U-Sergey Banadysev, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo, i-Doka Gene Technologies LLC
Ezenzweni zamazwe omhlaba, izifo zokugcina amazambane zifaka kuphela lezo ezingathuthuka kakhulu ngemuva kokuvuna, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwazo okuncike kakhulu ezimeni zokugcina: ukubola sekwephuzile nokubola okupinki, i-anthracnose, ukubola kwamagciwane (indandatho, i-dikea, i-pectobacterium, i-tuberous). uqweqwe), i-oosporosis , ukubola okunamanzi (pithy) - typium, uqweqwe lwesiliva, i-phomosis, i-fusarium.
Izifo zesitoreji zidala umonakalo omkhulu wezomnotho, njengoba zandisa ukulahlekelwa futhi zilulaza ikhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa nokutshala amazambane.
Imakethe ekhulayo yamazambane apakishwe ahlanziwe ibeka isidingo esikhulu kumaphutha abonakala ezigabeni ezihlanzekile (utwayi,
i-phytophthora, ukubola okomile nokumanzi, ukulimala komshini), ngakho-ke ukubukeka kwezinkinga ezengeziwe ngekhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi sokugcina akuthandeki kakhulu.
Isifo ngasinye sinezici ezithile zebhayoloji, izimo zentuthuko nezindlela zokulawula.
ukubola okuthambile ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kuvame ukubangelwa amagciwane ohlobo lwe-Pectobacterium ne-Dickeya. Ukutheleleka okuthambile kokubola kungena ezigabeni ezisesigangeni ngokusebenzisa ama-stolon angenwe ezitshalweni ezingumama. Lapho ukugcinwa, ukubola okuthambile kwebhaktheriya kuvula amathuba futhi kungabangela
izinkinga ezinkulu zihlangene nezinye izifo.
Ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle komonakalo wokubola okuthambile: izindawo ezinegciwane ziba mnyama (kuye zibe nsundu ngokumnyama), zikhuleliswe
ukuthungwa kwamanzi ikhasi.
Ithishu yangaphakathi ethambile ebolile inomswakama, i-mushy noma i-creamy ekuthunjweni futhi iqukethe okumhlophe noma okumpunga ngokunsundu.
i-slime. Izindawo ezithintekile zivezwa umngcele omnyama ozihlukanisa nezicubu ezinempilo. Ngemva kokubola komile, izindawo ezithintekile ziba mhlophe njengoshoki (isithombe 2). Uma ukutheleleka sekumboze umthamo omkhulu wezilimo eziyizigaxa, iphunga le-ammonia lesici liyavela endaweni yokugcina.
Iqoqo lezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithinteke kakhulu yilesi sifo lingase libe nesici esisodwa noma ngaphezulu kwezilandelayo: umthamo wegumbi ubonakala
ukuncipha; uketshezi olumnyama olujiyile luvuza ezitsheni noma emiseleni yomoya, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kanye/noma iphunga elibi liyaphawulwa ekamelweni.
Izizathu zokuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo:
• izimo ezimanzi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhula nokuvuna;
• Ukulawula ukhula ngendlela engasebenzi (ukhula luvame ukunqwabelanisa lesi sifo);
• imbewu ethelelekile (yandisa amathuba okuthuthukisa lesi sifo kuma-tubers enzalo);
• ukuvunwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezingavuthiwe;
• ukuvuna emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-20°C;
• Ukuvuza komoya ngokweqile ku-vault, kanye nama-shutter anephutha;
• umswakama oxekethile kuma-tubers (i-condensation, ukungahambi kahle komoya / ukungena komoya);
• inhlabathi enkulu eqoqweni lezilimo eziyizigaxa;
• ezinye izifo ezifana nokubola kwamanzi nokomile.
Inombolo enkulu "yemivimbo" kuma-tubers kanye nokuphulukiswa kwesilonda okungalungile nakho kunomthelela ekuthelelekeni kokubola okuthambile.
