USergey Banadysev, Udokotela Wezesayensi Yezolimo, iDoka Genetic Technologies LLC
Ukujikeleza kwezitshalo kubalulekile ukunciphisa izinkinga ezidalwa ukunqwabelana kokutheleleka enhlabathini, kepha awukwazi ukuzisusa ngokuphelele ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engu-8 hiatus nokubuyiselwa kwamazambane enkundleni ethile. Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo oluhlaza kunomthelela omuhle ohlelweni lokulima. Izici ze-biofumigation ngasikhathi sinye zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokubandakanyeka.
Ukufakwa kwayo ngempumelelo ekushintsheni kwezitshalo okufushane kuyindlela yezomnotho yezolimo yokutshala ngempumelelo kwamazambane asezingeni eliphakeme.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane ezimbonini kuhlotshaniswa nokulinywa okunamandla, ukudlula okuningi kwemishini esindayo emasimini nesikhathi eside somhlabathi ongamboziwe. Umphumela walokhu ukufafazwa kwezinhlayiya zenhlabathi, ukuhlanganiswa ngokweqile, ukubhujiswa kwesakhiwo semvelo senhlabathi, ukusheshiswa kwamaminerali ezintweni eziphilayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, masingakhohlwa ukuthi inani lezinsalela zezitshalo ezishiywe amazambane lincane, okuqukethwe kwe-humus ngemuva kwamazambane kuyehla. Emhlabathini, ezinsaleleni zezitshalo, izifo eziningi nezinambuzane zamazambane zihlala isikhathi eside, ukwanda kokugcwala kwamasimu anokhula olungazweli kwenzeka. Ezinye izitshalo ezijikelezayo zihlanganyela izinambuzane namazambane. Ukufingqa, kungaphawulwa ukuthi ukwehliswa kwesikhathi sokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo emapulazini agxile kumazambane akhulayo kuholela ekonakaleni kwezimo zenhlabathi zokwakheka kwesivuno, futhi ngokushintshana okufishane, izindleko zikamanyolo, amanzi kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane kungaba ngaphezulu, futhi isivuno - sibe ngaphansi.
Izinhlamvu zaminyaka yonke kuphela (ukolweni, i-rye, ibhali, i-oats, i-triticale, ummbila, i-ryegrass) ezingenazo izinkinga ezivamile ze-phytopathogenic namazambane.
I-Soy futhi idlwenguliwe ingatholwa yi-rhizoctonia kanye nesikhunta esimhlophe. Izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo ezitshaliwe nezisindayo zihlushwa i-verticillosis. Ama-Nematode nezinambuzane anezinye izindlela zokusingatha futhi azigcina zihlala kahle kuleyo minyaka lapho amazambane engakhuli. Emadlelo, izitshalo zaphakade ze-clover nezinhlamvu
amakhambi enza izimo ezinhle zokusakazwa kwama-wireworms, futhi le ndlela yokujikeleza kwezilimo kufanele igwenywe uma kumenyezelwe umonakalo kumazambane. Lezi yizibonelo ezingazodwa, futhi ezinkingeni ezijwayelekile ze-phytopathological zinezindlela ezahlukahlukene, ezivame ukwahlukahluka ngokuhlukile zokuzinqoba zisebenzisa ukujikeleza kwezitshalo (Ithebula 1).
Azikho izixazululo zomhlaba wonke, kepha ulwazi lwe-biology kanye nokwehluka kwe-pathogen ngayinye kusivumela ukuthi sithole izinketho ezinengqondo zokunqoba izimo ezithile ezivela ekuqoqweni kwamazambane okukhulu kusakhiwo sezindawo ezihlwanyelwe.
Izikimu ezisebenza ngokushintshanisa izilimo, abakhethwe ngaphambili abakhethwe kahle banikeza ukwanda kwesivuno, ukuthuthuka kwezakhiwo zemvelo, ezamakhemikhali kanye nezebhayoloji, ukugcinwa kanye nokwanda kokuvunda kwenhlabathi, ukusebenzisa kahle ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, ukwehliswa kwezindleko zokulwa nokhula, izinambuzane kanye izifo, ukwehla kwesidingo samanyolo wamaminerali, okokuqala - i-nitrogen, ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kwemithwalo ephakeme phakathi nenkathi yomsebenzi wasensimini, kungenzeka ukusetshenziswa okuningana kokulima okuncane, ukuzinza komnotho wokukhiqiza izitshalo.
