Ngemva kokujwayelana nohlaka Lomthetho Wombuso othi “On Seed Growing” (ngemuva kwalokhu obizwa ngokuthi uMthetho Osalungiswa), iNyunyana Yababambiqhaza Bemakethe Yamazambane kanye Nemifino (I-Potato Union) kubika okulandelayo.
- Ebubanzini bokusetshenziswa komthetho we-federal kanye nendilinga yabantu umthetho wobumbano owelulela kubo umphumela wawo
1.1. Ngokwesethulo soMthetho Osalungiswa, umthetho ubeka isisekelo esingokomthetho sokukhiqiza, ukugcinwa, ukudayiswa, ukuthutha, ukungenisa endaweni yeRussian Federation kanye nokuthekelisa kusuka endaweni yeRussian Federation kanye nokusetshenziswa kwembewu (izinto zokutshala. ) endaweni ye-Russian Federation nakwezinye izindawo lapho i-Russian Federation isebenzisa amandla okuphatha ngokuvumelana nomthetho we-Russian Federation kanye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Kodwa-ke, akucaci ukuthi yiziphi "ezinye izindawo lapho iRussian Federation isebenzisa khona amandla..." esikhuluma ngayo. Lo mqondo usetshenziswa kakhulu emithethweni kamasipala. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kweminye imithetho yenhlangano engawuvezi lo mqondo kuphoqa iziphathimandla ezinekhono ukuthi zinikeze izincazelo ezifanele, njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wezezimali weRussian Federation wenza encwadini No. 02.08.2011-03-07/15 yangomhla ka-72/ 20.03.2011/4 ngesicelo se-Federal Tax Service sangoMashi 3, 4883 No. KE-XNUMX-XNUMX/XNUMX.
Ukuze sisebenzise uMthetho Osalungiswa, siphakamisa ukucacisa ku-Art. 1 "Imiqondo eyisisekelo esetshenziswe kulo Mthetho Wombuso", oqondwa "njengezinye izindawo lapho i-Russian Federation isebenzisa amandla okulawula...".
1.2. Isigaba sesethulo sesibili soMthetho Osalungiswa sidlulisela umphumela Wohlaka Lomthetho ezinhlanganweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zenhlangano nezomthetho kanye nezindlela zobunikazi, kanye nabantu ngabanye, okuhlanganisa osomabhizinisi ngabanye, abahlanganyela ekukhiqizeni imbewu neminye imisebenzi. ecaciswe endimeni yokuqala yesethulo. I-Article 21 yoMthethosivivinywa iphinde ibeke ukuthi “abakhiqizi bembewu bangabantu ngabanye kanye nezinhlangano ezisemthethweni, osomabhizinisi ngabanye... bazibandakanye ekukhiqizeni imbewu ezothengiswa ngokulandelayo...”. Izinhlinzeko ezihambisanayo nazo ziqukethwe kwezinye izihloko zoMthetho Osalungiswa.
Kubonakala sengathi ababhali boMthetho Osalungiswa abazange bacabangele ukuthi inhloso yokuqaliswa ukwenza inzuzo, futhi lokhu kungenye yezici eziyinhloko zomsebenzi webhizinisi (Isigaba 1 se-Article 2 ye-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation. ). Izakhamizi (umuntu ngamunye) zingabamba iqhaza emisebenzini yezamabhizinisi kusukela ngesikhathi sokubhaliswa kombuso njengosomabhizinisi ngamunye, ngaphandle kwamacala ahlinzekwe ngumthetho (I-Article 23 ye-Civil Code of the Russian Federation), ikakhulukazi, ukuzisebenza (Federal). Umthetho “Ekuqhubeni ukuhlolwa kokusungula uhlelo lwentela olukhethekile “Intela yemali engenayo yobungcweti” yangomhla zingama-27.11.2018 Novemba 422 N XNUMX-FZ).