Ukulawula: ulwazi lwamanje olusemthethweni oluqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-magciwane noma izibulala-magciwane ze
ukulawula okuncane okuqondile kokubola okuthambile kwamagciwane endaweni yokugcina. Kodwa kuyaziwa, isibonelo, ukuthi i-synthetic antibiotic streptomycin isetshenziswa kabanzi emazweni abhekene namazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nomswakama (India, China), kanye nase-USA.
Ukubola okomile (fusarium) Isifo sokukhunta esibangelwa i-Fusarium sambucinum nezinye i-Fusarium spp. I-fungus ingena ezigabeni
izilonda kanye nemihuzuko edalwe ngesikhathi sokuvuna nokuphatha. Izimpawu zokubola okomile ngokuvamile ziqala ukuvela eduze kwezilonda cishe inyanga ngemva kokugcinwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Izicubu ezinesifo ziba nsundu ngokukhanyayo ukuya komnyama ngombala. Amaringi amakhulu, ajulile, agxilile aphuka ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokukhanya angakheka kunoma iyiphi ingxenye ye-tuber.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezibole ngokuphelele ziyashwabana futhi zibe mummify. Imigodi ngaphansi kwendawo ebolile ivamise ukugqitshwa nge-Fusarium mycelium emhlophe, ebomvana, noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zingase zithambe futhi zibemanzi uma kukhona nokubola okuthambile. Ngaphakathi, izindawo ezinegciwane zezilimo eziyizigaxa zimnyama nezimhlophe, zinesisindo esiphundu (isithombe 3).
Kunezindawo ezibiyelwe ngokusobala phakathi kwezicubu ezinempilo naleyo ethintekile. Ubuso bazo obungaphandle bungase bushone futhi bushwabene.
Kwesinye isikhathi isikhunta esimhlophe noma esiphinki singabonakala ngaphandle. Ukukhula kokubola okomile kungabangela ukubola okuthambile kwebhaktheriya yesibili.
Izimo ezikhuthaza ukusabalala kwalesi sifo: isimo sezulu esomile nesifudumele. Khumbula ukuthi lesi sifo singasakazeka ngokushesha uma amazambane engelashwa kahle phakathi namasonto angu-2-3 okuqala.
Ohlwini lwezincomo eziyisisekelo zokuvimbela ukutheleleka kwezitshalo
ukubola okuthambile kugqamisa amaphuzu alandelayo:
- Hlanza kahle isitoreji neziqukathi ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa (futhi bulala amagciwane uma amazambane agulayo ayegcinwe lapho ngaphambilini).
- Gcina amazambane akhule ngembewu eqinisekisiwe enempilo, ngokunisela okulawulwayo nokudla, ezimeni zokuvikela okwakhiwa kahle okhula, izinambuzane nezifo.
- Ukuqinisekisa ukwakheka okuvamile kwekhasi nokuvuthwa kwesitshalo. Hlanza ngokucophelela futhi ugweme ukulimaza, ungahlanzi emvuleni. Uma kusolwa ukubola okuthambile, beka amaqoqo eduze kweminyango ukuze akhishwe ngokushesha uma eqala ukubheda. Uma izinga eliphezulu lezifo litholwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa ngaphambi kokuvuna noma sokuvuna, sebenzisa umswakama omncane kanye nokukhipha umoya okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokwelashwa/ukugcina kusenesikhathi.
- Hlela ukuvezwa okulungile kwamazambane anempilo amasonto angama-2-3 ekushiseni kwe-10-13 ° C kanye nomswakama ongu-95%. Gcina izinga lokushisa eliyinhloko lesitoreji lingaphansi kuka-5°C. Ungasebenzisi i-moisturizer. Uma lesi sifo sibonakala ngemva kokwelashwa, khona-ke ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa ezimweni zokubamba kufanele kube ngokushesha, kunomoya omningi wokungenisa umoya. Vimbela ukwakheka kwe-condensation kuma-tubers. Izinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ezinganikeza umoya oqhubekayo kodwa onesivinini esiphansi zivimbela ukwakheka kwamahhala komswakama. Sebenzisa ukungena komoya okuqhubekayo ngaphandle komswakama ezindaweni ezithinteke kakhulu. Hlukanisa amaqembu anjalo, uma kungenzeka.
