UNGAKUTHOLA KANJANI ISIVUNO ESIHLE SAMAZAMBANE UMA UKUSILILA KWEMZULU ESIFUNDENI KUBA YINKINGA, FUTHI UKWETHULWA KOKUNISELA EPULAZINI AKUSEKHO (NOMA NOMA KUNJALO) AKUKWAZI?
ONGOTI BAYANCOMA UKUTHI INAKEKILE IZINHLOBO EZIMELANA NOSOMI.
IMZANANI KOMSOMI NOMA IYAMELANA NOKUSHISA?
Okokuqala, ake sibhekane namagama. Njengoba kuphawuliwe Evgeny Simakov, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo, uSolwazi, iNhloko yoMnyango Wokuhlola I-Gene Pool we-FRC Potato oqanjwe ngo-A.G. Lorch, kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemiqondo "yezinhlobo ezimelana nesomiso" kanye "nezinhlobo ezimelana nokushisa (ezimelana nokushisa)". Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa lezo ezikwazi ukumelana nesomiso senhlabathi nomoya. "Sikhuluma ngezinhlobonhlobo ezingabekezelela ukuntuleka okuphelele komswakama isikhathi esithile (kodwa hhayi isizini yonke!) - kuchaza usosayensi, - kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezimelana nokushisa zihlala zikhiqiza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, kodwa lapho kukhona ukuchelela". Izinhlobo ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa zimelelwe kabanzi emakethe. "I-Colomba, i-Arizona, i-Impala, i-Riviera izizwa kahle, isibonelo, esifundeni sase-Astrakhan, ngokunisela, - kusho u-Evgeny Simakov, - I-Favorit ne-Grand ingasebenza njengezibonelo zezinhlobo zasekhaya ezimelana nokushisa.»
Izinhlobo ezimelana nesomiso zincane kakhulu. "eSoviet iminyaka ezifundeni eziseningizimu Izinhlobonhlobo zeVolzhanin zazithandwa kakhulu, Uchwepheshe uyakhumbula yadalwa ngu-Stepan Afanasyevich Lezhepekov, umfuyi esiteshini sokuhlola sase-Ulyanovsk. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zingabizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lwezinga lokubekezelela isomiso. Isakhula manje, kodwa kaningi emapulazini angasese, lapho ukubonakala kwangaphandle kungabalulekile kangako.noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-tuber. UVolzhanin ulahlekelwa abaholi besimanje ku imingcele ye-optical (isikhumba esimaholoholo, amehlo ajulile) kanye nezinkomba zesivuno".
“Olunye uhlobo olwaziwayo olumelana nesomiso - iMajestic (UK), - igcwaliswe nguSolwazi Simakov, - eningizimu yeRussia, inikeze isivuno se-15-20 t / ha lapho ikhulile ngaphandle glaze".
Izinhlobonhlobo zanamuhla, yiqiniso, zikhona, futhi zitshalwa namuhla hhayi kuphela ezindaweni ezishisayo ngokwesiko.
KUKHONA UKUKHETHA
Esifundeni saseChelyabinsk, ngokwesibonelo, amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-7,2 abelwe amazambane emkhakheni wokukhiqiza, kepha imishini yokunisela ifakwa kuphela kwamanye amapulazi athuthukile. Khonamanjalo, isomiso kule ndawo sekuyisikhathi eside siyinsakavukela.
«E-Urals, isivele iba umthetho wokuthi okungenani eyodwa yezinyanga zasehlobo idlula ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwemvula, - uthi Alexander Vasiliev, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo, Umcwaningi Omkhulu weSouth Ural Research Institute of Horticulture and Potato Growing (UNIISK), igatsha le-Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center yeGatsha lase-Ural le-Russian Academy of Sciences. - Sirekhode isomiso iminyaka emine ilandelana, futhi u-2022, njengowokugcina, sibhekisela kobunzima kakhulu, njengoba bekunemvula encane ngalezi zikhathi kunango-1975 (unyaka owomile kakhulu esifundeni phakathi nenkathi yokubuka)". Ngokusho kososayensi, enye yezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ezimelana nesomiso e-Southern Urals, ekwazi ukunikeza umphumela omuhle ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima kangaka zezulu, yizinhlobonhlobo zaseRussia iTarasov. "Unezinhlobonhlobo ze-Nevsky kubazali bakhe - ipulasitiki kakhulu, - kuchaza u-Alexander Vasiliev, - umkhuba wehlathi mncane, futhi awenzanga nezilimo eziyizigaxa eziningi kakhulu. Phakathi nesizini. Inamandla okukhiqiza aphezulu kakhulu, ngaphansi kwezimo ezivumayo isivuno singafinyelela ku-3 kg ngesihlahla ngasinye (cishe 120 t/ha), isilinganiso singama-90 t/ha. Uma kukhona umswakama okungenani esikhathini esithile ngenkathi, izitshalo zalezi zinhlobonhlobo ziwusebenzisa kakhulu".