Umphumela onjalo onzima kulula ukuwuthola ngokushintshana kwezilimo ngokuqhubekayo kwezitshalo ngezinhloso ezahlukahlukene, hhayi kuphela okusanhlamvu, kodwa nokudla. Izinto ezingokoqobo zomnotho ezinzima azivumeli amabhizinisi amaningi ukuba aphambukise isikhathi esiningi nemali ekulimeni isikhathi eside kwezinye izilimo ezijikelezayo zezilimo nemfuyo.
Ngokunikwa lesi simo esibalulekile, sizobheka ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukushintshaniswa kwezitshalo okufushane (akukho ngaphezulu kweminyaka emibili ekubuyiseleni amazambane ensimini) ukufezekisa izinhloso ezibhaliwe ngokwesimo sokubekwa phambili kokuxazulula izinkinga zamazambane.
Asikhulumi ngokwandisa ukuchuma kwenhlabathi lapho kukhula amazambane. Imiphumela yeminyaka eminingi yocwaningo lwesayensi ngokungakhombisi ikhombisa ukuthi azikho izibalo zezinsalela zezitshalo nezikhathi ezinde zamakhambi akhulayo azanele ukugcina okuqukethwe kwe-humus njalo, noma ngabe amazambane ethatha insimu eyodwa kuphela ekujikelezisweni kwezilimo eziyisishiyagalombili. Akukho okusho ukukhuluma ngokujikeleza okufishane. Kepha lokhu kuhlolwa okufanayo kufakazele ukuthi ukutshala okunotshani obudalwa minyaka yonke kunikeza ukwanda okungcono kwezinto eziphilayo enhlabathini kuqhathaniswa nalena engabizi iminyaka eminingi (Lukin, 2009, Nikonchik P.I., 2012). Ngebhalansi ye-humus engenawo ama-deficit, okungenani ama-10 t / ha womanyolo we-organic kumele usetshenziswe minyaka yonke noma inani elilinganayo ngezikhathi ezithile. Uma ibhizinisi lingenayo i-organic, khona-ke ukulima kukamanyolo oluhlaza kunikeza umphumela ofanayo, i.e. wonke ama-biomass aklanyelwe lezi zilimo eziseceleni.
Umanyolo oluhlaza okokuqala, ungumthombo obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo kanye nezakhamzimba, “umquba otshalwe emhlabeni olimekayo”, ongekho ngaphansi kwenani lomanyolo wokungcola umquba. Izitshalo zikabhontshisi aluhlaza ziphinda zigcwalise izinqolobane ze-nitrogen emhlabathini, ziguqula i-nitrogen yamaminerali enhlabathini kanye nezomanyolo zibe uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo ezinemvelo emvelweni. Umanyolo oluhlaza ukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen yamaminerali, ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwayo okuyingozi emvelweni. Umanyolo oluhlaza ukhulisa umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo zenhlabathi, wenza ngcono izimo zokuphila ze-biota yenhlabathi futhi unciphise ingemuva lomhlaba we-phytopathogenic. ISideration inciphisa ukhula kwezilimo nenhlabathi futhi isiza ukunciphisa umthwalo wezinambuzane kuma-agrocenoses. Umanyolo oluhlaza ukhulisa inani lomanyolo lotshani kanye nezinye izicubu zomanyolo.
Ngokuyinhloko, noma yiziphi izitshalo zingaba nephunga. Uhlu lwezitshalo ezitshaliwe ezingasetshenziselwa izilimo eziyinhloko neziphakathi kwephothifoliyo yokukhetha okuholela nezinkampani zembewu zifaka izinto ezingaphezu kwezingama-30, kusukela emgudwini ovamile wasebusika nokuphela ngezinto ezinjenge-Abyssinian guisotia.
Ithebula 2. I-Biomass yezitshalo eziluhlaza zomquba (iRusakova I.V., 2017)
Kukhona imizamo yokuqinisekisa ukulima kokhula ngisho (awudingi ukuhlwanyela noma yini, linda izinyanga ezimbalwa ukusuka entwasahlobo futhi kuphelele lapho - utshani obuhle bezinsini sebulungile). Ngokuqondile, i-biomass yezitshalo ezinomhlonyane inenani eliphakeme kakhulu; inqwaba yezinhlobo zezitshalo ze-cereal ne-cruciferous ingaphansi kwazo ngokuthembekile. Leli thebula likhombisa ngokusobala inzuzo yomquba oluhlaza okotshani (Ithebula 2).
Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwezinto eziphilayo ezitshalwe ekushintshanisweni kwezitshalo ezifanayo ngamazambane kunqunywa hhayi ngobungako kanye nekhwalithi yento e-organic, kepha futhi nekhono le-biomass ukuhlinzeka nge-phytosanitary, i.e. isenzo sempilo. Sikhuluma ngekhono elisanda kutholwa lamakhompiyutha ahlukile wezinto eziphilayo zezitshalo ezithile zokuvimbela, ukucindezela imigomo yokutheleleka kwezifo, ukhula nezinambuzane. Igama elithi "biofumigation" laqala ukusetshenziswa ukuchaza imiphumela yokushintshwa kwezilimo nezitshalo ezibethelwa kanye nomanyolo oluhlaza wezitshalo ezibethelwa emithini yezinambuzane ezithwala inhlabathi (Matthiessen and Kirkegaard, 2006). Leli gama lisikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kufinyelelwe umphumela we-fumigation wenhlabathi usebenzisa izitshalo, hhayi i-chemistry. I-Chemical fumigants eRussia ivunyelwe ukusetshenziselwa kuphela ukubulala amagciwane ezakhiwo, okusanhlamvu, izinkuni, njll. Emazweni aseYurophu, i-USA, Canada, Australia, ukugcwala kwamakhemikhali enhlabathi kwenziwa ngobuningi, lapho izinkambiso ezingama-400-500 kg / ha zokulungiselela okunjalo “okunesizotha”, isibonelo, i-metam sodium ne-chloropicrin, zisetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni.
Kuze kube manje, isayensi yezwe iqoqe idatha enkulu ngemiphumela yezitshalo ezahlukahlukene ezilandayo ngosayizi nekhwalithi yesitshalo samazambane.
Isibonelo, ePoland, ukucindezelwa okusebenzayo kwezinhlobo eziningana zama-nematode ngosizo oluhlaza okotshani noma okukhishwe kuma-marigolds, kanye ne-wikis yasebusika kwembulwa. Kepha imvamisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-fumigation yezitshalo ezibethelwe kuyaphawulwa. I-Rapeseed, mustard, radish aqukethe amakhemikhali asebenzayo abizwa ngokuthi yi-glucosinolates. Emhlabathini, ama-glucosinolates ezimpande, iziqu namaqabunga omanyolo oluhlaza aqhekeza abe ama-isothiocyanates, abulala noma acindezele ezinye izifo, ama-nematode nokhula. Eminyakeni eyi-12 eyedlule, ososayensi abavela eMnyangweni Wezolimo wase-US baqhuba izifundo ezingaphezu kuka-70 ukutadisha umphumela wokujikeleza okuhlukahlukene kwezifo ezidluliselwa ngumhlabathi wamazambane. Yize imiphumela yayihlukahluka unyaka nonyaka futhi isuka ensimini iye kwinkambu, izitshalo ezibethelwa kwesinye isikhathi ngokuvamile zinciphise izifo zamazambane (ezinjenge-rhizoctonia, ithumba kanye ne-verticillosis) futhi zithuthukise kakhulu isivuno samazambane. Umphumela omuhle kakhulu we-phytoncide uphethwe yi-radish yamafutha, bese kuba nesardadi emhlophe yeSardpta, ke-mustard emhlophe bese idlwengulwa, i.e. ukusebenza kwezilimo kuhlukile. EJalimane, izinhlobo ezikhethekile ezivimbela i-nematode ze-radish yamafutha zenzelwe ukucindezela ama-nematode amahhala nezinyongo.
I-clover ephuzi ephuzi (i-Melilotus officinalis Desr.) Nombala omhlophe (i-Melilotus albus Desr.) Iba namakhemikhali asebenzayo ngamakhemikhali - ngokwesiko okunezitshalo eziyimifino ebusayo, kodwa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zaminyaka yonke ziyahlukaniswa, okubaluleke kakhulu. Izinto zemvelo nezamaminerali ezikhishwe enhlabathini yi-clover emnandi ziqukethe ama-amino acid, izinhlanganisela ze-phosphorus, i-potassium, isulfure, i-calcium nezinye izinto zamakhemikhali. Ngaphansi kwethonya lezimpande ze-sweet clover, amakhemikhali angaxazululeki ancibilika enhlabathini, aguqula abe izinhlobo zezakhi zomzimba ezitholakala ezitshalweni. Ukufakwa kwe-melilot ekushintshanisweni kwezitshalo kunciphisa ukungena kwenhlabathi ngama-nematode kanye ne-wireworms. Imbangela yokufa kwezinambuzane namagciwane yi-dicumarin, into enobuthi eyenziwe nge-coumarin ngesikhathi sokubola kwezinsalela zezimpande nezitshalo ze-sweet clover. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-clover emnandi ephuzi nokumhlophe cishe azihlukile kokuqukethwe kwe-coumarin ezitshalweni. I-Sorghum-Sudanese hybrid kanye notshani baseSudan kuyasebenza ekulweni nezimpethu zemisundu. Lezi zilimo zikhipha i-durrin enhlabathini, ebola ibe yi-hydrogen cyanide. I-lupine yonyaka (i-alkaloid nefolishi) yisitshalo esikhulu somquba esiluhlaza somhlabathi we-sod-podzolic.