Indawo ekahle yokukhula kwalesi sifo yenziwa ezindaweni zokugcina uma kunikezwa inhlabathi eningi lapho kanye namazambane. Imivimbo yamazambane ngesikhathi sokuvuna nokucubungula inomthelela ekuthelelekeni ngokushesha.
Ukulawula: Nciphisa imihuzuko ngesikhathi sokuvuna nokuphatha. Gwema ukuvuna lapho izinga lokushisa lenyama liphansi ngoba amazambane abandayo angenwa kakhulu imihuzuko. Ngaphambi kokuvuna, qiniseka ukuthi amazambane akhunjwe kahle futhi avuthiwe. Susa ukungcola okungaphezulu namagaqa omhlaba ngesikhathi sokuhlanza nangaphambi kwesikhathi sokwelashwa. Kunconywa ukwenza ukwelashwa ku-13 ° C kanye nomswakama ohlobene no-95%, okukhuthaza ukuphulukiswa kwesilonda. Ukuphulukiswa kwesilonda kufanele kuqedwe emavikini angu-2-3. Ngemva kokuqedwa kokwelashwa
isikhathi, kancane kancane ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa ngesilinganiso esingu-0,5 ° C ngosuku kuze kufike ezingeni lokugcina isikhathi eside.
I-pink rot isifo sokukhunta esiyingozi esibangelwa i-oomycete Phytophthora erythroseptica. Izimpawu zangaphandle zomonakalo: ukubuna kwezingxenye zasemoyeni zezitshalo, izimpawu ze-chlorosis emaqabunga.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane zingenwa amahlumela, ama-lentils namanxeba, ngokuvamile ensimini. Izicubu zangaphandle ezithintekile ku-tuber zingase zibe nazo
ukushintsha kombala onsundu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezivulekile zemvelo (amalentile) kanye nasemihlumeni. Ngaphakathi, indawo enegciwane isakazeka cishe ngomugqa oqondile phakathi kwezicubu zezambane. Lapho izilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintekile zisikwa, izicubu zangaphakathi ziba sponji futhi ziba pink ngemva kwemizuzu engama-30 (isithombe 4). Ezigabeni ezithuthukisiwe, izicubu ezithintekile zingase zikhiphe uketshezi olucacile, olunganuki, olunamanzi lapho lucindezelwe.
Izimo ezikhuthaza ukusabalala kwalesi sifo: umswakama owedlulele emasimini ekupheleni kwenkathi yokukhula kanye nesimo sezulu esishisayo (izinga lokushisa lomoya elingaphezu kuka-35°C).
Ukulawula: Gwema ukunisela ngokweqile ekupheleni kwenkathi yokukhula, ikakhulukazi lapho amazinga okushisa ephezulu. Hlola izindawo ezimile ensimini eziphansi, uma izimpawu zokubola okubomvana zitholakala, ungazisusi lezo zindawo. Uma lesi sifo sitholwa ngemva kokugcinwa kwamazambane, qinisekisa ukugeleza komoya okwanele kanye nezinga lokushisa lika-7-10 ° C ngesikhathi sokumisa. Uma
ingxenye encane kuphela yenqwaba iyathinteka, phatha amazambane anempilo ku-10 ° C. Ngokulandelayo, sebenzisa ukupholisa okusheshayo ku
ukungena komoya okuqhubekayo.
Ukubola kwesilonda esinamanzi isifo sokukhunta esibangelwa i-oomycete Pythium ultimum (isikhunta senhlabathi esingena ngezilonda kanye nezimbobo zemvelo esikhumbeni samazambane). Izindawo ezithintekile zangaphakathi ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa ngokucacile nezicubu ezinempilo ngomngcele omnyama. Izicubu ezibolile zine-spongy texture, kanti izindawo ezithintekile zingaba ngaphakathi kuphela, zishiye i-peel iphelele (isithombe 5). Indwangu enqunyiwe iba mhlophe, grey kanye nsundu omnyama. Lesi sifo singase sivele phakathi kwamaviki angu-2-3 okugcina. Isibonakaliso sokuqala senkinga ukuvela kwamachashazi amanzi emigwaqweni engezansi yeziqukathi ngenxa yokumanzisa uketshezi olunamanzi oluvela ezigabeni ezithintekile.
