Yiziphi izinhlobo zokulungiswa kwemifino ezizuzisa kakhulu abalimi
Umbhalo: UVeronica Perova
Ukucutshungulwa kwemifino kuhloswe kakhulu ekulondolozeni nasekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, kanye nokwelula impilo yeshalofu. Ochwepheshe baqinisekisa ukuthi namuhla intshisekelo yokucubungula iyanda, njengoba kufakazelwa ukukhula okunamandla kwamaphrojekthi wokutshala imali kule ngxenye yemakethe. Lokhu akumangazi - ukucubungula kwethu okujulile kuyakwazi ukwandisa inzuzo yebhizinisi elikhulisa imifino futhi kunciphise izingozi ezihambisana nesikhathi sonyaka sokukhiqiza.
Ngokusho kukaSemyon Ganich, uMqondisi Jikelele Wezokudla Okomile (izixazululo eziphelele zokucubungula imikhiqizo yezolimo), ukucutshungulwa kwemifino yasensimini evulekile kuhlala kuyinani elisha elengeziwe ochungechungeni lokukhiqizwa kwebhizinisi. “Cishe wonke umuntu osemakethe
unyaka, kukhona ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwemifino, okuthengiswa ngentengo ephansi kakhulu phakathi nenkathi, okunciphisa inzuzo yokukhiqiza kwezolimo. Kulokhu, ukucubungula okuyisisekelo nokwesibili kukuvumela ukuthi uthole inzuzo eyengeziwe, ”kuchaza uchwepheshe.
Ukutshalwa kwemali kanye nomkhawulo
"Wonke amabhizinisi amakhulu alwela ukuthuthukisa ukucutshungulwa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo, okubavumela ukuba babalekele ukuncintisana nabalimi, okuthi, njengomthetho, bengenawo amathuba anele okutshala imali, banikeze imifino ngendlela" engcolile "ezinkampanini ezidayisa yonke impahla," kuphawula u-Alexander U-Abramchuk, umphathi omkhulu wenkampani i-AgroNero (isakhiwo sezolimo esifundeni saseYaroslavl, inkampani engaphansi kweBelaya Dachi Trading). Njengoba umkhiqizo osetshenzisiwe unikezwa ikakhulukazi ezitolo zamaketanga, umnotho wawo mkhulu
ngenhla, uyacacisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba uSemyon Ganich esho, ukucubungula akudingi ngaso sonke isikhathi izinto zokusetshenziswa zokuthengisa. Izinga eliphansi ngokuvamile lifanelekile.
"Ngemuva kokuhlunga, izinto zokusetshenziswa zihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: isigaba sokuqala (umkhiqizo osezingeni eliphakeme), isigaba sesibili (esingajwayelekile), isigaba sesithathu (udoti)," kusho u-Alexander Abramchuk ngokuningiliziwe. "Ngasikhathi sinye, izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingejwayelekile, ezishibhile kakhulu, nazo zilungele ukucutshungulwa, nakho okwandisa ezomnotho zokukhiqiza".
Kodwa-ke, ngakho konke ukukhanga kokucubungula kwabo, akubona bonke abakhiqizi bezolimo abanquma ukuthatha lesi sinyathelo. Ngakho-ke, i-AgroNero ayinakho ukucubungula, inkampani ilungisa imikhiqizo "esimweni esingcolile" ukuze ithengiswe ngokugcwele. Abathengi abakhulu yi "BD Trading" kanye nabathengisi kabusha. “Isidingo asizinzile ngenxa yesibalo esikhulu sabancintisana. Kodwa-ke asihlelile ukuthuthukisa ukucwengwa, ngoba kudinga ukutshalwa kwemali enkulu, ”kuvuma u-Alexander Abramchuk. Ngokuvamile, ubheka ukuvutshelwa, usawoti, ukupheka, ukucubungula kumazambane acubuziwe kunenzuzo enkulu, ngoba lokhu akudingi imishini yokuqandisa ejulile neziqandisi zokugcina.
Abalimi ngokuvamile kunzima kakhulu ukucubungula, kuqinisekisa uSemyon Ganich. Kulula kubo ukuthi bakhule futhi bathengise. Ngokusho kochwepheshe beDry Food, abatshalizimali bakwezinye izindawo bavame ukungena kuleli bhizinisi: amabhange, onjiniyela, onxiwankulu bokuzibandakanya, abayiqondayo imihlomulo yale ndawo.
