Ukwenyuka okubukhali kwamanani entengo kamanyolo wamaminerali kube nomthelela ekwandeni kokuthandwa kwama-analogue abo e-organic. Uma uthi nhlá, sinomanyolo owanele wemfuyo kanye nobulongwe bezinkukhu. Yithathe uyivundise! Kodwa ngaphandle kokulandela i-algorithm ekhethekile yezenzo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kusongela ngenhlawulo enkulu. Lokho kungashintsha ngokushesha nje kule ntwasahlobo, lapho umthetho we-federal wemikhiqizo yezilwane uqala ukusebenza.
Izici ezintsha
Ngokuhambisana nomthetho waseRussia, umquba kanye nendle kuhlukaniswa njengemfucuza yezimboni yezigaba eziyingozi 3-5. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo njengomanyolo kuvunyelwe, kodwa kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Kudingekile ukuthuthukisa ipasipoti yokulahlwa, ekhombisa isigaba sengozi kudokhumenti, ukuqhuba ukuhlolwa kwemvelo, futhi uthole ilayisensi ekhethekile. Yonke le misebenzi ebizayo yenza intengo yezinto eziphilayo ezinempilo ibe phezulu ngokungafanele.
Udokotela Wesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo, uMqondisi we-All-Russian Research Institute of Organic Fertilizer and Peat, igatsha le-Federal State Budgetary Institution "Verkhnevolzhsky FANC" Sergey Lukin Nginesiqiniseko sokuthi izinguquko ezizayo zizoqeda ukungaqiniseki kwezomthetho endaweni yokulawulwa komquba nodoti. Umthetho Wombuso No. 14-FZ wangomhla ziyi-2022 kuJulayi, 248 “Emikhiqizweni engasenalutho yemfuyo kanye nezichibiyelo zemithetho ethile ye-Russian Federation” uqala ukusebenza ngomhla ka-1 Mashi. Imithethonqubo yayo ibona ubulongwe kanye nendle njengemikhiqizo yezilwane engasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukuvunda komhlabathi.
Njengoba kuchaza Sergey Lukin, Umthetho omusha awuchithi izindinganiso ezikhona emkhakheni wokuvikelwa kwemvelo, inhlalakahle yenhlanzeko kanye nemvelo yabantu kanye nemithi yezilwane. Kodwa-ke, manje sekwanele ukuthi izinhlangano ezingokomthetho, osomabhizinisi ngabanye kanye namabhizinisi ampofu (asemapulazini) balethe izinhlelo zabo esigungwini esiphezulu sombuso esisebenzisa imisebenzi yokulawula emkhakheni wezokwelapha wezilwane kanye nemithetho yomhlaba. Isaziso esibhaliwe siyadingeka ukuze sazise mayelana nokuhlukaniswa komquba kanye nendle njengemikhiqizo engasemuva yokufuywa kwemfuyo, sibonise umthamo, usuku lokubunjwa, imigomo ehleliwe yokusebenzisa noma ukudluliselwa kwabanye abakhiqizi bezolimo.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa nokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo yezilwane kufanele kwenziwe ngokusekelwe kwemininingwane yezobuchwepheshe egunyazwe umenzi. Bachaza izici eziyinhloko, izindlela zokucubungula nokucubungula, izimo zokusetshenziswa, izindlela zokulawula kanye nezidingo zokuphepha. Akwamukelekile ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo yezilwane engakacutshungulwa, engacutshungulwanga.
Ngokuqondene namabhizinisi adlulisela noma athengisa umquba kanye nendle kubahlali basehlobo kanye nezidingo zezindawo ezingaphansi komuntu siqu, imisebenzi enjalo isengenzeka. Kodwa kuphela uma lezi zinhlobo zomanyolo, ngokuhambisana nomthetho we-Federal Law kaJulayi 19, 1997 No.
Sergey Lukin ikholelwa ukuthi imithetho yezwe lethu yenzelwe ukuletha ukuhleleka kokusetshenziswa komanyolo we-organic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukulawulwa kukahulumeni kuhlotshaniswa nobude kanye nezindleko eziphakeme zezinqubo eziningi eziphoqelekile. Kodwa ngeke kube ngenye indlela, ngoba sikhuluma ngokuphepha kwemvelo, impilo kanye nempilo yabantu.