Izimo ezivumela ukusabalala kwesifo: Umswakama ophezulu kakhulu olandelwa isikhathi esifushane sokoma ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwe-tuber. Lesi sifo siphazamisa kakhulu uma izinga lokushisa lezilimo eziyizigaxa lingaphezu kuka-20°C. I-Pythium inyusa ingozi yokutheleleka ngokubola okuthambile kwebhaktheriya, kodwa ukubola kwenxeba ngokwako akusabalali endaweni yokugcina.
Izinyathelo zokulawula ukubola kwamanzi zihloselwe ukuvimbela izimo ezivuna ukutheleleka kanye nezifo. Bafaka phakathi
khetha amasimu anamanzi amahle futhi angenamlando wesifo, okungenani iminyaka emithathu yokushintshanisa izitshalo. Gwema ukweqisa
ukuchelela, ikakhulukazi ekupheleni kwenkathi, ukuvumela isikhathi esanele sokukhipha i-desiccation kanye nokwakheka okuhle kwesikhumba. Izilimo eziyizigaxa kufanele zivunwe ezimeni ezipholile, ezomile lapho isikhumba sesivuthiwe futhi izinga lokushisa lenyama lehlile ngaphansi kuka-20°C.
Uma izimpawu zesifo ziqala ukubonakala endaweni yokugcina, izinga lokushisa ekamelweni kufanele lehliswe libe ngu-12-15 ° C futhi ukujikeleza komoya owomile kufanele kwandiswe. Ukwelashwa kwe-fungicide ngesikhathi sokukhula nokugcinwa ekulweni ne-Pythium ultimum kusebenza kahle - njenge
futhi ekulweni nokubola kwe-rose, utwayi lwesiliva, i-anthracnose kanye ne-fusarium. Lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi.
I-Phomosis (i-gangrene) - isifo sokukhunta esibhebhetheka kakhulu samazambane agciniwe. Okokuqala
Izimpawu ze-gangrene ama-indentations amancane ayindilinga amnyama angase abonakale ngokumnyama okumpunga noma ansundu. Ama-indent afana nezigxivizo zesithupha futhi angase ahlangane futhi adlulelane (isithombe 6). Amachashaza ngokuvamile anomkhuba wokunwebeka anqamule futhi ngaleyo ndlela ahluke emaringini agxile kusici se-Fusarium. Ukubola kwe-gangrene kuvame ukuba mnyama kakhulu futhi kunomngcele ocacile onezicubu ezinempilo.
Izimo ezibangela ukubhebhetheka kwalesi sifo: Ukutheleleka nge-Phomosis kuvame ukuvela lapho ukuvuna kubambezeleka ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo nesimanzi. Isifo singena ezigabeni ngokulimala esikhunjeni. Indawo ekahle yokuthuthukiswa kwe-gangrene nayo ingakha endaweni yokugcina uma amazambane egcinwe ezimweni ezibandayo (uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga elijwayelekile) kanye / noma ukuphulukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kokulimala kwesikhumba kungenziwanga.
Izilawuli: ukuvimbela okungcono kakhulu kwesifo ukunciphisa umonakalo ngesikhathi sokucubungula. Isimo sesibili esidingekayo sokuvimbela ukusakazeka kokutheleleka ukuhlanzwa konyaka kanye nokukhishwa kwe-disinfection yesitoreji. Ukuvuna kusenesikhathi kanye nokwelapha okomile nakho kuzosiza ukugwema izinkinga. Ekuqaleni kokugcinwa, ama-fungicides thiabendazole kanye ne-imazalil ayasebenza ekulawuleni isifo.
I-anthracnose noma indawo emnyama yezilimo eziyizigaxa - isifo esisabalele, i-causative agent yi-fungus Coccodes Colletotrichum. Ukubonakaliswa kwe-Tuber kwalesi sifo kuwumbala onsundu ngokumpunga kwesikhumba, izindawo eziyindilinga noma ezimise ngendlela engavamile (isithombe 7). Izilonda zingathatha umbala osiliva, okwenza kube lula ukudida i-anthracnose noqweqwe olusiliva. Umehluko omkhulu ngamabala angajwayelekile
amajamo anamamajini angacacile kanye namachashazi amnyama anezikhala.