Izinhlobo zomquba oluhlaza ze-lupine zikhipha ama-alkaloid emhlabathini - ama-quinolizidine derivatives anomphumela we-bacteriostatic, antiviral kanye ne-herbicidal. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-alkaloid angakhuphula amandla wokuhluma nokuhluma kwembewu, ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezahlukahlukene zezolimo ngokuvuselela izinqubo zemetabolic ezitshalweni, kunciphise ukuqoqwa kwama-nitrate, futhi futhi kunomphumela olwa ne-mutagenic. Ama-alkaloid, njengoba sekuphawuliwe, angasetshenziswa njengezinto zokuvikela ezifweni zezitshalo. Kukhonjisiwe ukuthi bangalulaza ngokushesha emvelweni. Ngokusho kukaGross R. Wink M., kuphela u-0,1-2,0% we-spartein osala emhlabathini ezinsukwini ezingama-20 ngemuva kokufakwa. Umsebenzi we-antibacterial kanye ne-antifungal wokukhishwa kwe-alkaloid yezitshalo ze-Lupinus angustifolius ezilwa nezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zama-bacteria alandelayo wafundwa: i-Escherichia coli, i-Pseudomonos aeruginosa, i-Bacillus subtilis ne-Staphylococcus aureus, kanye nokulwa nesikhunta esifana ne-Candida albicans no-C krusei. Ukukhishwa kwe-alkaloid kukhombise umsebenzi obalulekile wokulwa neBacillus subtilis, iStaphylococcus aureus nePseudomonos aeruginosa.
Iminyaka yokuhlolwa kokukhiqiza okwenziwe e-USA naseCanada ngaphansi kobuholi besazi esiyinhloko samazambane biofumigation - uSolwazi Larkin - iqinisekise amandla amakhulu okusebenzisa iziphambano ekushintshaneni kwezitshalo njengomanduleli kanye nomanyolo oluhlaza ukulwa nezifo ezithwalwa yinhlabathi. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, i-biofumigation ngokukhiqizwa kwama-metabolites anobuthi kuyindlela yokubeka, kepha imiphumela exhunywe yimiphakathi yezinambuzane zenhlabathi nayo ibalulekile. Ucwaningo oluningi lukhombisa ukuthi ukudlwengulwa kwakhuliswa njengesitshalo sentengiso futhi akuwona wonke ama-biomass angena enhlabathini. Lokhu kufakazele ukuthi imiphumela emihle yabadlwenguliwe ibingahlobene nemiphumela ye-biofumigation ye-biomass eluhlaza efakiwe, kepha ibivele ingumphumela wokutshala olunye uhlobo lwesitshalo. Ukufakwa kukamanyolo okuluhlaza okotshani kanye nesinaphi esimhlophe kunikeze ukuncipha okukhulu kwezehlakalo ze-rhizoctonia kunezitshalo zesinaphi ezinamazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-glucosinolate, okukhombisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ye-biofumigation yayingeyona indlela esemqoka yokusebenza. Ngokuvamile, indima kamanyolo oluhlaza iphansi kunenani lokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo. Izinhlelo zokuhlwanyela ezahlukahlukene ziholela ekwandeni ku-biomass wezinambuzane ezincane zenhlabathi. Ukujikeleza kwezitshalo kungumthombo oyinhloko wokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esigcwele semiphakathi yamagciwane. Isitshalo ngasinye sokujikeleza sinikela ekwakheni izici ezihlukile zamagciwane futhi singathinta ukwakheka nokusebenza kwemiphakathi yamagciwane. Ukwengezwa komquba oluhlaza akusho ukuthi kunciphise inani lamagciwane noma ukusinda, kepha kwandisa inani lamagciwane aphikisayo. Ukushintshaniswa kwebhali ne-cruciferous bekuhlala kunamabhaktheriya aphakeme kakhulu nomsebenzi we-microbial ukwedlula okunye ukujikeleza, kanti amazambane aqhubekayo (akukho ukujikeleza) kuholele ekwehlisweni okukhulu kakhulu kwemisebenzi yamagciwane. Ukuhlanganiswa kwerayi lasebusika eliphakathi nemiphumela edlwenguliwe kwehliswe ngo-25-41% kutwayi olumnyama kanye noqweqwe oluvamile uma kuqhathaniswa nokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo zamazambane okuqhubekayo kanye no-2137% uma kuqhathaniswa nokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo zebhali / clover okujwayelekile. Lokhu okutholakele kuyahambisana nomqondo wokuthi umsebenzi ophakeme wamagciwane nokuhlukahluka kunomthelela ekunciphiseni okungcono kokutheleleka.
