungahlelekile, lesi sakhiwo sihanjiswa ku-Fig. 3.
Izimo ezibalulekile zomsebenzi ophumelelayo, ngokusho kwabamele ipulazi ngalinye, ukunciphisa ibanga ukusuka endaweni yokutshala kuya entweni yokugcina nokusebenza kwamazambane, kanye nokuba khona kwelungu ngalinye lenhlangano yokuhlangana ngobuchwepheshe besimanje osebenza kakhulu.
Umbuso uthatha indawo esebenzayo ekusekeleni imizamo yokwakha amaqoqo: amanani enzalo emalimbolekweni axhaswe (ingxenye yezindleko zokwakha nokukhulisa izikhungo zezolimo, ukutholwa nokuqashwa (ukuqashisa) kwemishini namathuluzi, kubandakanya ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle kanye nokonga izinsiza), kanye nezinzuzo zezakhiwo zinikezwa nezintela zokuhamba, njll.
Izimali ezidingekayo (uxhaso) lwentuthuko yamaqembu amasha kanye nezimboni zabiwa nguMnyango Wezokuthuthukiswa Komnotho Wenhlangano Yezwe YaseRussia kanye noMnyango Wezimboni Nezokuhweba waseRussia. Ngenxa yokwesekwa kombuso, iqembu elingamazambane lingathola ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-200. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi izifunda eziningana zeRussian Federation sezivele zisebenzise amaphrojekthi wenhlangano yamaqoqo (kweminye imikhakha) futhi zikhombisile imiphumela emihle yomsebenzi walezi zinhlangano.
Ukwakhiwa kwamaqembu akhula ngamazambane ezwenikazi kungenye yezimo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokwandisa izinzuzo zokuncintisana zamabhizinisi akhethekile ezolimo kanye nokuqiniswa kwezinqubo zokubambisana komphakathi nezizimele. Okubaluleke kakhulu yinhlangano nokwanda kobudlelwano phakathi kwamapulazi amazambane, amanethiwekhi okuhweba, izikhungo zocwaningo, izikhungo zemfundo, njll. Ukuthola lolu hlobo lokuxhumana, kucatshangelwa zonke izidingo ezidingekayo nezici zamazambane akhulayo, isilinganiso esifanele sazo zonke izici zokukhiqiza, kungandisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle komkhiqizo futhi kufinyelele ezingeni elidingakalayo lempumelelo yezezimali yamabhizinisi.