A.I. Polinova, D.R. Zagirova, L.Yu. Kokaeva, I. I. Busko, I.V. Levintsevich, S. N. Elansky
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, isimo se-phytosanitary samazambane kanye namasheya embewu siye sawohloka ngokuphawulekayo eBelarus. Indima yezinhlobo ezithile zezinto eziphilayo eziyingozi kanye nesilinganiso sazo ku-agrophytocenoses ishintshile. Ukulimaza kwezifo eziningi ezisakazeke nje kuphela (i-blight sekwephuzile, i-alternaria, zonke izinhlobo zoqweqwe, i-bacteriosis, ukubola kwe-fusarium) kuye kwanda, kodwa futhi okusha, okungafundwanga ngokwanele, njengokubola kwamanzi esilonda (Fig. 1). Lesi sifo, esenzeka eNdiya, e-Asia Ephakathi nakwamanye amazwe aseningizimu, saphawulwa ezindaweni zaseGomel, eBrest, eGrodno naseMinsk zaseBelarus. Njengamanye ama-oomycete ahlala enhlabathini, i-P. Ultimum idala umonakalo omkhulu ezimeni zomswakama owedlulele - ezindaweni ezingakhanyi kahle, phakathi nezimvula ezinde (Taylor et al., 2008).
E-Belarus, ukusabalala kwalesi sifo kwaphawulwa eminyakeni ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa kwenkathi yokukhula: kwamanye amaqoqo amazambane, ama-8-10% wezilimo eziyizigaxa athintekile. Ukubola okunamanzi kwesilonda kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu, obangelwa ukuntuleka kwezinhlobonhlobo ezimelana, izinyathelo zokuvikela ezithuthukisiwe kanye nokukhula ngokushesha kwesifo uma kwenzeka ukulimala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa (Zhuromskaya, 2003; Ivanyuk et al., 2005). Lesi sifo sithinta izilimo eziyizigaxa kuphela. E-Russia, ukubola kwamanzi kwesilonda akukakabaluleki.
Kulo msebenzi, siphenye izinhlobo ezi-4 ze-causative agents of isilonda ukubola kwamanzi ahlukanisiwe nezilimo eziyizigaxa amazambane ezinhlobonhlobo ze-Vektar Belorussian, i-Skarb kanye ne-hybrid hybrids ekugcinweni kwe-Scientific and Practical Center ye-National Academy of Sciences yaseBelarus for Potato. kanye neHorticulture (isifunda saseMinsk). Imisebenzi yalolu cwaningo ihlanganisa ukunqunywa kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingazodwa, ubungozi bazo maqondana nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane, ukuhlolwa kokukhula emazingeni okushisa ahlukahlukene kanye nokumelana ne-metaxyl.
I-mycelium yama-isolate yatshalwa ku-liquid pea medium (180 g we-peas eluhlaza eqandisiwe abiliswa imizuzu eyi-10 ku-1 litre lamanzi a-distilled, emva kwalokho afakwa ngokuzenzakalelayo imizuzu engu-30 ku-1 atm); I-DNA yahlukaniswa uhlobo ngalunye. Ukuze kuhlukaniswe i-DNA, i-mycelium eqandisiwe yafakwa ku-nitrogen ewuketshezi, yafakwa ku-CTAB buffer, bese ikhishwa amaprotheni nge-chloroform. I-DNA yayigcinwe emanzini angcolile ku--20 ° С. Ukuhlaziywa kokulandelana kwe-nucleotide yezifunda ze-genome eziqondene nezinhlobo ezithile (izifunda ze-nuclear ribosomal gene 18S kanye ne-5,8S, kanye ne-intergenic spacer ebhalwe ngaphakathi ITS1) ekhuliswe kusetshenziswa ama-primers ITS1 kanye ne-ITS2 (White, 1990), kubonise ukuthi izinhlobo ezihloliwe uhlobo lwePythium ultimum Trow. (igama elifanayo Globisporangium ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish).
Zonke izinhlobo ezihloliwe zathinta izingcezu zezilimo eziyizigaxa ze-Gala ezibekwe emakamelweni anomswakama. Amabala amnyama akha kuzo, kamuva aphenduka abe izilonda ezimanzi ezijulile (Fig. 2). Ukutheleleka kwenziwa ngokubeka i-P. ultimum mycelium phakathi nendawo yocezu lwe-tuber.
Ama-tuberous discs afakwe emanzini afakwe emazingeni okushisa angama-+22 ° C. Izinga eliphezulu lokukhula kwendawo ethintekile laphawulwa ezinsukwini ezi-2 zokuqala, khona-ke indawo yesilonda yahlala ingashintshiwe.
Leli phethini lalisebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezifundiwe.
Izinga lokukhula kwezinhlobo zahlolwa ku-oat agar medium emazingeni okushisa angama-5, 15, 24, no-34 ° C (Fig. 3). Ukukhula kwabonwa kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa; izinga eliphezulu lokukhula laphawulwa ku-24 ° C (inkomishi engu-86 mm yayikhule ngokuphelele ezinsukwini ezi-2). Ngo-15 no-34 ° C, izinga lokukhula laliphansi kakhulu (inkomishi yayikhule ezinsukwini ezi-4 nezi-3, ngokulandelana).