Ukusuka kumquba kuya ku-phosphogypsum
Ngokuya nge-genesis yabo, ukwakheka kanye nezakhiwo, umanyolo we-organic ungahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amaningana: umanyolo wezilwane nezitshalo, amaminerali aphilayo, imfucuza yezimboni nekamasipala, umanyolo we-multicomponent noma umquba.
Udokotela Wesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo, Inhloko Yelabhorethri Ye-Agrochemistry ye-Organic, I-Lime Fertilizer kanye Ne-Chemical Reclamation ye-All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry eqanjwe ngo-D. N. Pryanishnikov Natalia Akanova iphawula ukuthi, okokuqala, umquba wezinkomo, ubulongwe behhashi nezingulube, kanye nobulongwe bezinyoni kungabhekwa njengomanyolo.
Imikhiqizo yezimboni nayo isetshenziselwa lezi zinhloso. Isibonelo, ufulawa we-limestone otholwe ngenxa ye-chemical synthesis, i-phosphogypsum nezinye izinsalela ze-phosphate.
Umanyolo we-organic uhlanganisa i-peat kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-fertilizer aluhlaza, kuhlanganise nezingxube ezihlukahlukene zokusanhlamvu-legume, izinsalela ezivela okusanhlamvu nezinye izitshalo. Isigaba esifanayo sihlanganisa nezinhlobo ezithile zodaka lwendle eziye zaphathwa ngokukhethekile.
Ngokusho Natalia AkanovaZonke lezi zinhlobo zomanyolo kanye nomquba owenziwe kuzo zinomphumela onenzuzo ekuvundeni kwenhlabathi, ukukhiqiza kwawo futhi, ekugcineni, kwikhwalithi nokuphepha kwemvelo kwemikhiqizo ewumphumela. Njengenye yezinto zokulima okuphilayo, zingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo kokubili ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo ezilinganisweni zezimboni nasezindaweni ezingaphansi komuntu siqu.
Udokotela Wesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo, Inhloko Yelabhorethri Yezokulima Kwezolimo, Isikhungo Sesayensi Yomhlaba kanye ne-Agrochemistry SB RAS UVladimir Yakimenko futhi igqamisa inani lezinto ezinhle zomanyolo we-organic. Basiza ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo ze-agrochemical kanye namanzi-ngokomzimba wenhlabathi futhi banikeze izitshalo ngemisoco. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium nezinye izakhi, umbuso wokudla okunomsoco wenhlabathi kuma-agrocenoses uthuthukiswa kakhulu. Futhi abalimi bangandisa kakhulu isivuno.
Kodwa, ngokusho kososayensi, i-organics nayo inobubi obungenakuphikwa. Okuqukethwe kwezinto eziwusizo kumanyolo anjalo kuphansi, futhi ukuze kutholwe izinzuzo, kufanele kusetshenziswe ngemithamo emikhulu: ngamathani namashumi amathani ehektheleni ngalinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunengozi yokungenisa emhlabathini ngomanyolo imbewu yokhula eminingi edliwa izilwane kanye nokudla. Futhi kwezinye izimo kunengozi yokutheleleka nge-helminths.
UVladimir Yakimenko ikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwe-mineral fertilizer. Zidingeka ngemithamo emincane uma kuqhathaniswa, kulula kakhulu ukuziletha ensimini futhi zifakwe emhlabathini, futhi ukusebenza kahle ekugcineni kuphakeme kakhulu. Kulokhu, izinto eziphilayo zingengezwa ngendlela yezinsalela zezitshalo. Isibonelo, uhlwanyela insimu ngotshani, ulima i-biomass esekhulile, futhi manje umanyolo usuvele usemhlabeni.
Isiko elisabelayo
Ucwaningo luqinisekisa ukuthi umanyolo we-organic unomphumela omuhle ophelele ezindaweni ezibalulekile zenhlabathi. Benza kube nokwenzeka ukubuyisela izinto ezihlukanisiwe nesivuno esisha ngasinye emjikelezweni womsoco kwezolimo.