Ngakho-ke, abantu abangenaso isikhundla sokuba usomabhizinisi ngamunye, nalabo abazisebenzayo nabasebenza ekukhiqizeni imbewu ukuze bazidle kufanele bakhishwe ngaphansi kwegunya loMthetho Osalungiswa.
Siphakamisa ukukhombisa esethulweni soMthetho Osalungiswa ukuthi umthetho uyasebenza ezinhlanganweni ezisemthethweni nakubantu abenza imisebenzi yezamabhizinisi ekukhiqizeni, ekugcinweni, ekuthengisweni, ekuthuthweni... abantu bomthetho abahlanganyela ekukhiqizeni imbewu ngezinhloso zabo.
1.3. I-Potato Union iphikisana nokunikezwa kwelayisensi yemisebenzi yokukhiqiza, ukugcinwa, ukudayiswa, ukuthuthwa ... kwembewu (impahla yokutshala), icabangela le mfuneko ngokweqile, engavumeli ukuxazulula inkinga "yokwandisa ukusebenza kahle emkhakheni wokuzalanisa, kanye nokuqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lokukhiqiza, ukwenza umsebenzi wokukhiqiza, ukukhulisa , ukugcinwa nokudayiswa kwembewu...” (isigaba sesithathu, ikhasi 14 lencazelo yenothi elichazayo lohlaka lomthetho wefederal “On seed production”).
Lesi siphetho silandela ekuhlaziyweni koMthetho Wombuso “Ekunikezweni kwelayisense kwezinhlobo ezithile zemisebenzi” yangomhla ka-04.05.2011 N 99-FZ, obheka ilayisense njengemvume yokwenza umsebenzi othile, usungula uhlu lwezidingo zelayisensi futhi unqabele. isibaluli sezidingo zelayisensi yezinhlobo ezithile namavolumu okukhiqizwa noma imikhiqizo ehlelelwe ukukhululwa, kanye nezidingo zevolumu yomsebenzi owenziwe kanye nezinsizakalo ezinikeziwe.
Izidingo zezinhlobonhlobo kanye nezimfanelo zokuhlwanyela zembewu zisungulwa ngendlela ehlukile (hhayi ilayisensi).
Ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho futhi kusivumela ukuba siphethe ngokuthi, njengomthetho, lezo zinhlobo zemisebenzi azibandakanyi emkhakheni wokuthola amalayisense, ukulawulwa kombuso okungenziwa futhi okufanele kwenziwe ngokugcwele yizinhlangano zokulawula zikahulumeni kanye neziphathimandla eziqondisayo ngenxa yezibopho zokusebenza ngabanye. izindlela, okuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho kahulumeni, izindinganiso, izitifiketi, izimemezelo zokuvumelana, ukugunyazwa, ukuhlanzeka, ukwakhiwa kanye neminye imithetho nemithethonqubo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ku-Art. 20 kanye nobuciko. I-21 yoMthethosivivinywa ilandela ukuthi akuyona ilayisensi kuphela edingekayo ukuze uthole ilungelo lokuzibandakanya ekukhiqizeni imbewu, okuyi-Art. I-1 yomthethosivivinywa ibheka njengohlobo oluzimele lomsebenzi, kodwa futhi nezinsizakalo zokugcina, ezokuthutha, ukudayiswa ... kwembewu (impahla yokutshala). Ngokusobala, abathuthukisi boMthetho Osalungiswa basuka eqinisweni lokuthi abalimi bembewu okufanele bafeze zonke izenzo ezingenzeka ezihlobene nokusakazwa kwembewu, kuyilapho kungazange kucatshangelwe ukuthi ukugcinwa, ukudayiswa, ukuthuthwa kwembewu (ukutshala impahla), njll. kuvame ukubandakanya abanye ababambiqhaza ekujikelezweni komphakathi. Ingabe kufanele futhi bathole ilayisense efanelekile noma ingabe lesi sibopho sabelwe abalimi bembewu kuphela? Uma kunjalo, kungani?