Ngokuya ngokujula kokucwengwa, umkhawulo kulesi sigaba, ngokusho kukaSemyon Ganich, usukela ku-40 kuye ku-100%. "Okwamanje, kwesinye isikhathi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi umchwepheshe wezolimo wendabuko achaze ukuthi kungani kudingeka ukuthi kuthengwe imishini yesimanje yezobuchwepheshe, hhayi ukwenza indawo yokusebenzela ephansi engeke inikeze inzuzo eningi," uyaphawula.
Ngaphandle kokuthi muva nje amaphrojekthi amasha wokucubungula imifino yasensimini evulekile aseqalile ukuvela, ukuqaliswa kwawo kuhlotshaniswa nobunzima obuningi. Isibonelo, ngokusho kuka-Ekaterina Babaeva, isikhulu esiphezulu se-Interagro (umqambi kanye nomdidiyeli wamaphrojekthi ayinkimbinkimbi ebhizinisi lezolimo), amaphrojekthi wokucubungula adinga izinga eliphezulu lokukhiqiza kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile ekuthengeni imishini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubekwa izindinganiso ezikhethekile zezenhlanzeko nezobuchwepheshe kumasifundisane wokukhiqiza, okwengeza futhi ngokwenyusa kakhulu izindleko zephrojekthi iyonke.
Ngasikhathi sinye, isikhathi sokubuyiselwa kwamaphrojekthi cishe siyiminyaka eyi-7-10, ngenkathi abatshalizimali benesifiso sokwenza inzuzo ngokushesha okukhulu, kuqhubeka u-Ekaterina Babaeva. Lapho uhlela iphrojekthi enjalo, umuntu kufanele aqale acabangisise ngenqubomgomo yokuthengisa, uyakhumbula. "Kungenzeka ukuhlangabezana nesikhathi sokubuyiselwa futhi wenze inzuzo kuphela uma umkhiqizo ophelile uthengiswa ngamanani abekwe kuphrojekthi yokutshala imali," kuchaza uchwepheshe.
Uyaphawula futhi ukuthi ukuthola umkhiqizo osezingeni eliphakeme, nawo, kudinga imishini esezingeni eliphakeme, ekhulisa isikhathi sokukhokha futhi inciphise umkhawulo waminyaka yonke.
USemyon Ganich weluleka ngokuqala ibhizinisi ngokuthenga imishini. Uqinisekile ukuthi abantu abafuna nje ukuthenga imishini, ngokombono wabo, "abazophrinta imali", ngokunokwenzeka, ngeke bathole umphumela oyifunayo.
"Udinga ukuqala ngokutadisha imakethe yokuthengisa kanye nokwakhiwa kwephrojekthi esezingeni eliphakeme," kusho isazi. - Futhi kuphela lapho isithombe esicacile somthengi wemikhiqizo eqediwe sisondela futhi iphrojekthi isilungile lapho ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe komqondo webhizinisi kuzo zonke izici zawo - kusuka ezinkethweni zobuchwepheshe kuya kuhlelo lwebhizinisi oluthuthukisiwe - kungaqalwa, ukuqaliswa, kufaka phakathi ukuthengwa kwemishini, sekulungile.
Iqhwa elishaqisayo
Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu futhi ezisabalele zokucubungula imikhiqizo ukwethusa okokuqandisa. U-Alexander Melnik, umqondisi wokuthenga nowokukhiqiza we-Ortika Frozen Foods, i-TM Hortex, ongomunye wabakhiqizi abadume kakhulu baseRussia bemifino efriziwe efriziwe, izithelo namajikijolo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ama-GMO nama-preservatives, ukhulume kabanzi ngalobu buchwepheshe.
“Ukuqhaqhazela okuthusayo wukubanda ngokushesha komkhiqizo lapho uvezwa imisinga yomoya enamandla, okuthi, ngokupholisa okokusebenza okushisayo kube izinga lokushisa -32 ... 40 ° C, kwakheke ungqimba olunamanzi ebusweni balo,” kuchaza uchwepheshe. - Ngokungafani nobuchwepheshe bendabuko, ngeqhwa elishaqisayo
kwakhiwa amakristalu amancane kakhulu eqhwa, angaphuli ukwakheka kwamaseli omkhiqizo, okuvumela ukuthi ugcine ukunambitheka nezinzuzo zawo zakuqala.