Ukulawula: ukusetshenziswa kwembewu eqinisekisiwe, ukwelashwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezingakhawuleli i-anthracnose,
kodwa ithuthukisa impilo yezitshalo namandla, inciphisa ukucindezeleka futhi ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise ukumelana ne-anthracnose. Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo olinganiselayo kanye nokuchelela okufafaza ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwezitshalo, ukucekelwa phansi kokhula ngesikhathi (izilondolozi zokutheleleka kwe-anthracnose efihlekile). Ukukhishwa kwenhlabathi enamanzi angalawulwa kanye nomoya wombuso, ovame ukwakha uqweqwe oluqinile. Ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo nezitshalo ezingangenwa yi-pathogen - njengokusanhlamvu, ubhontshisi wesoya, ummbila. Ukulima okujulile ngokwanele
okunomthelela ekuboleni kwezinsalela zezitshalo. Vuna ngokushesha ngemva kokuvuthwa amazambane. Ukulawulwa okunembile kwezinga lokushisa nomswakama endaweni yokugcina: amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokufingqa komhwamuko wamanzi kunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwalesi sifo.
Uqweqwe lwesiliva. I-agent causative yi-fungus Helminthosporium solani. Lesi sifo sitholakala yonke indawo. Imithombo eyinhloko yokutheleleka ithinteka izilimo eziyizigaxa zokutshala. Izimpawu zalesi sifo zingabonakala kakade ngesikhathi sokuvuna noma ngemva nje kokubekwa endaweni yokugcina:
lezi zinsundu ngokukhanyayo ezingabonakali, ngaphandle kokukhanya, amabala anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kanye nokuma (isithombe 8). Ekupheleni kokugcinwa, lesi sifo sifinyelela ekukhuleni okukhulu, futhi izicubu ezithintekayo zithola i-metallic noma i-silvery sheen echazwe kahle. Mushroom ebusweni amabala
ithuthukisa i-condial sporulation kanye ne-punctate black sclerotia encane.
Ngesilonda esinamandla, ikhasi lamazambane liqala ukushwabana, ukuphuma kwalo kuyanda, ngenxa yalokho ukulahleka komswakama kwenzeka. Utwayi oluyisiliva luyisifo sakudala sokugcina. Ngokuvamile, lapho kugcinwa endaweni yokugcina, isivuno sibukeka sikhululekile kuso, futhi
ngesikhathi sokufika, ukutheleleka okungu-100% kutholwa. Ngesikhathi sokuthutha, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezigulayo zihlangana nezinempilo, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo zokushintsha okubukhali kwezinga lokushisa, umswakama, ukuthuthumela kanye nokukhipha umoya, ukubonakaliswa okukhulu kwezimpawu kanye nokutheleleka ngokweqile kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo kwenzeka.
Ukulawula: Zijwayeze ukushintshanisa kahle izitshalo, okungenani ukuzungezisa iminyaka emithathu. Ukusetshenziswa kwembewu ngaphandle kokuba khona kwe-silvery coating. Ukuhlola imbewu ethengiwe ukuthi ikhona yini utwayi lwesiliva. Ukwehlukaniswa kwenqwaba yembewu yezizukulwane ezahlukene ngesikhathi sokugcinwa (akumele kubekwe endaweni eyodwa yokubeka). Ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ye-tuber yembewu ebhalisiwe ekutshaleni.
