Kukhula amazambane esifundeni saseSverdlovsk
Ngesizini edlule, amabhizinisi ezolimo esifundeni saseSverdlovsk atshala amazambane endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-13,9. Isivuno esimaphakathi silungiswe ngo-180,4 c / ha. Umthamo wesivuno esikhulu ekupheleni konyaka ube ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-250,7.
Territory: 194 sq. km, ubude ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu 307 km, kusuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga - 660 km.
Abantu: Abantu abangu-4 325 256, okuyi-84,78% yabo abahlala emadolobheni. Isikhundla sendawo: esisethambekeni elisempumalanga yeZintaba ze-Ural futhi sikhawulwe yizindawo eziphansi zaseNtshonalanga neSiberia. Eningizimu-ntshonalanga, lesi sifunda sifinyelela emithambekeni esentshonalanga yama-Urals aphakathi nendawo.
Isimo sezulu: izwekazi, kepha ngenxa yobude bendawo egudle umgede ongaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-600 nomehluko wokukhululeka, kubuye kuvezwe isimo sezulu esibanzi esifundeni.
Emathafeni, izinga lokushisa likaJanuwari elijwayelekile limiswa ku -20 ° С enyakatho naku -16 ° С eningizimu. Ukushisa okujwayelekile ngoJulayi kuyahlukahluka kusuka ku-16 ° С enyakatho kuye ku-19 ° С eningizimu. Njengoba usuka emmangweni futhi uqhubekela ngaseningizimu, inani lamazinga okushisa amahle liyakhuphuka futhi nenani lemvula lonyaka liyancipha. Insimu eyinhloko yamathafa itholakala endaweni enesimo sezulu esipholile, kanti izingxenye eziseningizimu-mpumalanga nengxenye eseningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifunda sezivele zifakiwe endaweni enesimo sezulu esinezimo zezulu ezikahle kakhulu kwezolimo. Isimo sezulu sebhande lezintaba lincane ezwenikazi, ngamazinga okushisa aphansi ehlobo futhi anomswakama kakhulu kunasemathafeni. Imvula emaphakathi yonyaka ingu-350-400 mm eningizimu-mpumalanga kanye no-500 mm enyakatho, nasezintabeni eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga idlula ama-500-600 mm. Ngenxa yalezi zimo zezulu, inkathi emaphakathi yokukhula esifundeni saseSverdlovsk cishe izinsuku eziyi-130.
Ukukhulula: ingxenye esentshonalanga yesifunda itholakala ngaphakathi kwe-Central and Northern Urals, kanti ingxenye esempumalanga ilele emaphethelweni asentshonalanga ye-West Siberian Lowland. Isifunda sase-Middle Urals sifana nethafa - entshonalanga, ukuphakama kwezintaba kusuka kumamitha angama-300 kuye kwangama-500, kuthi empumalanga, indawo ibe nokukhululeka okumangele nokuphakama okulingene kusuka kumamitha angama-200 kuye kwangama-300. Iphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu esifundeni yiKonzhakovsky Kamen peak (1539 m ukuphakama).
InhlabathiIzinhlobo zomhlaba ezingama-35 zitholakele endaweni yesifunda - kusuka enhlabathini ye-mountain-tundra kanye ne-podzolic enyakatho yesifunda kuya e-chernozems nase-chernozem-meadow eningizimu. Umhlabathi we-Podzolic ne-soddy-podzolic uyanqoba (ama-33,2% engqikithi yenhlabathi), inhlabathi emnyama empunga isatshalaliswa ngaphezulu kwensimu engama-20%. Umhlabathi ompunga nokukhanya okumpunga uhlala ku-13,1%. AmaChernozems atholakala emapheshaneni amancane eningizimu naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifunda. Engxenyeni enezintaba, inhlabathi-taiga nentaba-tundra inhlabathi yande kakhulu.
Umhlaba wezolimo: 4082,6 izinkulungwane zamahektha (21,0%).
Ubhatata yisitshalo esibalulekile kuma-Middle Urals. Isifunda Sverdlovsk iminyaka eminingi sigcine isikhundla esizinzileyo ezifundeni zamazambane eziyishumi ezihola phambili eRussia.