Kodwa-ke, umphumela wabanduleli abahle kakhulu esikhathini esiningi awukona kuphela okuhle. Kwavela ukuthi i-clover ebomvu ihambisana nezinga le-Rhizoctonia elikhulayo. I-Phacelia, ngokwesibonelo, icindezela ama-nematode enyongo, kepha iyisitshalo sama-nematode kusuka kuhlobo lweTrichodorus, oluphethe leli gciwane. Futhi leli gciwane, nalo libangela izimpawu zokubona amabala glandular kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Isinaphi singadala ukuqaqamba kwe-glandular. Futhi noma yikuphi ukushintshanisa kwezilimo kunemikhawulo yazo noma izakhiwo ezingafanele odinga ukuzazi. Kuyafaneleka ukunikeza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwabaphenyi baseJalimane mayelana nomphumela wezitshalo ezitshaliwe ezinhlotsheni ze-nematode ezikhona nokuphazamiseka komzimba (Ithebula 3).
Siphawula izitshalo ezinhlobonhlobo, imbewu yazo engasetshenziswa kwezilimo eziyinhloko neziphakathi nendawo emkhakheni weRussian Federation.
1. Utshani baseSudan kanye ne-sorghum-ripper, inhlabathi yangaphambili, i-biofumigator. I-Sorghum-Sudan Hybrid (SSH) iyinhlanganisela yamabele notshani baseSudan (iSudanggrass). Zombili lezi zinhlobo zisetshenziswa ngokuzimela njengomquba oluhlaza, kepha i-hybrid inenzuzo yokumelana nesomiso nesithwathwa. Amabele aletha inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo emhlabathini ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela. Le minyaka emide, ekhula ngokushesha, enesifo se-thermophilic iminyanisa ukhula, ivimbela ama-nematode athile, futhi ingene ijule enhlabathini. I-SSG ingumquba oluhlaza kakhulu ngemuva kokuvuna izitshalo ezilandelanayo nemidumba, njengoba idla i-nitrogen eningi. Inesistimu yezimpande ezinolaka, okuyi-aerator yenhlabathi, ukugunda kuyaqinisa futhi kubeka izimpande zotshani baseSudan izikhathi ezi-5-8. Isiqu sino-4 cm ubukhulu futhi singafika kumamitha amathathu ukuphakama.
Izimpande ze-SSG zifaka into ekhethekile ye-allelopathic - i-sorgoleone. Lokhu, empeleni, ngumuthi wokubulala ukhula oqala ukukhishwa kusasele usuku lwesihlanu ngemuva kokuhluma. Izinto zamabele zinomthelela omubi kakhulu otshanini bezintambo, i-crabgrass, i-barnyard, i-bristle eluhlaza, i-shirina, i-ragweed. Kubuye kuthinte kakhulu izitshalo ezilinyiwe, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukugcina isikhathi phakathi kokulima utshani baseSudan nokutshala izitshalo. Ukuhlwanyela amabele aseSudan esikhundleni sesitshalo esivuniwe kuyindlela enhle yokuphazamisa umjikelezo wempilo wezifo eziningi, ama-nematode nezinye izinambuzane. Ngenxa yesisekelo esikhulu se-biomass kanye ne-subsoil system, amabele aseSudan abuyisela ukuvundisa kwenhlabathi ecekethekiwe futhi ehlanganisiwe ngonyaka. Lona umquba omuhle kakhulu wokukhipha ubumba, inhlabathi enomswakama lapho imishini esindayo ibisebenza khona. Ubuningi obuhlaza obugundiwe bungasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa kwezinye izinkambu, ifolishi nesilage. Ukusika okukodwa ngesizini ngayinye kulungile. I-Biomass ibola isikhathi eside, akunakwenzeka ukushiya ngaphandle kokulima. Ukucindezelwa kwama-nematode kungenzeka kuphela uma ulima uhlaza oluhlaza olusha olungakafiki esigabeni seshubhu. Amabele anezinambuzane zawo, ezinye izinhlobo ze-hybrid azikulungele ukudla kwemfuyo, ngoba ziqukethe i-hydrocyanic acid.