Ngakho-ke, ukwethulwa kwemisebenzi yelayisensi yokukhiqiza, ukugcinwa, ukuthengiswa, ukuthuthwa ... kwembewu (impahla yokutshala) ayikwazi ukubhekwa njengesinyathelo esiphumelelayo ngokumelene nokubonakala kwemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphansi noma engamanga ekujikelezeni komphakathi, kodwa kungaholela izindleko ezingenasisekelo zabatshali bembewu (okungenzeka nabanye ababambiqhaza ukusakazwa komphakathi), kanye nokwakhiwa kwezithiyo ezengeziwe zokuzibandakanya kule misebenzi.
1.4. Isigaba 21 soMthetho Osalungiswa sibeka ukuthi "imibhalo eyisisekelo yezinhlangano ezisemthethweni ezibandakanyeka ekukhiqizeni imbewu ichaza isihloko nezinjongo zemisebenzi yazo."
Ngokusho kwesigaba 4 se-Art. 52 ye-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation, isihloko kanye nemigomo yemisebenzi yenhlangano esemthethweni kufanele iqukethwe emibhalweni ehlanganisa izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo, ama-charter amabhizinisi ahlangene futhi ezimweni ezihlinzekwe ngumthetho. Lokhu kokugcina kubhekise ezinhlanganweni okuthi, nakuba ezentengiso, zinikezwe amandla akhethekile omthetho (isibonelo, amabhange, izinkampani zomshwalense, njll.), ezinqatshelwe ukuzibandakanya kwezinye izinhlobo zemisebenzi yezohwebo ngaphandle kwaleyo eshiwo emithethweni yenhlangano ebusayo. imisebenzi yabo. Ngale ndlela, izithakazelo zabamukeli balezi zinsizakalo zivikelwe, ukuhlukunyezwa okungenzeka ezindaweni ezibalulekile emphakathini kuyavinjelwa, kuhlanganise nethuba lokuqondisa izinsiza zezezimali kwezinye izindawo zokusebenza ngaphandle kwalezo ezibalulwe emthethweni ofanele, okumele kuboniswe ku ama-charter alezi zinhlangano zezohwebo.
Abakhiqizi bembewu yizinhlangano zomthetho zezentengiselwano, osomabhizinisi ngabanye, njengomthetho, ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwembewu, benza eminye imisebenzi, kuhlanganise nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo ezihlukahlukene zezolimo ngobuningi bezimboni, ukucutshungulwa kwemikhiqizo yabo kanye neminye imikhiqizo yezolimo, njll. Ngakho-ke, akucaci ukuthi yiziphi izinjongo okuhlongozwayo ukwethula inkambiso ehambisanayo, kuyilapho abathuthukisi boMthetho Osalungiswa bengazange bacabangele izindleko (kuhlanganise nalezo ezihambisana nokubamba imihlangano evamile) abakhiqizi bembewu okuyodingeka bazithwale.
2. Mayelana nesitifiketi esiyisibopho
Umthethosivivinywa usungula isitifiketi esiyisibopho sembewu "engeniswe endaweni yeRussian Federation, esakazwayo noma ehloselwe ukudayiswa."
Nakuba ngokuvamile isekela ukwethulwa kwesitifiketi sembewu esiyimpoqo, i-Potato Union idonsela ukunaka eqinisweni lokuthi uMthetho Osalungiswa awuzinaki izinhlinzeko eziyinhloko zoMthetho Wombuso othi “On Technical Regulation” wangomhla zingama-27.12.2002 kuZibandlela wezi-184 N 184-FZ (ngemuva kwalokhu. okubizwa ngokuthi uMthetho N XNUMX-FZ), okungukuthi.