Noma kunjalo, ngokusho kwemiphumela yokuqala yoBalo Lwezolimo lwango-2016 olwe-All-Russian olushicilelwe yiSverdlovskstat, kusukela ngo-2006, indawo yokulinyelwa amazambane esifundeni isinciphile ukusuka ku-50,3 yaya kuma-48,9 XNUMX eehektha. Amanani anciphe ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuncishiswa kokufika ezindaweni zokuxhaswa zezakhamizi ezizimele.
Kepha ezinhlanganweni ezinkulu zezolimo nasemapulazini ngalesi sikhathi, inani lesikhala esabelwe amazambane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lenyuka. Izinkomba zokukhiqiza zibuye zanda kakhulu: emapulazini asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje, lezi zibalo namuhla ziyaqhathaniswa nempumelelo yaseYurophu.
Yize ngeminyaka ethile, intshisakalo kumasiko phakathi kwabakhiqizi bezolimo ibisenciphile. Ngakho-ke, ngonyaka we-2016, emkhakheni wezimboni walesi sifunda, ukwehla kwamanani wokutshala amazambane (ngokuqhathaniswa no-2015) kwaqoshwa cishe amahektha ayinkulungwane. Amapulazi amaningi (ikakhulukazi amancane kanye naphakathi) enqabile ukusebenza nesitshalo, ngoba intengo yamazambane ihlale iphansi kakhulu izinkathi ezimbalwa ezilandelanayo.
Ngesizini edlule, emapulazini adayisa impahla esifundeni saseSverdlovsk, amazambane atshalwe endaweni eyihektare eyi-13,9 180,4 yamahektha. Isivuno esiphakathi nendawo sasilungiswa ku-250,7 c / ha. Ngokwemiphumela yonyaka, isivuno esikhulu silingana namathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-XNUMX.
UKUKHETHA NOKUHLELA
Umthelela obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kokukhethwa kwembewu nokukhiqizwa kwamazambane esifundeni nasezweni lonke kwenziwa yiFederal State Budgetary Science Science Institution Ural Science Science Institution yezolimo. Eminyakeni edlule, ithole isipiliyoni esihle ekutshalweni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zamazambane. Izinhlobo eziningi zifakiwe kwiRegistry Yombuso Wokuzalela Okufezekisiwe kweRussian Federation, kufaka phakathi abakhiqizi bezambane likazwelonke abaziwa nje ngoMay, Otrada, Amur, Bravo, Gornyak, uLux, Qala, njll.
I-FSBI Ural Isayensi Yezokucwaninga Isikhungo Sezolimo yayingenye eyokuqala eRussia ukwenza isitifiketi sofuzo lwezinhlobonhlobo zayo kanye nama-hybrids athembisayo kakhulu: ngale ndlela, ukukhethwa nokukhethwa ngokuya ngezimpawu eziwusizo kakhulu kwenziwa kakhulu ngokubhekisisa nangehloso. Esizeni sokuhlola minyaka yonke kuhlolwe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-20.
Kusukela ngo-2013, i-Ural Research Institute of Agriculture, kanye ne-AIC AO Belorechensky, bebelokhu besebenza ekufezekisweni kwephrojekthi ehlangene ye-Ural Potato Seed Breeding Center. Sekutshalwe imali engaphezu kwama-ruble angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 kulo mklamo, okuyizigidi ezingama-23 okuyimali yokuxhaswa nguhulumeni.
Umsebenzi wesikhungo sokuzalela imbewu ukwenza imisebenzi yokutshala imbewu: sebenza nezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane eziyi-15-20, lapho okungenani ama-60% yizinhlobonhlobo zokuzikhethela nokukhethwa kwazo kwe-Ural Research Institute, amanye ama-40% yizinhlobonhlobo zokuzalela zaseRussia nakwamanye amazwe.
Okwamanje, isigaba sokuqala sephrojekthi sesiphothuliwe: sekuqalisiwe indawo yokusebenzela ephezulu ye-microclonal yokusabalalisa amazambane nokuxilonga (i-Ural Potato esinye sezikhungo zanamuhla zokuzalela imishini yaselebhu), kwakhiwa izindlu zokugcina izithombo eziyisithupha zabasebenzi abancane abakhulisa amamineribe.