Ukuvuna amazambane ngokushesha ngemva kokuba ikhasi seliqinile. Ukusetha okwanele kwenhlanganisela. Ukuhlanzwa okuphelele nokubulala amagciwane endaweni yokugcina kanye nazo zonke izinto zokusebenza ngaphambi kwesizini entsha. Ukuhlola amazambane ukuthi akanalo yini utwayi lwesiliva ngaphambi kokugcinwa. Ukwehlukaniswa kwenkatho enotwayi olusiliva kulabo abangenalo cishe ukutheleleka. Ukusetshenziswa kokwelashwa kwangemva kokuvuna ekulawuleni izifo ngesikhathi sokugcinwa. Ukwelashwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezimweni zokushisa okuphezulu (10-15 ° C), umswakama (90%) kanye nomoya omuhle (ukugeleza komoya okuphezulu). Ukupholisa ngokushesha amazambane emva kokwelashwa kuya ezingeni oyifunayo yokugcina okuyinhloko. Inhlangano yokugcina ngaphansi kwezimo
Izinga lokushisa elikhethekile: ebangeni eliphansi kakhulu lendlela yokusetshenziswa kwamazambane. Vimbela ukuthunyelwa kwengxenye uma isitoreji sesikhathi eside sihleliwe.
ukutheleleka okuxubile. Izilimo eziyizigaxa azivamile ukuthintwa yi-pathogen eyodwa kuphela. Njengomthetho, ukuhlaziywa kwe-tuber egulayo kuqinisekisa
ukutholakala kwezinhlobo eziningana zamagciwane (isithombe 9).
Ukutheleleka kwefungal okuxubile namagciwane kubangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kakhulu kunokutheleleka komuntu ngamunye. Ngokusobala, amagciwane ahlukahlukene akhuthaza ukukhula komunye nomunye.
Njengoba izifo zokugcina zingaholela ekulahlekelweni kwezitshalo ezinkulu, ukulwa nazo kufanele kube yisistimu, kuhlanganise ngokuqondile.
esiteji sokugcina. Esibonelweni sezifo eziningi, kufakazelwe ukuthi ubungozi bezifo bungancishiswa ngokunciphisa ukulimala kwemishini (okuvuselela ukuthuthukiswa nokusabalala kwazo zonke izifo ezigcina impahla) kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinokumelana nezakhi zofuzo kumagciwane.
Ukulawulwa kwezifo kuyingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu yokulawula ukugcinwa kwembewu. Zimbalwa zazo ezenzekayo
endaweni yokugcina, imithombo eyinhloko yokutheleleka ngokuvamile yimbewu noma inhlabathi.
Ngakho-ke, umphumela oyinhloko wokuvikela unikezwa ukukhethwa kwabanduleli abanempilo, ukusebenza emasimini angenalo igciwane, ukusetshenziswa
Imbewu esezingeni eliphezulu, ukugeleza kahle komhlabathi, ukuchelela kahle, ukuvuna okufika ngesikhathi kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu.
Izenzo ezilandelayo zinomthelela ekwehliseni amathuba okuba nezifo:
• ukususwa / ukomiswa ngesikhathi kweziqongo ukuze kuqinisekiswe i-peel ethembekile, eqinile;
• Ukuvuna okuphumelelayo ukugcwalisa isitoreji ngokushesha;
• ukugeleza komoya okulungiselelwe ukomisa nokupholisa kahle;
• ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-condensate;
• inhlanzeko yokugcina kanye nemishini.
Ukuvuna ezimweni lapho amazambane asevele akha isikhumba esiqinile, inhlangano emnene yokuthutha nokugcina
- konke lokhu kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwemikhiqizo, ngoba izifo zingena kuma-tubers ikakhulukazi ngokulimala kwangaphandle. Ngesikhathi sokuvuna, imifantu kanye nokusikeka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa akunakugwenywa futhi amagciwane asakazeka kulo lonke iqoqo lamazambane. Kodwa ukuthi isifo sikhula endaweni yokugcina kuncike ezintweni ezintathu ezibalulekile:
• inani le-inoculum yesifo, ngokuvamile i-fungal spores noma amabhaktheriya, akhona kuma-tubers;
• izimo ze-microclimate;
• ukumelana ne-tuber yemvelo ezifweni.
Ukugcwala kwezifo esigabeni sokugcina kungenzeka ngokunciphisa umonakalo, ukomiswa ngokushesha, ukuphulukiswa komonakalo osezingeni eliphezulu, ukulawula izinga lokushisa nomswakama, kanye nenhlanzeko. Ngokuhleleka nakumongo wezifo, lokhu kukhonjiswe kuThebula 1.