Evgeny Simakov,
Udokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo, uSolwazi, iNhloko yoMnyango Wokuhlola I-Gene Pool we-FRC Potato oqanjwe ngo-A.G. I-Lorcha:
“Emuva ngo-2010, saqala ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezisemgqeni wethu ezikwazi ukumelana nesomiso senhlabathi nomoya, futhi ngokwemiphumela yokubona, i-ARIEL yaphenduka yaba ekwazi ukumelana nesomiso, kwase kuba yi-SADON kanye ne-METEOR. Njalo ezinsukwini eziyishumi phakathi nalesi sikhathi sonyaka besilokhu sivuna ngokuguquguqukayo, futhi lezi zinhlobonhlobo zabonisa okungenani ukwanda okuncane, kodwa. Kwezinye izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, kusukela esikhathini esithile, kwakungekho ukwanda kwesivuno. ”.
Ezindaweni zokuhlola ze-YuUNIISK, ezinkathini ezomile zika-2019-2022, ngaphandle kokunisela, izinhlobonhlobo zeTarasov zinikeza ngokuzethemba isivuno esingaba ngu-40 t/ha. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, kunezinye izinhlobo ezibonisa imiphumela emihle ekushiseni nasesomiso, kodwa kuze kube manje azinzile.
Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo zeKashtak neZakhar zazibonakalisa zifanelekile ngo-2021, kodwa ngesizini elandelayo izinkomba zehle ngokuphawulekayo. Isivuno sohlobo lweSpiridon ngo-2022 sasiphezulu ngo-15% kunonyaka odlule.
Esifundeni saseMoscow, isomiso asiseyona into eyivelakancane. "В kule nkathi, satshala ngemuva kwezinsuku ezivamile, izitshalo zazinomswakama omkhulu ovela ebusika, kodwa ke, kulo lonke ehlobo, akuzange kune neyodwa imvula esifundeni sethu saseShatursky, kusho u-Evgeny Simakov.
Izindawo ezinkulu zezolimo ezisebenza esifundeni zitshala amazambane ngaphansi kokunisela, kodwa amapulazi amancane alahlekelwa yimali eminyakeni eyomile.
Esifundeni saseSamara, esidume ngesimo sezulu esishisayo nesomile, bahlanganise isilinganiso sabo sezinhlobo ezifanele ukukhula ngaphansi kwezimo ezishisa kakhulu zokushisa nokuntuleka kwemvula. Kulesi sifunda, umsebenzi wesayensi wokunquma izinhlobo zaseRussia ezimelana nesomiso kakhulu sewenziwe iminyaka emine yiSamara Research Institute of Agriculture. N.M. I-Tulaykova - igatsha le-SamScience Centre ye-Russian Academy of Sciences.
«Isikhungo sethu sibamba iqhaza kwezemvelo kanye nendawoukuhlolwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zamazambane zasekhaya ezithembisayo (njengengxenye yokuqaliswa koHlelo Olubanzi Locwaningo Lwesayensi Ekuthuthukisweni Kokuzalanisa Amazambane kanye Nokukhiqizwa Kwembewu), - kuchaza U-Alexey Bakunov, Oqokelwe kwiSayensi yezoLimo, Umcwaningi Oholayo weSamara Research Institute of Agriculture, - isihloko sethu ucwaningo - "Ibanga izinhlobo и ingxubevange impahla amazambane ekumelaneni nezinto ezicindezelayo ze-biotic kanye ne-abiotic ezimweni zesifunda sase-Middle Volga. Umsebenzi wenziwa ngokuhlanganyela ne-Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin ye-Russian Academy of Sciences, konke ukuhlaziya okudingekile kwe-biochemical kwenziwa ngesisekelo se-IEVB RAS.".