Kulindeleke ukuthi ngonyaka wezi-2018 kukhiqizwe izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-70 esikhungweni sokuzalisa imbewu. izitshalo ku-vitro kwatholakala izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-560. ama-minitubers, ngo-2019 - amathani ayi-200 wembewu yesigaba "sesizukulwane sokuqala", ngo-2020 - amathani ayi-1400 wembewu yesigaba se- "super elite". Futhi kusukela ngo-2021, kuhlelwe ukuqala ukukhiqiza amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10 wembewu yesigaba "se-elite" ukuhlinzeka ngabakhiqizi bezolimo esifundeni nakwezinye izifunda zaseRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazambane athengiswayo azotshalwa ngqo emapulazini (ukukhiqizwa kokuqala).
IMIKHAKHA YOKUKHETHA IPOTATO FGBNU "URAL NIISH"
IMINININGWANE. Medium kusenesikhathi, uthele kufika ku-62 t / ha; isitashi 14-19%; ukusebenza kwamaphuzu angama-4,3-4,8; ukungasebenzi kahle kwensimbi (uhlobo B).
Ukumelana nomdlavuza ne-cyst-formato amazambane nematode (RO1) yegolide. Sithintekile ubuthakathaka kanye nesibazi sekwephuzile.
Isihlahla mude, simile; izimbali ziningi, zinde. I-inflorescence iyabhebhetheka, igeleza ngokweqile. I-whisk imhlophe. Isifundo se-Berry siyivelakancane futhi sesibili.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyindilinga, ziphuzi; amehlo mancane; ikhasi le-mesh; inyama iphuzi.
Kubonakala ngesivuno esiphakeme sebhubhu ephezulu nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-nitrate kuzo, nokumelana nesomiso.
I-AMUR. Medium kusenesikhathi, uthele kuze kufike ku-48 t / ha; ukugcwala kwe-12-14%; ukuqondakala kwamaphuzu we-4,0-4,4; i-digestibility ephakathi (uhlobo B).
Umelana nomdlavuza. Kuthinteke ngokulingana ukulimala sekwephuzile eziqongweni. Ethintekile buthakathaka obujwayelekile.
Isihlahla mude, siyahluma; izimbali eziphakathi nendawo, zesikhashana. I-inflorescence iyabhebhetheka. Corolla ukukhanya onsomi. Isifundo seBherry siyivelakancane.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zi-oval, zibomvu; indawo yonyawo ethambile, amehlo amancane; ikhasi liyashelela; inyama ngumbala ophuzi, hhayi mnyama ngesikhathi sokupheka.
Ihlukaniswa yi-tuberization yokuqala kanye nokuqongelela okusheshayo kwezitshalo engxenyeni yokuqala yesikhathi sokukhula, ukumaketha okuphezulu nokubukeka okuhle.
I-BRAVO. Medium kusenesikhathi, uthele kuze kufike ku-57 t / ha; ukugcwala kwe-12-14%; ukuqina kwamaphuzu we-4,0-4,2; ukungasebenzi kahle kwensimbi (uhlobo B).
Umelana nomdlavuza ne-cyst-formato amazambane nematode (RO1) wegolide. Kuthinteke ngokulingana ukulimala sekwephuzile eziqongweni. Ethintekile buthakathaka obujwayelekile.
Isihlahla mude, siyahluma; izimbali eziphakathi nendawo, zesikhashana. I-inflorescence icompact. Corolla ukukhanya onsomi. Ukwakhiwa kweBerry akuvamile.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyindilinga, zibomvu; amehlo mancane; ikhasi liyashelela; inyama ngumbala ophuzi, hhayi mnyama ngesikhathi sokupheka.
Izinhlobonhlobo zohlobo oluxakile, olubonakala ngokukhiqiza okuphezulu, futhi lumelana nesomiso.
I-LUX. Kwasekuqaleni, uthele kufika ku-49 t / ha; ukuqina kwesitashi se-13%; ukusebenza kwamaphuzu 17,0-4,2; ukungasebenzi kahle kwensimbi (uhlobo B).
Umelana nomdlavuza ne-cyst-formato amazambane nematode (RO1) wegolide. Ukumelana ngesizotha nokulimaza sekwephuzile. Ethintekile buthakathaka obujwayelekile.