Sergey Lukin uyaphawula ukuthi ngenxa yokutshalwa kwemishini kwamasimu amazambane, kwenziwa ukugaywa kwezimbiwa okukhulu kwento ephilayo enhlabathini. Futhi kumelwe kunxeshezelwe ngokwenezela umquba, udoti, umquba, nezinsalela zezitshalo; ukulima kwenqwaba yobulongwe obuluhlaza kanye nemidumba.
Ethonini lezinkomo zokulala, isabelo se-NPK (i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium) singamakhilogremu angu-13, umquba wezingulube - 8, udoti wezinkukhu - 40. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo yemfuyo iqukethe izinto eziphilayo kanye ne-calcium, i-magnesium, isulfure edingekayo. izitshalo, microelements.
Uma isetshenziswe ngendlela efanele, ithani lomquba linikeza ukwanda kwesivuno samazambane ngamakhilogremu ayi-100-120 ehektheleni, futhi kucatshangelwa umphumela, ngonyaka wesibili nowesithathu, kuze kufike kumakhilogremu angama-200-250. Endabeni yokusebenzisa i-droppings yezinyoni, isivuno sezilimo eziyizigaxa sikhuphuka izikhathi ezingu-2-2,5.
I-All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry ebizwa ngokuthi D. N. Pryanishnikov inemiphumela yenethiwekhi enkulu yokuhlola ngomanyolo ezitshalweni zemifino ezindaweni ezahlukene zaseRussia. Njengoba nginitshelile Natalya Akanova, kulezo zindawo lapho kusetshenziswe khona umanyolo we-organic, isivuno esiphezulu satholwa.
Uma sikhuluma ngamazambane, asabela kahle kuwo wonke ama-fertilizer, kuhlanganise ne-organic. Isilinganiso sezakhi ezikuzo sihambisana ncamashi nezici zebhayoloji zalesi sitshalo. Ukusabela okuhle kwamazambane ekufakweni komquba kungabonwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi. Lapho kusetshenziswa izinto eziphilayo, isilimo asithinteki kangako utwayi, isivuno siseqophelweni eliphezulu futhi sigcinwa isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela engcono kakhulu yabhalwa emikhakheni lapho kufakwa khona umanyolo wemvelo ngokuhambisana nomanyolo wamaminerali. Yile ndlela eqinisekisa izitshalo ezinomsoco olinganiselayo.
Natalia Akanova uphikelela ekuhlobaneni "komthetho wesine" owaziwa isikhathi eside, okuvela kuwo ukuthi izindlela, isikhathi, amanani okufaka isicelo kanye nezinhlobo zomanyolo zibaluleke kakhulu. Uma ilandelwa kahle, umphumela omuhle kakhulu ngeke uphuze ukufika.
Kwangenelela umnotho
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, umkhuba wokusebenzisa umanyolo we-organic wamazambane ezweni lethu wehle kakhulu. Umqondisi we-All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Organic Fertilizer and Peat, igatsha le-Federal State Budgetary Institution "Verkhnevolzhsky FATS" Sergey Lukin Uma ngo-1990, ihektha ngalinye lamazambane, izinhlangano zezolimo zasebenzisa amathani angama-34 we-organic kanye namakhilogremu angama-265 wento esebenzayo yomanyolo wamaminerali, bese kuthi ngo-2021 - amathani angama-2,3 namakhilogremu angama-472, ngokulandelana. Okusho ukuthi, isabelo sezinto eziphilayo ekutholakaleni okuphelele kwezakhi ezinomsoco ngamazambane sehle sisuka kumaphesenti angama-64 saya ku-6.
Esinye sezizathu ukuncishiswa kwezinombolo zemfuyo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuphuma komquba. Ngisho nokucabangela iqiniso lokuthi imboni yemfuyo ithuthuka ngenkuthalo, isekude kakhulu nenani langaphambili lemfuyo.