Ngokusho kwe-Art. 2 yoMthetho N 184-FZ, isitifiketi siwuhlobo lokuqinisekiswa yindikimba yesitifiketi sokuthobela izinto nezidingo zemithetho yezobuchwepheshe, imibhalo yokumiswa noma imigomo yezinkontileka.
Ngokuhambisana neNgxenye 1 ye-Art. 20 yoMthetho N 184-FZ, ukuqinisekiswa kokuvumelana endaweni ye-Russian Federation kungaba ngokuzithandela noma kuyimpoqo, kuyilapho ukuqinisekiswa okuphoqelekile kokuhambisana kwenziwa kuphela ezimweni ezisungulwe yimithethonqubo yezobuchwepheshe efanele, futhi kuphela ukuhambisana nezidingo imithethonqubo yezobuchwepheshe (isigatshana 1, isiqephu sama-23 soMthetho N 184-FZ).
Isitifiketi esiyisibopho senziwa ngezinhloso ezisungulwe yi-Art. 6 yoMthetho No. 184-FZ.
Ngokuhambisana nesigaba sesi-3 se-Art. 46 Womthetho N 184-FZ, Isimemezelo Sikahulumeni Wenhlangano YaseRussia sangomhla zi-01.12.2009 kuZibandlela 982 N XNUMX sagunyaza Uhlu Oluhlanganisiwe Lwemikhiqizo Engaphansi Kwesitifiketi Esiyisibopho kanye Nohlu Oluhlanganisiwe Lwemikhiqizo, ukuqinisekiswa kokuvumelana kwakho okwenziwa ku uhlobo lwesimemezelo sokuvumelana.” Lezi zinhlu aziqukethe imbewu njengemikhiqizo engaphansi kwesitifiketi esiyisibopho.
Lezi zinhlinzeko, ngeshwa, azizange zicatshangelwe lapho kusetshenzwa Uhlaka Lomthetho, ngakho-ke uMthetho Osalungiswa ushayisana noMthetho No. 184-FZ.
Ngaphezu kwalabo okukhulunywe ngenhla, ezinye izinhlinzeko zoMthetho No. 184-FZ kufanele zicatshangelwe.
Ngokwesibonelo, isigatshana 3, ingxenye 3, art. I-4 yomthethosivivinywa ibhekisela emandleni enhlangano ephethe uhulumeni, eyenza imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa inqubomgomo yombuso kanye nomthethonqubo womthetho emkhakheni wokukhiqiza imbewu, ukwenza ucwaningo lwelabhorethri emkhakheni wokukhiqiza imbewu kanye nokunquma izinhlobonhlobo kanye nezimfanelo zokuhlwanyela zembewu. imbewu ngokusebenzisa izikhungo ezingaphansi. Ngasikhathi sinye, ababhali boMthetho Osalungiswa abazange bacabangele ukuthi ukuhlolwa kokuvumelana kuyisihloko soMthetho N 184-FZ, osungula inhlinzeko ngokuya ngokuthi yiziphi izinhlangano zezitifiketi kanye nezindawo zokuhlola (izikhungo) ezenza umsebenzi wokuhlola ukuhambisana ( isiqinisekiso) zingaphansi kwemfuneko eyodwa kuphela - ukugunyazwa (v. 31). Ngokulandelayo, Art. I-4 ye-Federal Law "Ekugunyazweni ohlelweni lukazwelonke lokugunyazwa" ibeka ukuthi umuntu ogunyaziwe uyinhlangano esemthethweni noma umuntu, kungakhathalekile ukuthi uluhlobo luni lwenhlangano nezomthetho, noma usomabhizinisi othole ukugunyazwa ngendlela esungulwe ngumthetho wenhlangano oshiwo. .
Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlinzekwa kwesigatshana sesi-3, ingxenye yesi-3, ubuciko. 4 walo mthethosivivinywa udinga ukucaciswa.