Emakethe yomhlaba, ngokusho kuka-Alexander Melnik, kunabakhiqizi abathathu abakhulu kunabo bonke bemigudu yokushisa amakhaza - i-Unidex (Poland), iFrigoscandia (Sweden) ne-Octofrost (Sweden). Futhi, abakhiqizi baseJalimane nabamaShayina bamafriji emhubhe bathole indawo efanelekile emakethe yemishini yefriji. Uchwepheshe ugcizelela ukuthi imigudu yokuqandisa, ekhiqizwa izinkampani ezihola phambili, ivumela ukufezekisa ukulondolozwa okuhle kakhulu kwekhwalithi nokunambitheka komkhiqizo, futhi ikunikeza nokubukeka okukhangayo okuphezulu
umkhiqizo - kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-12 t / h.
"Imifino esemakhazeni asemathunjini ahamba ngokuvundlile esikhaleni esivaliwe (umsele obandayo), nomoya obandayo ujikeleza ekudleni kuwo wonke umhubhe," kuchaza okhulumela iHortex.
Kubalulekile ukuthi engxenyeni yemifino esetshenzisiwe, izinga lokwehla kwamanani, ngokusho kwakhe, liphakeme impela futhi lifinyelela kuma-20%. “Kepha uma ibhizinisi lingagcini nje ngokugxila ekuqandeni kuphela, kodwa futhi linendawo yokugcina enezinga eliphansi lokugcina imikhiqizo, inzuzo yebhizinisi ingakwazi
ukwanda kakhulu, ”kusho uchwepheshe.
Uyanezela ukuthi uchungechunge lokukhiqiza luqukethe izigaba ezintathu, ngasinye sazo imvamisa kungumsebenzi webhizinisi elehlukile. Ngakho-ke, ipulazi libandakanyeka ekutshaleni imifino. Izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zikhethiwe kuye ngezimo zezulu kanye nezidingo
inkampani esebenza ngokucubungula okwalandela (esimweni sethu, iqhwa) imikhiqizo. Futhi imvamisa inkampani yesithathu ibandakanyeka ekupakisheni nasekuthengiseni kumthengi wokugcina.
Ngokusho kuka-Alexander Melnik, isitshalo esinezinga lokukhiqiza eliphakathi kwamathani ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu zemikhiqizo yemifino efriziwe ngonyaka sidinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okungama- € 5-4 wezigidi.
Okuyinhloko ngosawoti nokukha usawoti
Ngenkathi izinkampani ezinkulu zisebenzisa amaphrojekthi wokuqandisa imifino emhlabathini ovulekile, abalimi abancane kanye nemindeni yabantu abampofu (amapulazi) bakhetha izindlela zamakhemikhali zokucubungula imifino, njengokukha i-pickling nokukha.
Phakathi kwazo kukhona inkampani "iZasolych", umkhiqizi wemikhiqizo efakwe emanzini anosawoti, ama-pickle namasaladi aseKorea, atholakala esifundeni saseKirov. Ngokusho kwenhloko yenkampani uNikolai Shikhov, bacubungula cishe amathani angama-300 eklabishi, amathani ama-200 wamakhukhamba namathani ayi-150 izaqathe minyaka yonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuncane
ukukhiqizwa kukatamatisi obomvu noluhlaza okotshani, amakhowe afakwe emanzini anosawoti kanye namaKorea, kanye neqembu lomkhiqizo wasempumalanga (ugarlic, ugarlic wasendle, njll.) Imikhiqizo inikezwa abathengisi bezitolo, izitolo zasendaweni, amaketanga asendaweni nawesifundazwe, amelwe esifundeni saseKirov.
I-Zasolych ingumkhiqizo womndeni onokupheka okudluliselwe kusuka esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye. Namuhla, abathengi banikezwa ngemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene kuma-brines nama-marinade ahlukahlukene. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa izithasiselo zemvelo kuphela, izinongo namakhambi. Isibonelo, iklabishi liyabila ngokuya ngobuchwepheshe obudala bokuvutshelwa kwe-lactic acid yemvelo, ngaphandle kokuvikela.
Ngokusho kukaNikolai Shikhov, izindlela zokupheka zendabuko ziyagcinwa, ngenkathi inqubo yokukhiqiza ithuthukiswa ngosizo lobuchwepheshe besimanje kanye nemishini, okwenza ukuthi kukhule ivolumu nokushesha kokucubungula. Ngakho-ke, imiphongolo yamapulangwe, eyenziwe ngesandla, lapho ngaphambili
bafake usawoti futhi banikeze namakhukhamba ezitolo, bashintsha amapulasitiki asebenzayo asebenza kalula. Umgqomo owodwa uphethe u-30-200 kg.