Izindlela zokulawula izifo ezigcinwe endaweni yonke:
• Ukuvuna amazambane omile, anempilo enezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-7 no-15°C. Ukukhishwa okuphezulu kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezilimele ekuhlanganiseni, okuhlinzeka ngezimo zokusebenza kwekhwalithi ephezulu yalo msebenzi.
• Ukulungiswa ngokucophelela kwendawo yokugcina kanye nohlelo lokuphakelwa komoya. Kubalulekile ukwenza isiqiniseko kusenesikhathi ukuthi amazinga omoya owanele ahlinzekwa kuzo zonke izindawo zokugcina. Engeza amasistimu okungenisa komoya asebenzayo asebenzayo emakamelweni anomoya ovamile. Ukunyakaza komoya okuhle kubalulekile ekugcineni amazambane ayinkinga.
• Ukulungiswa kwemithetho yokomisa, yokwelapha kanye nokupholisa. Amazambane ayinkinga ajwayele ukuba manzi futhi ahlaselwe yizilwanyane ezibolayo, umsebenzi womlimi ukupholisa nokomisa isilimo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Pholisa ngokushesha kuze kufike ezingeni lokushisa lokugcina (3-5°C). Musa ukumanzisa amazambane onesifo.
• Qalisa amafeni (faka okuningi uma kunesidingo) ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yilapho isilimo somile. Ukujikeleza komoya ngamazambane kufanele kwenziwe njalo phakathi naso sonke isikhathi senkinga, noma ngabe zingekho izimo zokusebenzisa umoya wangaphandle.
• Ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba komoya ngesendlalelo somkhiqizo. Amazambane abolile nokungcola kudala izithiyo. Amafeni anengcindezi ephezulu yokugeleza komoya ayadingeka.
• Ukuqapha kwansuku zonke kwesitoreji. "Izibhamu" ze-infrared, ama-thermometers ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene anikeza inkomba enhle yokushisa okujwayelekile.
• Ukungavezwa emoyeni ofudumele wangaphandle kumazambane abandayo (uma kungenjalo ungqimba lwamanzi amahhala luzojiya ezigabeni). Amanzi phezu kwezilimo eziyizigaxa avame ukuminyanisa amazambane futhi kwakha indawo ekahle yamagciwane abolayo athambile. Izinga lokushisa lomoya kufanele libe ngu-1 ° C ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa le-tuber oyifunayo.
Ama-fungicides ingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokulayisha, ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, nalapho ithunyelwa isuka kusitoreji.
Izithako ezisebenzayo ezisetshenziselwa ukwelapha amazambane ngokumelene nezifo ngaphambi kokugcinwa:
• I-RF - i-fludioxonil, i-benzoic acid, isiliva ye-colloidal, i-Bacillus subtilis;
• IJalimane - imazalil, pencicuron, prothioconazole;
• ENgilandi, eBelgium - imazalil, thiabendazole;
• I-France - i-flutalanil, i-mancozeb, i-pencecuron, i-prothioconazole, i-fludioxonil;
• ECanada - i-thiabendazole, i-fludioxonil, i-azoxystrobin, i-difeconazole, i-phosphorous acid, i-potassium phosphite, i-Pseudomonas suringae;
• I-USA - azoxystrobin, i-fludioxonil, i-feconazole, i-sedaxan, i-mancozeb, i-flutalanil, i-penflufen, i-prothioconazole, i-thiophtanate-methyl,
phosphorus, potassium phosphite, chlorine dioxide, peroxyacetic acid.
Ukwelashwa kwembewu kufanele kunikeze ukuvikeleka ezifweni nasezinambuzaneni, kukhuthaze ukukhula kwezitshalo futhi kwanele
kwezobuchwepheshe.