Siphinde sidonse ukunaka eqinisweni lokuthi ukwethulwa kwesitifiketi esiyisibopho kudinga isikhathi esithile. Ngakho, ngokuhambisana nesigaba 10 se-Art. I-7 yoMthetho N 184-FZ, umthethonqubo wezobuchwepheshe owamukelwe yisimemezelo sikaHulumeni waseRussian Federation noma isenzo somthetho esilawulayo senhlangano elawulayo yenhlangano yokulawulwa kwezobuchwepheshe siqala ukusebenza ngaphambi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kusukela ngosuku lokushicilelwa kwalo ngokusemthethweni. . Le mfuneko ayinakwa ku-Draft Law lapho kunqunywa isikhathi sokusebenza komthetho.
I-Potato Union ikholelwa ukuthi okwamanje, kungenzeka ukuxazulula inkinga yokuvimbela imbewu esezingeni eliphansi futhi engaqinisekisiwe ukuthi ingangeni emakethe, inkinga yokuvikela amalungelo abalimi, imbewu yabo evame ukusetshenziswa ngokungemthetho ekukhiqizeni, ngakho-ke abalimi. bancishwa ithuba lokuthola izinkokhelo ezifanele, mhlawumbe ngenye indlela ngaphandle kokwethula isitifiketi esiyisibopho.
I-Potato Union ihlongoza, ngokuhambisana noMthetho Wombuso wangomhla zi-01.12.2007 kuZibandlela wezi-315 N XNUMX-FZ “Kuzinhlangano Ezizilawulayo” (ngemuva kwalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi uMthetho wama-SRO), ukuhlanganisa abakhiqizi bembewu yezolimo babe izinhlangano ezizilawulayo futhi ukwethula izinhlinzeko ku-Federal Law "On Seed Growing", okusho ukuthi ilungelo lokuzibandakanya ekukhiqizeni imbewu lizoba ngeyezinhlangano ezingamalungu ezinhlangano ezizilawulayo zabakhiqizi bembewu (abakhiqizi bembewu be-SRO).
Ikakhulukazi, ngokuhambisana neNgxenye 2 ye-Article 1 yoMthetho wama-SRO, uMthetho Wombuso “Ekukhuleni Kwembewu” kufanele uhlanganise imithetho elawula imininingwane ethile yokutholwa, ukunqanyulwa kwesimo sama-SRO abakhiqizi bembewu, isimo esingokomthetho salokhu. izinhlangano ezizilawulayo, imisebenzi, inqubo yokwamukelwa kobulungu kanye nokunqanyulwa kobulungu kuma-SRO abakhiqizi bembewu, inqubo yokuqapha ama-SRO abakhiqizi bembewu phezu kwemisebenzi yamalungu abo kanye nokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuqondisa izigwegwe kumalungu abo, okuhlanganisa nokuhambisana nezidingo isitifiketi sembewu kanye nokuvinjelwa kokusatshalaliswa kwembewu engaqinisekisiwe, kanye nenqubo yokuqondisa umbuso ukulandelwa kwe-SROs yabakhiqizi bembewu nezidingo zomthetho we-Russian Federation olawula imisebenzi ehlobene nokukhiqizwa kwembewu, kanye nomthetho weRussian Federation ezinhlanganweni ezizilawulayo.
Kulokhu, izinhlinzeko eziningi zoMthethosivivinywa eziphathelene nezidingo. izidingo zabakhiqizi bembewu zingahlukaniswa njenge-SRO. Ikakhulukazi, lokhu kusebenza ezinhlinzekweni ze-Art. 19 “Izimfuneko zokukhiqizwa kwembewu yezitshalo zezolimo” mayelana nokutholakala kolwazi abakhiqizi bembewu okufanele baligcine isikhathi esithile. Ngokulandelayo, i-RSO ngayinye ezoqongelela lolu lwazi izoludlulisela Kurejista Yabakhiqizi Bembewu (Izinto Zokutshala).