Izinga likamanyolo wemvelo nalo selishintshile. Manje cishe amaphesenti angama-70 omquba kanye nendle akhiqizwa lapho izilwane zigcinwa ngaphandle kokulala futhi ziqukethe kuphela amaphesenti angu-5-14 ezinto ezomile. Umthamo wemikhiqizo ephuma embonini uyakhula, futhi ukugxila kwezinto eziwusizo ekubunjweni kwazo kuya ngokuya kuncipha. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ngokusho Sergei Lukin, kungcono ukusebenzisa izinto eziphilayo njengama-precursors amazambane: utshani bonyaka, okusanhlamvu kwasebusika, izitshalo zomquba oluhlaza.
UVladimir Yakimenko ukhumbula ukuthi ngisho nangezikhathi zamaSoviet, ukusetshenziswa komquba njengomanyolo kwakubhekwa njengenzuzo uma kudingekile ukuhamba amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-5-10 ukusuka epulazini ukuya ensimini. Uma kungenjalo, izindleko zokuthutha zehlisa inzuzo ibe ziro. Ezimweni zanamuhla, ngenxa yamanani aphezulu kaphethiloli we-diesel, ukwengeza izinto eziphilayo emasimini ngokuvamile akwenzeki ngokwezomnotho. Ngenxa yalokho, ungathola isivuno esizoba "igolide" ngokwezindleko.
Amabhizinisi ezolimo anezimboni eziningi akwazi ukugcina inzuzo yokukhiqiza uma usebenzisa izinto eziphilayo.Kodwa awekho amapulazi anjalo ezweni lethu., ngokungafani nesikhathi esingaphambi kwawo-1990, hhayi kangako.
Sergey Lukin ibhekisela ezibonelweni ezinhle zomsebenzi wamabhizinisi ezolimo ezindaweni zaseBelgorod naseNizhny Novgorod. Ukuba namapulazi ezinkukhu kanye nokubamba iqhaza ekukhiqizeni izitshalo, basebenzisa ngempumelelo umquba njengomanyolo emasimini abo. Futhi esifundeni saseVladimir, lapho ipulazi lezinkukhu zendawo lidlulisela khona umquba kwabanye abakhiqizi bezolimo mahhala, abalimi bawuhambisa amakhilomitha angu-30-40 emapulazini abo ngaphandle kokulimala okukhulu kwesabelomali.
Ukubuka esikhathini esizayo
Ukwamukelwa kwe-Federal Law No. 248 kuqinisekisa ukuthi imakethe yaseRussia yomanyolo we-organic izoqhubeka nokuthuthuka. Kodwa abathengi babo abakhulu basengaqhubeka besebenza engadini, izindlu zasehlobo kanye namapulazi azimele.
Inhloko yeLabhorethri ye-Agrochemistry, i-Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry SB RAS UVladimir Yakimenko ikholelwa ukuthi uma izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomanyolo wezinto eziphilayo ezilungiselelwe, omisiwe futhi zifakwa emaphaketheni amancane ziqala ukudayiswa ngobuningi, isidingo sabahlali basehlobo, abalimi kanye neziza zasendlini ezizimele sizozinza. Kodwa endabeni yamapulazi amakhulu alima izinkulungwane zamahektha omhlaba, izinto eziphilayo azinalo ikusasa. Ngokombono we-agrochemistry, ekuvundeni kwenhlabathi, umanyolo onjalo muhle. Kodwa emnothweni wemakethe, ukusetshenziswa kwabo akukhona ezithakazelweni zebhizinisi lezolimo.
Banombono ohlukile Natalia Akanova и Sergey Lukinabanethemba lokuthi kuzophinde kuqalwe kabusha ngokushesha Uhlelo Lombuso Oluphelele Lokuthuthukisa Ukuvunda Kwenhlabathi eRussia. Ngesinqumo seziphathimandla, akuzange kunwetshwe ngale kuka-2020, okunomthelela omubi kuyo yonke imboni yokukhiqiza izitshalo zasekhaya.
Ngokusho kososayensi, ngaphandle kukamanyolo we-organic akunakwenzeka ukubuyisela ukuvunda kwezigidi zamahektha omhlaba wokulima ezweni lonke futhi uqinisekise isivuno esiphezulu iminyaka eminingi ezayo. Futhi isihluthulelo somsebenzi ophumelelayo kulokhu kufanele kube uhlelo lokulima olunamandla futhi oluthembekile - i-organomineral.
U-Irina Berg