2. Umngcwabo oluhlaza we-Crucifer yanelisa zonke izidingo zomquba oluhlaza: zikhula ngokushesha, zibe ne-biomass ecebile enamanzi nenethiwekhi enkulu yezimpande ezincane, icindezele ukhula, isikhunta, i-wireworms kanye ne-nematode, uqweqwe. Ezinye izitshalo ezibethelwayo, ngokwesibonelo, i-daikon, inezimpande ezedlula lapho zilima zisebenza kahle kakhulu kunamanye ama-siderates.
Isinaphi sikulungele ukulungisa i-nitrogen esele ngemuva kokuvuna njengoba yakha imifino ngokushesha. Ukucindezelwa nokulawulwa kokhula ngamanyolo aluhlaza abunjiwe kungenxa yokukhula okusheshayo futhi "ukuvalwa kwedome", okungukuthi, ikhono lokumboza eliphezulu lenhlabathi. Akuyona indima encane edlalwa yithonya le-allelopathic lokubola kwezinsalela ezilinywe ekwindla. Isithombo sikamastadi kanye ne-oyela siphazamisa ukukhula kwesikhwama semalusi, i-mari, utshani obunamakhaza, i-prutnik, utshani obunamakhaza, i-squid nezinye izitshalo. lapho sezigxilile, akufanelekile ukutshala kule ngxube - izitshalo ze-cruciferous zidlula ezinye izitshalo futhi zivimbela ukukhula kwazo. Ukusetshenziswa kwembewu - 10-30 kg / ha. Ukushumeka umquba obunjiweyo we-cruciferous kungenziwa nganoma yisiphi isigaba sonyaka okhulayo, kepha isikhathi esihle kakhulu ukuqala phakathi kokuqhakaza, ngalesi sikhathi isitshalo sifinyelela ku-biomass yaso ephezulu.
I-biomass eyaqala ekwindla sekwephuzile iqala ukukhipha i-nitrogen ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, i.e. ngesikhathi sokufika.
Izinhlobo zaseklabishi zidinga i-nitrogen eyengeziwe nesibabule; ngosizo lwazo, ama-fungicides abalulekile nama-glucosinolate ayenziwa. Umanyolo wamaminerali asetshenziswa kahle ngaphansi komquba oluhlaza, njengoba ebuya anqwabelwana ngohlobo lwe-chelate. Baqongelela kahle ifosforasi, kuyenze ifinyeleleke kalula ngosizo lwama-izimpisi abamba izimpande. Ngokuqukethwe kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kanye nezinga lokuwohloka, izitshalo ezibethelwayo zinesikhundla esiphakathi nendawo kokusanhlamvu nemidumba.
Inkinga enkulu yamanyolo amaklabishi aluhlaza yingozi yokulimala ngisho nokubhujiswa okuphelele kwezithombo yiflegi ebethelelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma usebenzisa izitshalo ezibethelelayo, imbewu akufanele ivunyelwe ukuvuthwa, ngoba lokhu kwenza isitoko esikhulu sokhula olungafuneki kulo lonke ujikelezo lwesitshalo. Futhi futhi kuyadingeka ukugcizelela ukuthi izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezibethelelanayo zinokuhlukahluka okuningi kwezinto eziphilayo nezobuchwepheshe futhi azilingani neze ngokwezakhiwo ze-biofumigation. Okokuqala - uwoyela isithombo (izinhlobo zematodoresistant), kowesibili - ophuzi noma weSarepta lwesinaphi. Ngeshwa, isayensi yezolimo ayenzanga ukuhlolwa kwezici ze-fumigation zezinhlobo ze-cruciferous zokufuya kwasekhaya, futhi izinhlobo ezikhethekile zaseJalimane azitholakali ngokusemthethweni, ngoba azifakwanga kwirejista yaseRussia.
3. I-clover emnandi - minyaka yonke, kaningi, isitshalo sonyaka esinokuphakama okufika ku-2-2,5 m ngesiko nesiqu esingashayi mkhuba, esinye sezilimo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisuswayo.
Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo eziningi ze-leguminous, ipulasitiki kakhulu futhi yakha inqwaba enkulu eluhlaza. Ngesikhathi sokutshala, sinqwabelana sisuka ku-100 siye kuma-300 kg we-nitrogen ngehektha ngalinye.