Isihlahla siphansi, siyachichima; Ukuqhakaza kubuthakathaka, futhi kuyisikhashana. I-inflorescence icompact. Corolla ukukhanya onsomi. Ukwakhiwa kweBerry akuvamile.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zingama-oval oval, abomvu; indawo yonyawo ethambile, amehlo amancane; ikhasi liyashelela; inyama ngumbala ophuzi, hhayi mnyama ngesikhathi sokupheka.
Ihluka ekukhiqizweni okuphezulu kokuqala, ukufinyeleleka kwama-tubers; ukubukeka okuhle. Ukuphendula ukwethulwa kwemithamo ephezulu yamanyolo wezimbiwa.
QALA. Ukuqala, ukukhiqiza kuze kufike ku-50 t / ha; isitashi 13-17,7%; ukusebenza kwamaphuzu 3,9-4,6; i-digestibility ephakathi (uhlobo B).
Umelana nomdlavuza ne-cyst-formato amazambane nematode (RO1) wegolide. Sibuthakathaka ngenxa yokulimala kade emaqabunga. Ukumelana okumaphakathi nasesibeni esivamile. Ukumelana okuphezulu kwamagciwane uY, X, S, M, L.
Isihlahla mude, siyahluma; izimbali ziningi, zinezimbali eziningi. ICorolla red-violet. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Berry kuyisilinganiso.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyindilinga, zibomvu; Amehlo mancane, abomvu; ikhasi liyashelela; inyama iphuzi.
Ihlukaniswa ngesivuno esikhulu sokuqala esithengiswayo, ukubamba okukhulu; okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Vitamin C (26 mg /%).
UKUTHENGA
Kunakwa kakhulu enhlanganweni yokugcina imifino namazambane esifundeni: ama-storages anamuhla avumela abakhiqizi bezolimo ukuthi bahlinzeke abahlali bendawo ngemikhiqizo yendawo kuze kube isizini ezayo.
Ngo-2014, isifunda saqala uhlelo lwesifunda lokwakhiwa kwezitolo zemifino. Eminyakeni emibili yokusebenza kwalolu hlelo esifundeni, kwakhiwa iziqandisi zokugcina imifino ye-Ural ngenani lamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-27.
Namuhla, ukulethwa kwezitolo zemifino esifundeni saseSverdlovsk kufinyelela kuma-84%.
UKUQEQESHA UHLELO
Ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi embonini ekhula amazambane esifundeni saseSverdlovsk kwenziwa kwelinye lamayunivesithi amakhulu esifundeni - iUral State Agrarian University (iUral State Agrarian University). Iminyaka engu-78 yokusebenza, i-Ural State Agrarian University isiqeqeshe abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu nambili cishe kuwo wonke amagatsha ezakhiwo zezimboni zezolimo.
Namuhla, bangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa abafundi abafunda eyunivesithi, izinhlelo zenziwa ezindaweni ezingama-7 zokulungiswa kwemfundo ephakeme, kanye nezindawo eziyi-32 zemfundo ephakeme esezingeni eliphakeme.
Ukuqashwa kabusha konyaka wokuqala kwenziwa ezindaweni zesabelomali ezingama-947 (ngonyaka we-2018, ukuqashwa kwezinto ezikhethekile ezinjengobunjiniyela bezolimo, umuthi wezilwane, ukulima imfuyo, ukuphathwa komhlaba nama-cadastres, njll.) Kwandiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulo nyaka isabelo sababambi bezinhloso zolimo zenyukile (sisuka kuma-30% saya kuma-50%). Ngakho-ke, uMnyango Wezolimo esifundeni uhlela “ukukhulisa” ongoti abantula kakhulu emaphandleni futhi baphinde bavuselele kabusha abasebenzi abasebenza emkhakheni wezolimo.
Ngo-Agasti 22-23, esifundeni saseSverdlovsk (idolobhana laseKochnevskoye, esifundeni saseCoyyarsky), ngesisekelo se-Belorechensky agro-industrial tata, kuzoba nosuku lwezimboni zonke zeRussia Potato Field, okuyi, njengoba abahleli bethemba, ukuthi bazoba yiholide labo bonke abatshala amazambane ezweni.
Lokhu okuqukethwe kwalungiswa kusetshenziswa imininingwane yabezindaba nemithombo evulekile.