Ukusebenza kahle komsebenzi kuncike ngqo kwikhwalithi yokuqaliswa kwawo kanye nokukhetha okulungile kwamalungiselelo; kufanele kusekelwe ekuqondeni inhloso ehlosiwe yama-fungicides athile futhi kubhekwe izinkinga ze-phytopathological zeqoqo elithile lempahla yokutshala kanye inkambu ethile. Kukhathalogi yombuso esemthethweni yezibulala-zinambuzane zeRussian Federation, ama-fungicides okugqoka ama-tuber abhaliswe njengendlela yokulawula i-rhizoctoniosis, uqweqwe olujwayelekile kanye notwayi lwesiliva. Nokho, ayikho idatha ngokusebenza kwezidakamizwa ngokumelene
i-anthracnose, ukubola okumanzi kwesilonda, ukutheleleka kwe-blight sekwephuzile kwenhlabathi, okuye kwanda kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Ngakho-ke, i-TMTD eyaziwa kudala ibekwe njengekhambi lokulwa nokulimaza sekwephuzile, i-rhizoctoniosis, utwayi, ukubola kwebhaktheriya okumanzi kanye ne-fusarium. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukungabaza okunengqondo, njengoba kuphela isikhunta sesimanje esinezingxenye ezintathu i-Idicum enezinhlobo eziningi zesenzo (ngokumelene ne-oosporosis, phomosis, anthracnose, fusarium, rhizoctoniosis).
Isethi ephelele yezindlela zokuvikela impahla yokutshala amazambane yethulwa e-USA. Ukuze uthole i-liquid pickling, ngaphezu kwezinto ezaziwa e-Russian Federation, i-sedaxan, i-hydrogen peroxide, i-Chenopodium quinoa saponins amagciwane avunyelwe ukusebenzisa. I-Sedaxan ifakiwe kusibulala-magciwane sokuqala esinezingxenye ezine emhlabeni esivela ku-Syngenta, e-USA esibizwa nge-Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Potato Ultra nenhlanganisela ye-dv-in fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxan + thiamethoxam. IRussian Federation imemezele ukuqala kwenqubo yokufaka umuthi ofanayo ebhukwini lamazambane.
Kuvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukusebenzisa izithako ezisebenzayo ze-fungicides eziyi-16, i-10 a.i. yokwelapha imbewu. ama-insecticides kanye namalungiselelo angama-microbial ayi-15 anomsebenzi we-fungicidal. I-Fludioxonil, i-cyproconazole, i-benzoic acid iyasebenza ngokumelene nezifo zamazambane,
benomyl, pencycuron, thiabendazole, penflufen, prothioconazole, difenoconazole, thiram, imazalil, metalaxyl, iprodione. Kunemikhiqizo eminingana enama-A.I amabili amabili. ama-fungicides: penflufen + prothioconazole; ngokuhlanganiswa ne-insecticide - acetamiprid + fludioxonil + cyproconazole,
thiamethoxam + difenoconazole + fludioxonil, iprodione + imidacloprid + difenoconazole. Ukwakheka okucebile kwesikhunta esinezingxenye ezintathu: i-fludioxonil + imazalil + metalaxyl.
Ukugqoka kusengaphambili kunezinzuzo eziningi: imodi ethule, isilinganiso esinembe kakhudlwana sesixazululo sokusebenza, kanye nokwanda komkhiqizo wokutshala amazambane. Kodwa ukwelashwa okusezingeni eliphezulu esibhedlela ukufuthwa kwevolumu ephansi kakhulu ngesilinganiso sokugeleza
uketshezi olusebenzayo alukho ngaphezu kuka-3 l/t. Lokhu kungenzeka uma usebenzisa ama-atomizer ediski kunoma iyiphi indawo ezungezayo - ama-hopper roller, amatafula okuhlola noma izinto ezikhethekile ze-Mafex. Izinga lokugeleza koketshezi olusebenzayo lwe-10-20 l / t esibhedlela, elivunyelwe yizindinganiso ze-Russian Federation, kufanele kuqashelwe njengephutha futhi elingamukeleki. Esimweni sesimanje se-phytopathological, ukumanzisa okusobala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kuwukucasulwa ngamabomu kokuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Ngemuva kokucubungula esibhedlela, ngisho nangaphambi kokutshala, amazambane kufanele omiswe,
ngaphandle kwalokho, izinkinga zokuhluma nokubola kwezilimo eziyizigaxa azinakugwenywa.