"Ukuthengisa ezitolo namuhla sisebenzisa iziqukathi zepulasitiki ezinamanani amancane, kanye nokupakisha ngakunye," kwabelana inhloko yenkampani. "Esikhundleni sokugcina ukhukhamba ngaphansi kweqhwa emigqonyeni yamapulangwe (emanzini entwasahlobo, isibonelo, umfula), kufakwe iziqandisi."
Wabuye waphawula ukuthi uma ngaphambili iklabishi lalihlelwe ngesandla, manje inqubo isizenzekelayo, futhi umkhiqizo wama-shredders ufinyelela kumakhilogremu ayizinkulungwane eziningana ngehora. "Leli bhizinisi lifake imishini yasekhaya neyokungenisa ngaphakathi yokugawula, ukusika, ukuhlanza, ukuwasha, ukuthutha, ukupakisha, ukubulala amagciwane," kusho uNikolai Shikhov. "Muva nje sesisuse abasiki bemifino baseJalimane safaka amaRobot Coupe amaChinese, aphansi ngamahlandla ama-3-4 kunabalingani bawo base-Europe futhi ngasikhathi sinye angabi ngaphansi kwawo ngekhwalithi." Ngokuvamile, ngokusho kwezibalo zenkampani "iZasolych", ukutshalwa kwemali kwimishini yokucubungula kwaba cishe ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-2-3.
UNikolay Shikhov uchaze ukuthi njengoba leli bhizinisi lisendaweni yezolimo eyingozi nezimo zezulu ezingezinhle zokuthuthukisa ukutshalwa kwemifino, kwathathwa isinqumo eminyakeni emihlanu edlule ukushiya eyayo imifino. Namuhla, zonke izinto zokusetshenziswa zithengwa kubalimi bendawo, okusungulwe nabo ubudlelwano besikhathi eside. Amapulazi amaningi akhula ngokukhethekile izinhlobo ezithile zemifino nezidingo zenkampani.
"Ngakho-ke, ekukhetheni i-pickling sisebenzisa ama-hybrids ekhukhamba aseDutch afaneleke kahle ngosayizi futhi anezinambithelo ezithile zekhwalithi," kusho uNikolai Shikhov ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe.
Elinye ibhizinisi lomndeni - ipulazi labalimi (ipulazi) "Enezh", eliseChuvash Republic, likhethe indlela ehlukile. Njengoba ngiqale ngo-1999 ngokutshala imifino (iklabishi, ukhukhamba, utamatisi, njll.), Kakade ngo-2008 abalimi banquma ukuthuthukisa ukucubungula. Futhi namuhla ipulazi "Enezh" lenza umjikelezo ogcwele wokukhiqizwa kwamakhukhamba ahlukahlukene, ukhukhamba namasaladi.
“Yonke imikhiqizo enosawoti nemifucumfucu yenziwa ngemifino etshalwe emasimini ethu, indawo isiyonke engaphezulu kwamahektha angama-700. Izinto zayo zokusetshenziswa zisivumela ukuthi silawule ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo kuzona zonke izigaba, ”kusho u-Ivan Semyonov, inhloko yepulazi lase-Enezh.
Ukutshalwa kwamakhukhamba kwenziwa endaweni engamahektha ayi-16 ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Ngasikhathi sinye, ipulazi liqondiswa ubuchwepheshe baseJalimane nobuchwepheshe bokutshala. “Besijwayele ukusebenzisa i-hybrid yamakhukhamba yenye inkampani, bese sishintshela kuLeaf F1 kumenzi waseDashi uRijk Zwaan, okungcono
wazibonakalisa ezimweni zethu zezulu, - u-Ivan Semyonov wabelana ngesipiliyoni sakhe. - Iqiniso ngukuthi ikhukhamba iLeaf F1 elenzalo eyenzelwa ukukhulela emhlabathini ovulekile nangaphansi kwezindawo zokukhanyisa ifilimu. Uchaze ukuthi epulazini "i-Enezh" ukhukhamba umbozwe ngento ekhethekile "ephefumula" evumela umswakama ukuthi udlule kahle, okukuvumela ukuthi uqale ukuvuna esontweni eledlule.
"Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hybrid esiyikhethile ihlukaniswa ngenani elincane kanye nosayizi wamaqabunga, okusiza inqubo yokuqoqwa, futhi futhi iyamelana nezifo," kuqhubeka uSemyonov. "Isivuno esikhulu sihlanganiswe nezimfanelo ezinhle kakhulu zamakhukhamba wokukha amakhiwane (ama-calibre afanelekile angama-8-12 cm, ukufaka imibala, njll.").
Epulazini "Enezh" iklabishi elimhlophe litshalwa njengembewu yokuqala futhi eyakamuva, ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo kwenzeka kusukela maphakathi noJuni kuya ku-Ephreli ngonyaka ozayo. I-hybrid esedume kakhulu yeklabishi emhlophe, ngokusho kuka-Ivan Semyonov, yi-Muksuma F1.
Akuthathi ngaphezu kosuku ukusuka ekuvuneni kuya kusawoti, okukuvumela futhi ukuthi ugcine zonke izimfanelo zomkhiqizo omusha. Iqoqo lilandelwa yisiteji sokuhlanza nokuwasha, bese imifino ifakwa usawoti emigqonyeni ngokusho kweresiphi yakudala yaseRussia kusetshenziswa amakhambi ahlukahlukene, amaqabunga nosawoti. Ukuphepha kwe-sauerkraut kuqinisekiswa ngemikhiqizo yokuvutshelwa yemvelo, usawoti kanye ne-horseradish.
"Ngo-2018, safaka usawoti wamathani ayi-800 nosayizi olinganayo weklabishi," kusho inhloko yepulazi lase-Enezh. Njengomthetho, ipulazi livuna amathani angama-70 wamakhukhamba ehektheleni ngalinye. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2019, ngenxa yezimo zezulu ezingezinhle zalesi sitshalo esishisayo, ikakhulukazi, izinga lokushisa lomoya eliphansi ngoJuni, isivuno sasingu-43 t / ha kuphela.
“Ukhukhamba, njengoba uyazi, badinga imfudumalo. Amazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka- + 10 ° С ayinhlekelele kubo, - kusho uSemyonov. “Kodwa siyazi ukuthi ukhukhamba okhulayo endaweni yethu unobungozi obukhethekile. Ngakho-ke, enyakatho yeSaratov, cishe akekho noyedwa omtshalayo ngobuningi bezohwebo endle ”. Ugcizelela ukuthi ekukhiqizeni kwezolimo, izimo zezulu yizona zinto ezibaluleke kakhulu lapho isivuno nokwehla kwamanani emikhiqizo kuncike khona.
Ngasikhathi sinye, inhloko yeZasolycha idonsela ukunakekelwa kweqiniso lokuthi ukuncintisana esigabeni semikhiqizo yemifino enosawoti nokumuncu kukhule kakhulu muva nje, okuhambisana nokuvela kwabadlali abasha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yabakhiqizi abebekhona imakethe isikhathi eside. “Lokhu kungachazwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwamabhizinisi aseRussia, ukutholakala kolwazi lokuqala ibhizinisi nokutholakala kwezimali zamahhala emakethe yezimboni yezokudla. Abatshali bezimali abaphoxeki nakancane ukuncika okuqondile ezimweni zezulu nezinkomba zokukhiqiza, okushintsha kusuka kwisizini kuye kwesizini, ”kusho uNikolai Shikhov.
Impumelelo ebaliwe
Ukuzijwayeza kukhombisa ukuthi noma yiluphi uhlobo lokucubungula imifino yasensimini evulekile inama-nuances ayo okufanele acatshangelwe uma ufaka le niche. "Ukukhethwa kwenketho ekhanga kakhulu kuncike kakhulu esifundeni nasemkhiqizo okhuliswayo," kugcizelela inhloko ye-Interagro, u-Ekaterina Babaeva.
Ngokusho kukaSemyon Ganich, noma ibuphi ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula bungakhanga kakhulu kubalimi. Kepha iphrojekthi kufanele ibalwe, futhi imakethe yemikhiqizo eqediwe kufanele ihlaziywe. “Okwehlukahlukana kwebhizinisi, kunengqondo ukucubungula ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemikhiqizo,” - uyeluleka.
Ngokuvamile, ngokusho kwesibikezelo seDry Food, imakethe yezobuchwepheshe izothuthukela ekusebenziseni okuzenzakalelayo okukhulu, ukwenza ikhompyutha kanye nokwethulwa kobuhlakani bokufakelwa, obukwazi ukulawula yonke inqubo yezobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kosizo lomuntu. Kepha kuze kube manje lawa amathemba kuphela.