Ngokwesilinganiso sokubola kokusalela kwezinto eziphilayo, ngenxa yesilinganiso esincane sekhabhoni ne-nitrogen (cishe ama-20), i-sweet clover ayinakulingana phakathi kwezimbotyi. Indima yayo inkulu ekulawuleni ukulingana kwezinto eziphilayo, kusebenze izinqubo zebhayoloji enhlabathini, ekwandiseni izakhiwo ze-agrophysical, futhi ikakhulukazi emhlabathini osindayo osindayo nobumba. Uma, lapho ulima ama-60 t / ha omquba, ukungena kwenhlabathi kukhuphuka izikhathi eziyi-1,5, lapho kulinywa amathani angama-20 osayizi obuluhlaza we-sweet clover - izikhathi ezimbili. Amanzi, i-aeration, isakhiwo, izakhiwo ze-physicochemical ziyathuthukiswa futhi i-subsurface horizon ijwayele ukulinywa. IMelilot inezimpande ezingena ngokujulile ezinamandla, ngenxa yokuthi izinhlanganisela ezinzima ukufinyelela kuzo ze-phosphorus, i-calcium, i-potassium nezinye izakhi zidluliselwa ezingxenyeni ezingenhla. Lokhu akugcini ngokwandisa okuqukethwe kokudla okutholakala kalula, kepha futhi kunomthelela ekunciphisweni kwenhlabathi okuthile ngenxa yokwanda kwezisekelo zokwakheka kokumunca inhlabathi.
I-Melilot umquba womquba oluhlaza uthuthukisa ukudla, imibuso yomoya-wamanzi futhi ibulala amagciwane enhlabathini kumagciwane ayingozi ngenxa yokwanda komsebenzi we-microbiological we-saprophytic microflora. Inqwaba eseceleni kwe-sweet clover, equkethe i-coumarin, ephenduka ibe yi-decumarin ngesikhathi sokubola, yehlisa kakhulu inani lama-wireworms, ama-nematode kanye ne-corneidae. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sweet clover "isicupho" sama-aphid esithwala amagciwane amazambane. Ngakho-ke, umquba oluhlaza okotshani ophuma kwi-melilot ephuzi ubaluleke kakhulu emapulazini agxile ekukhiqizeni amazambane. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, i-LLC "Agrofirma" I-Slava Potato "isebenzisa uhlelo olulandelayo: i-clover ephuzi ephuzi - ukolweni wasebusika - amazambane - okusanhlamvu kwentwasahlobo ngokuhlwanyela ngokweqile i-sweet clover. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngokumelene nesizinda sesomiso, i-sweet clover inganciphisa ngokujulile izindawo zokugcina umswakama ezisenhlabathini. 4. I-Lupine - ephuzi, emhlophe, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (enamaqabunga amancane) nezinye izinhlobo zonyaka. I-Lupine eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esinamakhasi amancane - omunye umquba oluhlaza oluhlaza okwedlulele enhlabathini enesihlabathi nesihlabathi, unikeza u-30-40 t / ha wobukhulu obuluhlaza kanye namathani ayi-10-15 ezimpande, afinyelela ku-50-65 t / ha wezinto eziphilayo, ezingekho ngaphansi kwezinhlobo eziyinhloko ngokwenani likamanyolo umquba. Ngaphezu kwe-nitrogen, ubukhulu obuluhlaza nezimpande zama-lupin bunothile nge-phosphorus, i-potassium, i-calcium, izakhi zokulandela umkhondo futhi ngesilinganiso esinjalo esidingekayo ekukhuleni okujwayelekile nasekuthuthukisweni kwezilimo ezinkulu. Futhi yini ebaluleke kakhulu - lezi zakhi zomzimba zitholakala ezintweni eziphilayo ezilinywe enhlabathini.
Ngakho-ke, azigezwa ngaphandle kwenhlabathi, njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka ngomanyolo wamaminerali.
Ezindaweni lapho i-lupine ikhula kahle khona, kufanele kukhethwe njengesitshalo esibaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ubukhulu obuluhlaza bungavunelwa ukudla, kanti izinsalela zezitshalo zizoba ngumanyolo obalulekile. Imiphumela emihle iyatholakala futhi lapho ihlwanyelwa ekupheleni kukaMeyi ngemuva kwerayi, igundelwe ifolishi eluhlaza. Ngokuwa, izuza isisindo esikhulu, bese isikwa lapho kusikwe khona (15-20 cm) ukuze kudliwe, futhi izinhlanga zilinywa ngaphansi kwamazambane. Ngenxa yalokho, isivuno samazambane sanda ngo-3-5 t / ha. Njengoba ucwaningo lweSiteshi Sokuhlola iNovozybkovsk selukhombisile, amazambane asebenzisa i-nitrogen kusuka ezinsaleleni eziyizimpande ze-lupine kangcono kune rye yasebusika nezinhlamvu zentwasahlobo. Okwe-fumigation, izinhlobo ezifaneleke kakhulu ze-lupine enamaqabunga amancane, igama eliqukethe amagama athi "siderat, umquba oluhlaza". Lokhu kusho okuqukethwe kwe-alkaloid ephakeme. I-Lupine, kanye notshani obungapheli, i-clover, i-alfalfa, ingeyesigaba sama-humus-kutengeneza agents. Njengesibonelo sokusetshenziswa kwe-lupine, sinikeza ukujikeleza kwezitshalo kwe-SPK "Dmitrievy Gory" yesifunda saseVladimir: 1 - lupine; 2 - izitshalo zasebusika zokusanhlamvu; 3 - amazambane; 4 - i-lupine; 5 - amazambane.