Umjikelezo wokuqala wokuhlola weminyaka emithathu waphela ngo-2021. Ezinhlotsheni ezingu-45 ezinikezwe i-Samara Research Institute of Agriculture, ososayensi bahlonze ezimbili ezihamba phambili (ezibonise isivuno esiphezulu nokumelana nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kuzo zonke izinkathi zonyaka) - lezi yi-Krasa Meshchery ne-Siversky.
Isivuno esiphezulu sezinhlobonhlobo saboniswa ngo-2019, lapho izimo zokukhula zazivuma. Izinkathi ezimbili zonyaka ezalandela zazishisa futhi zomile, izinga lokushisa lomoya ehlobo lalivame ukudlula ku-40°C, izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi: 50°C. Amazambane ezindaweni zokuhlola akhula ngaphandle kokunisela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isivuno esimaphakathi sezinhlobo ze-Krasa Meshchery iminyaka emithathu sasingu-30 t/ha, i-Siversky - 29 t/ha.
Ukwehla kwesivuno kusukela ngesizini kuya kwesinye (ikakhulukazi ezinhlobonhlobo ze-Siversky), ngokusho kososayensi, kwakungabangelwa kakhulu isimo sezulu, kodwa ngenxa yokuwohloka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukuqoqwa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane (le nqubo ishubile ikakhulukazi lapho kushisa kakhulu. ).
Izinhlobo ze-Utro, Terra, Alaska, Debyut zibonakale zizinhle impela ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, kepha izinkomba zesivuno sazo zehle kathathu ukusuka ngo-2019 kuya ku-2022. Zonke ezinye izinhlobo zanikeza isivuno esihle kuphela ngenkathi yokuqala yokukhula, khona-ke kwaba nokwehla okukhulu ekusebenzeni.
IZIMPAWU EZISETHEKILE
Kodwa umsebenzi oyinhloko wabacwaningi baseSamara kwakungekona nje ukubiza abaholi, kodwa ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi imingcele ye-physiological and biochemical yesitshalo samazambane ezingabonisa ukumelana nokushisa noma isomiso, ukuze ukwazi ukukhetha izinhlobo ezinjalo ngokusho "okuhlelekile". izici”, ngaphandle kokwenza izivivinyo zesikhathi eside.
«Uphawu oluyinhloko lokumelana nokushisa nesomiso luhlala luyisivuno, - ukhumbuza u-Alexey Bakunov, - sizama ukubheka ubudlelwano phakathi kwamapharamitha we-physiological kanye ne-biochemical yesitshalo nayo. Ngokombono wethu, okokuqala, inkambo yenqubo yokukhiqiza ithonywa okuqukethwe kwemibala ye-photosynthetic, izinga le-lipid peroxidation, kanye nesimo sezinhlelo ze-membrane yeseli.". Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ososayensi baphinde bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi izinhlobo zamazambane zamaqembu ahlukene okuvuthwa zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukile zokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezimbi.
«Ezinhlotsheni zokuqala zokuvuthwa ukukhiqiza kunqunywa amazinga aphezuluukuntuleka kwezibala ze-photosynthetic (chlorophyll b) kanye nenani eliphansi le-stomata endaweni yeqabunga ngalinye. Maphakathi nesizini, iphethini ehlanekezelwe iyabonwa: izinga lezingulube ze-photosynthetic liphansi kancane, futhi inani le-stomata ngeyunithi yeqabunga liphakeme. Ukwengeza, eqenjini eliphakathi-ekuqaleni, ukuzinza okuphezulu kwesistimu ye-membrane yeseli kwembulwa ngaphambi kokwanda kwenqwaba yezilimo eziyizigaxa (ngoJulayi). Futhi ezinhlotsheni ezimaphakathi nesizini (njengasezinhlobonhlobo ezinenkathi ende yokukhula) iningi amazinga aphezulu e-proline (i-amino acidnina enivikelayo tshala ngaphansi kwezimo ezicindezelayo) kanye nokuncane izinga le-lipid peroxidation", - U-Alexei Bakunov wabelana ngeziphetho zakhe.