Emazingeni okushisa angu-15, 24, no-34 ° C, amazinga okukhula azo zonke izinhlobo ezifundwayo awazange ahluke. Ezingeni lokushisa elingu-5 ° C, uhlobo lwe-P1 lukhule ngokushesha kakhulu kunezinye (20 mm ngosuku lwesi-4), i-P4 kancane kancane (10 mm ngosuku lwesi-4), i-P2 ne-P3 ayizange ikhule.
Kumele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi ekushiseni kwama-24 ° C, ukukhula kwaqala ngokushesha ngemva kokutshala esitsheni, emazingeni okushisa angama-15 no-34 ° C kwakukhona ukubambezeleka kokuqala kokukhula okusebenzayo ngosuku olu-1, futhi ngo-5 ° C. - ngezinsuku ezi-2.
I-Metalaxyl (kanye ne-isomer mefenoxam yayo) yaziwa njengemithi ephumelela kakhulu yokulawula i-oomycete yomhlabathi. I-Metalaxil iyakwazi ukungena kuma-tubers futhi inikeze (ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu) isivikelo sayo sesikhathi eside (Taylor et al., 2008, Bruin et al., 1982). Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwe-metataxyl kwehla kakhulu ngemva kokuvela kwezinhlobo ezimelana nenani labantu. Izinhlobo ezimelana kakhulu zitholwe ezifundeni ezimbalwa zase-United States (Taylor et al., 2002). Ayikho idatha mayelana nokumelana ne-Belarusian P. Ultimum strains ku-metaxaxyl, ngakho-ke kwanqunywa ukuthi kuhlolwe ukumelana kwabo nomuthi kulo msebenzi.
Ucwaningo lokuba sengozini kwe-fungicide metalaxyl lwenziwa ku-oat agar medium ngokufakwa kwesikhunta ezindaweni ezihlukene (Pobedinskaya and Elansky, 2014).
Izinhlobo eziphenyiwe bezinomehluko othile ekumelaneni ne-metaxyl (Ithebula 1). Ngakho-ke, ekuhlanganiseni kwesikhunta esingu-1 mg / l, ukukhula kohlobo lwe-P4 kuma ngokuphelele, futhi ezinye izinhlobo zehliswa kakhulu. Ama-Strains P1 kanye ne-P2 akhule kancane kakhulu endaweni ene-metaxyl yokuhlushwa engu-10 mg / L. I-concentration esebenzayo i-EC50 (i-concentration ye-fungicide eyenza izinga lokukhula lobunzima izikhathi ezi-2 ngokuqhathaniswa nokulawula) kuzo zonke izinhlobo zazingaphansi kwe-1 mg / L. Ngakho, zonke izinhlobo eziphenyiwe zazingenwa kalula yi-metaxyl; kuboniswe ukuthi kusebenza kahle kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukukhula kwe-P. ultimum.
Ngokusho kukaBruin et al. (1982) ngemuva kokwelashwa kwezitshalo ngesikhathi sokumila nge-metaxyl ngethamo lika-0,5 kg / ha, ukunqwabelana kwesikhunta kuma-tubers kwaba ngu-0,055 μg / g ku-periderm, 0,022 μg / g kungqimba lwe-cortical, kanye no-0,034 μg / g ingxenye emaphakathi ye-tuber. Ngokusho kwedatha yethu, lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwe-metaxyl akwanele ukulwa nesifo, kodwa kunganciphisa ukukhula kwayo.
Lapho ukhula ku-oat medium, zonke izinhlobo zakha ama-oospores ku-monoculture (Fig. 4), okuyinto evamile ye-P. ultimum. Ukwehlukaniswa okubili kwezinhlobo akuvezanga izimpawu zokungahambelani kwezitshalo - izinkomishi zazimbozwe ngokulinganayo nge-mycelium.
Idatha etholiwe ikhombisa ukuthi i-P. Ultimum iyi-phytopathogen ekwazi ukukhula ngokushesha ebangeni elibanzi lokushisa, okuhlanganisa nezinga lokushisa elingu-5 ° C. Iyingozi ezicutshini zezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane futhi yakha ama-oospores akwazi ukuphila isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo luyi-phytopathogen eyingozi engaba usongo kwezolimo futhi idinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe.
Ucwaningo lwenziwa ngokusekelwa i-Russian Science Foundation (iphrojekthi N 14-50-00029).
Ithebula 1. Ukuzwela kwe-P. i-ultimum strains ku-metataxyl
Ukucindezela | Ukuhlushwa kwe-Metalaxyl, mg / l | ||
0 (lawula) | 1 | 10 | |
P1 | 63 | 6 | 0 |
P2 | 65 | 5 | 0 |
P3 | 59 | 0 | 0 |
P4 | 61 | 0 | 0 |
P1 | 105 | 10 | 3 |
P2 | 110 | 10 | 3 |
P3 | 95 | 0 | 0 |
P4 | 98 | 0 | 0 |
Cishe. Idatha ilinganiselwa kuzilinganiso ezi-3.
Isihloko sashicilelwa kujenali "Potato Protection" (No. 1, 2017)