Kanye nezinzuzo, ama-lupins wonyaka nawo anokungalingani. Ziqongelela i-nitrogen engaphansi kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa neyedlule, ayikwazi ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, ngoba izimpande zazo zincane kakhulu. Ububi obulandelayo bemigqa yaminyaka yonke ukukhula kwabo kancane kancane ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhula nokuzwela kokungcola khula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-siderate, imbewu ye-legume ibiza kakhulu ngehektha ngalinye.
Ngokuvamile, indima ye-phytosanitary yomanyolo oluhlaza ukwandisa umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo zenhlabathi kanye nokuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwe-saprophytic inhlabathi microflora, ukucindezelwa kwamagciwane nezinambuzane eziningi. Lapho kulima umquba oluhlaza, ikhwalithi iyathuthuka futhi isivuno samazambane siyakhuphuka, ukulahleka kokugcina kunciphile, futhi ukunambitheka komkhiqizo kuthuthuka. Ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwe-siderates kusebenza kakhulu. EJalimane, eminyakeni yamuva, izingxube ze-multicomponent sideral ziye zasetshenziswa kabanzi.
Izinsizakusebenza ze-agroclimatic zezifunda eziningi ezikhiqiza amazambane weRussian Federation zihle impela ekutshaleni izilimo zezitshalo nokuzisebenzisa njengama-siderates.
Ngemuva kokuvuna izitshalo zasebusika nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, amasimu ahlala engenamuntu isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinsuku ezingama-70, nangemva kwezitshalo zaminyaka yonke zokudla okuluhlaza - kufika ezinsukwini ezingama-80-90. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, isibalo samazinga okushisa asebenzayo ngalesi sikhathi singama-800-1000 ° C, noma ama-30-40% wezinsizakusebenza zezulu zesimo sezulu sonke isikhathi esifudumele sonyaka. I-Siderata ingalinywa isizini yonke futhi ithole izivuno ezimbili, isibonelo, i-rye yasebusika + isithombo samafutha, utshani baseSudan, isinaphi, i-buckwheat, i-lupine. Umphumela olinganayo uzonikezwa ngokutshalwa kwebhali lezinhlamvu kanye nomquba oluhlaza okotshani.
Iqoqo: Ukushintshwa kwezilimo kubalulekile ekunciphiseni izinkinga ezidalwa ukuqunjelwa kokutheleleka emhlabathini, kepha ngeke zikwazi ukuzisusa ngokuphelele. Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo oluhlaza kunethonya elihle kuhlelo lwezolimo (ukwengeza izinto eziphilayo, ukulawula ukuguguleka, ukulawulwa kokukhula, ukwenza ngcono inhlabathi, ukukhulisa ukuzala kwayo, ukukhulisa umkhiqizo wezolimo). Izici ze-biofumigation ngasikhathi sinye zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokubandakanyeka. Ukuthuthuka kwenhlabathi ngosizo lomanyolo oluhlaza wezitshalo ezibethelwa emthini, i-lupine, utshani baseSudan kanye ne-clover sekufakazelwe.
Ukufakwa kokuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo ekushintsheni kwezitshalo ezimfishane kuyindlela yezomnotho yokulima ephumelelayo yokutshala amazambane asezingeni eliphakeme. Noma isiphi isiko lendoda eluhlaza ine-niche yayo yemvelo, izinzuzo zayo nokubi, kepha ungahlala uthole izisombululo ezinengqondo. Ukukhethwa kwenketho efanelekile yokulinganisa kwenziwa ngesisekelo sokucabanga zonke izimo ezibalulekile zebhizinisi elithile: inhlabathi, isimo sezulu, i-phytopathology, ezomnotho kanye nobungcweti. Ukuhlakulela amasiko womquba oluhlaza kufanele kwenziwe ezingeni eliphakeme lenhlangano nobuchwepheshe, ngaphandle kwalokho umphumela uzoba unganele noma ube mubi impela.