Kubonakala sengathi ubulungu obuyimpoqo enhlanganweni ezilawulayo buzokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhulula imakethe yabakhiqizi bembewu kubahlanganyeli abangenangqondo, ukuthola ulwazi oluthembekile mayelana nabakhiqizi bembewu yezolimo, ubuningi, ukwenza ukulawula kwangaphakathi kochwepheshe emisebenzini yabo, ukulawula imbewu. ukuthobela kwabakhiqizi izivumelwano zamalayisense, okuhlanganisa ukuthobela izinkokhelo, ezisungulwe yilezi zivumelwano, futhi kuzophinde kunciphise kakhulu inzuzo yembewu engaqinisekisiwe.
3. Mayelana namaphasiphothi wofuzo
Ngokuhambisana ne-Art. 1 yomthethosivivinywa, ipasipoti yofuzo ichazwa “njengedokhumenti edalwe ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwesampula ye-DNA yezinhlobonhlobo noma ingxube yezitshalo zezolimo.”
Le ncazelo ayikwazi ukubhekwa njengenelisayo. Alukho ulwazi mayelana nohlobo nendawo yemvelaphi yombhalo, ulwazi mayelana nendlela yokudalwa kwawo, umthamo kanye nokujula kolwazi olunikeziwe. Alukho ulwazi lokuthi yiluphi uhlobo/izinhlobo zomaka wamangqamuzana ezizosetshenziswa “ukuhlaziya isampula ye-cultivar DNA.”
Umthethosivivinywa awunqumi ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa/ukumiswa kwezindlela “zokuhlaziywa kwesampula ye-varietal DNA” kuzokwenziwa kanjani eRussia nakwamanye amazwe.
Sikholelwa ukuthi imfuneko yokuhlinzekwa okuyisibopho kwepasipoti yofuzo ingase iholele ezingxabanweni zohwebo phakathi kweRussia namazwe angaphandle, njengoba kuphela ukuhlolwa kokufana, ukuhluka, nokuzinza (i-USD) okuqashelwa njengokusemthethweni kuwo wonke amalungu e-UPOV.
Kungase kube nengqondo ukushintsha igama elithi “genetic passport” igama elithi “DNA certification”, esiphakamisa ukuthi silicabangele njengokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obahlukahlukene obaziwa ngokujwayelekile bomaka be-DNA ukuze kuhlonzwe futhi kuqinisekiswe uhlobo (hybrid) ubunikazi bezitshalo zezolimo ezibhalisiwe. kuRejista Yombuso Yezimpumelelo Zokuzala egunyazwe ukusetshenziswa , kanye namaqoqo embewu yezitshalo zehlathi endaweni yeRussian Federation.
I-Potato Union njengamanje ihlongoza ukungabandakanyi izinhlinzeko eziphathelene namapasipoti ofuzo eMthethweni Osalungiswa.
4. Emandleni amasha, amalungelo kanye nezibopho zeziphathimandla zikahulumeni
I-Potato Union ikholelwa ukuthi ukwethulwa kuMthetho Osalungiswa wamandla amasha, amalungelo kanye nezibopho zeziphathimandla zikahulumeni kanye nenqubo ehlongozwayo yokuqaliswa kwazo kwezinye izimo kudlulele futhi kudinga ukucatshangelwa okwengeziwe nokucutshungulwa. Ngokuqondene:
4.1. Umthethosivivinywa unikeza ilungelo kunhlangano yesigungu esiphezulu sombuso ukusebenzisa imisebenzi yokulawula nokwengamela emkhakheni wokukhiqiza imbewu, kodwa awunqumi ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi elawulayo nokuthi iyiphi egadayo. Imuphi umsebenzi (ukulawula noma ukuqondisa), isibonelo, ukwenza ukuhlaziya ubungozi emkhakheni wokukhiqiza imbewu ohambisana nokusatshalaliswa kwembewu, okukhulunywe ngakho esigatshaneni sesi-4, ingxenye yesi-4, yobuciko. 4 Izikweletu? Yiziphi izingozi esikhuluma ngazo? Izinkinga ezifanayo azidingidwa ku-Art. 40 woMthethosivivinywa. Izinhlinzeko zimemezela ngokucacile ngokwemvelo futhi ziyikhophi engaphumelelanga yezinhlinzeko ezifanele ze-Federal Law "On Plant Quarantine".