Ngokusekelwe kudatha etholiwe, abacwaningi bakwazi ukwakha amamodeli okuhlola okuncika kwesivuno sezinhlobo zamazambane zamaqembu ahlukene okuvuthwa ezimweni zokulinywa kwe-hydrothermal. Ikakhulukazi, ososayensi baye banquma ukuthi ezinhlobonhlobo zakuqala, isivuno sincike kakhulu ekushiseni komoya kunomswakama wenhlabathi (banesikhathi sokuthatha umswakama wasentwasahlobo). Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-genotypes aphakathi naphakathi naphakathi kokuvuthwa azwela kakhulu kumswakama osenhlabathini futhi ancike kancane ekwenyukeni kwezinga lokushisa lomoya. Ngasikhathi sinye, okuphakathi kokuvuthwa kuncike kakhulu ekushiseni kunaphakathi nasekuqaleni, ngoba inqubo ye-tuberization inwetshwe kakhulu kuzo.
Lawa mamodeli angasetshenziswa ukubikezela isivuno sezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane. Kodwa ucwaningo alukapheli. Kusukela ngo-2022, iSamara Research Institute of Agriculture idlulele esigabeni esilandelayo somsebenzi, manje ososayensi kuzofanele benze isivivinyo esiphelele sokumelana nesomiso kwezinhlobo ezintsha ezingama-55 zamazambane. Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi lo mbandela ubaluleka kakhulu lapho utshala isilimo?
KUZOSHISA
Abafuyi abakasiqapheli isidingo esikhulayo sezinhlobo zamazambane amelana nesomiso emakethe futhi bayaqaphela ekubikezeleni kwabo.
«Abakhiqizi bezolimo esifundeni sethu bahlushwa isomiso esiqhubekayo unyaka nonyaka, kodwa iqoqo lezinhlobo zamazambane etshalwe emapulazini, ihlala injalo - utshela Alexander Vasiliev, Umcwaningi Omkhulu weSouth Ural Research Institute of Horticulture and Potato Growing, - ngesicelo sesomisoamazambane aqinile sithintana kakhulu nabamele iziza zasendlini. Mhlawumbe yingakho izinga lokukhiqiza amazambane ezindlini zabantu besifunda saseChelyabinsk liphezulu kakhulu futhi alisali ngemuva kwezinga lamapulazi abalimi, nakuba kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuhluke ngokuphelele.ukulima gies.
Izinhlobo ezinenhloso ezimelana nesomiso e-Southern Urals ziyadingeka manje, kodwa kunzima kakhulu ukwenza izinhlelo zekusasa. Uma kubhekwa ijubane lokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, asikwazi ukushiya ngaphandle ithuba lokuthi eminyakeni emi-5-10 kuzoba yinto engacabangeki ukutshala amazambane esifundeni sethu. ngaphandle kokunisela".
I-Meteor
U-Evgeny Simakov ucabanga ukuthi intshisekelo yabakhiqizi bezolimo ezindaweni ezikhula amazambane zaseRussia ngezinhlobo ezimelana nesomiso izokhula eminyakeni ezayo.
«Uma izimo zezulu ebhande elingeyona i-chernozem, lapho ukutholakala kokunisela amapulazi ezitshalo kuze kube muva nje bekungeyona isidingo esinzima, siqhubeka sishintsha sibheke ekufudumaleni, futhi isomiso siba yinto engapheli, abakhiqizi bezolimo bazophoqeleka ukuthi badlulisele iningi lezitshalo. izitshalo ukunisela, kodwa ngeke kube lula ukuqalisa amaphrojekthi wokunisela ngezinga elikhulu ngoba ayikho imithombo eminingi yamanzi, - kusho uchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakhohlwa ngezindleko, akuwona wonke umlimi ongakwazi ukuthenga imishini enjalo..
Kuzodingeka sibhekane ngokungathí sina nokukhethwa kwezinhlobo zamazambane ezimelana nesomiso, kodwa kufanele siqonde ukuthi le nqubo yinde kakhulu. Futhi kuyadingeka ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwesici esisodwa, njengomthetho, kulimaza abanye.".
Samara Research Institute of Agriculture. N.M. U-Tulaykova, igatsha le-SamRC RAS, ubonga abasebenzi be-Institute of Ecology of the Volga Basin RAS ngosizo lwabo ekwenzeni ucwaningo "Ukuhlolwa kwezinhlobonhlobo nezinto ezixubile zamazambane zokumelana nezimo ze-biotic kanye ne-abiotic ezimweni Isifunda sase-Middle Volga": O.A. Rozentsvet, E.S. Bogdanov, V.N. Nesterov.