4.2. Akukacaci ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuhlolwa okuhleliwe lapho kusetshenziswa ukulawula kombuso (ukuqondisa) emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwembewu, lapho inhlangano ephethe efanele kufanele yenze uhlelo lonyaka lokuhlolwa okuhleliwe (isigatshana sesi-3, ingxenye 1, isihloko 6 soMthethosivivinywa).
4.3. Ungasiqonda kanjani isibopho sebhodi eliphethe elifanele lokubeka ulwazi olutholakala esidlangalaleni ku-inthanethi mayelana nerejista yezindawo, izindawo ezikhulayo ze-Russian Federation (ingabe kucatshangwa ukuthi iRussian Federation izosebenza njengekhasimende njengesihloko senzuzo yomphakathi ?) imbewu (izinto zokutshala), imikhiqizo yembewu (awukho umqondo ku-Draft Law) futhi etholakala emazweni angaphandle, amaqembu ezifundazwe zangaphandle (kusho ukuthini ngokuthi “iqembu lezifundazwe” ngezinhloso zokusebenzisa lo mthetho)?
4.4. Sikholelwa ukuthi kuwukweqisa ukunikeza iRosselkhoznadzor igunya lokuhlela ukuhlolwa kwezitshalo (ukutshala), imbewu yezitshalo zezolimo ukuze kube khona izinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe izakhi ezitshalweni zezitshalo zezolimo kanye nembewu yezitshalo zezolimo. Inothi lencazelo Yomthetho Osalungiswa aliqukethe idatha ebonisa ukuba khona kwalawo maqiniso noma ubuningi bawo, ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuhlola isidingo sokwethula le misebenzi yokulawula.
4.5. Akucaci ukuthi ukuhlinzekwa okulandelayo kwesigaba sesi-3 se-Art. 34 woMthethosivivinywa:
Lapho ungenisa imbewu endaweni ye-Russian Federation, izitifiketi, amaphasiphothi ofuzo kanye nemibhalo yekhwalithi yembewu evela emazweni athumela ngaphandle kuyaqashelwa, kuncike ekuhlolweni kokuqala (ukulawulwa kokuhlola) kwama-laboratories okuhlola imbewu ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla, izindlela kanye nemiphumela yocwaningo, ngokuphinda kukhishwe izitifiketi zeRussian Federation.
Uma sikhuluma ngokuhlolwa kokuqala kwe-laboratory yezwe elithumela ngaphandle, kuzokwenziwa kanjani?
Uma sisho ilabhorethri yokuhlola etholakala endaweni yaseRussia futhi egunyaziwe ngokuhambisana nomthetho we-Russian Federation, khona-ke le mfuneko idlulele.
Futhi njalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, sidonsela ukunakekela eqinisweni lokuthi ezimweni eziningi kungase kudaleke umbono wokuthi uMthetho Osalungiswa unikeza inhlangano ephethe uhulumeni, esebenzisa imisebenzi yokulawula nokuqondisa emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwembewu, ilungelo lokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo izinhlangano ezingokomthetho nabantu ngabanye, okuphambene nomthetho we-Russian Federation.
Ikakhulukazi, isisekelo sokudweba isiphetho esinjalo silandela umongo wezigaba 3 no-4 ze-Art. 28 woMthethosivivinywa:
"Ukunqunywa kokuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe izakhi ezitshalweni zezitshalo zezolimo kanye nembewu yezitshalo zezolimo kwenziwa yinhlangano ephethe i-federal esebenzisa imisebenzi yokulawula nokuqondisa emkhakheni wokukhiqiza imbewu, ngezindleko zesabelomali sombuso lapho kuqaliswa ukusebenza. izinyathelo zokulawula.
Ukunqunywa kokuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo ezishintshwe izakhi ezitshalweni nasezimbewu zezitshalo ngesicelo sezakhamuzi nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezakhi zofuzo kwenziwa ngezindleko zezakhamuzi nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho.”
Sikholelwa ukuthi izinhlinzeko zoMthetho Osalungiswa mayelana nokunikezwa amandla amasha, amalungelo kanye nezibopho zeziphathimandla zikahulumeni, kanye nenqubo yokuqaliswa kwazo, ezimweni eziningi, zidinga ukubhekwa nokubuyekezwa okwengeziwe.
5. Amazwana e-athikili nge-athikili
5.1. Esigabeni sesi-2 se-athikili 9 “Ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kwezinhlobonhlobo noma okuxubile ukuze kube usizo kwezomnotho,” bonisa ukuthi isivuno njengesici sokunquma sohlobo olujwayelekile, ingxubevange evamile yezici eziwusizo kwezomnotho kanye (noma) nezakhiwo kunqunywa ngokuhambisana nesiqondiso ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobonhlobo (hybrid).
5.2. Isigaba sesi-3 ubuciko. 13 “Imbewu yokuzala” kufanele kushiwo kanje: “Imbewu ye-Hybrid yesizukulwane sokuqala iyimbewu yokuzala (yembewu yamazambane - ayikho ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwesibili).
5.3. Isigaba 17 "Isu lokukhiqiza imbewu yezinhlobonhlobo (i-hybrid) yezitshalo zezolimo", ngaphandle kwesigaba sesibili "Ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo noma i-hybrid yezitshalo zezolimo kwenziwa ngumsunguli wezinhlobonhlobo noma i-hybrid, ” kufanele ikhishwe embhalweni Wohlaka Lomthetho njengongenakho ukubaluleka kwezomthetho.
Isigaba sesibili kufanele sidluliselwe kwesinye isiqephu soMthetho Osalungiswa.
5.4. I-Athikili 18 “Ukusekelwa kwesayensi kokukhiqizwa kwembewu” kufanele kususwe embhalweni Wohlaka Lomthetho njengokungenakho ukubaluleka kwezomthetho.
5.5. Isigaba 19. “Izidingo zokukhiqiza imbewu yezitshalo zezolimo” zizoshiwo kanje:
"Ukukhiqiza imbewu, imbewu kufanele isetshenziswe, izinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo kanye nezinhlobo zembewu ezihambisana nezidingo zemibhalo yokulawula emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwembewu, egunyazwe yi-federal executive body esebenzisa imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa inqubomgomo yombuso kanye nomthethonqubo ensimini. yokukhiqizwa kwembewu, okuqinisekiswe yincwadi yokuthobela imithetho.
Akuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa imbewu (izinto zokutshala) ngezinhloso zokukhiqiza ezingcolisiwe noma ezingenwe yizinto zokuvalelwa, ngaphandle kwalapho kuhlinzekwe yimithetho nemithethonqubo yokuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo."
5.6. I-Athikili 20 "Izici zokukhiqizwa kwezigaba ezithile zembewu" kufanele zishiwo ngamagama alandelayo (kuncike ekwethulweni kwesahluko se-SRO):
Imbewu yokuqala, esezingeni eliphezulu kanye nekhiqizayo ingakhiqizwa kuphela abakhiqizi bembewu - amalungu e-SRO yabakhiqizi bembewu (abakhiqizi bembewu).
Imbewu yezigaba ezithile zezitshalo zasehlathini ikhiqizwa ngendlela esungulwe isigungu esiphezulu sigunyazwe uHulumeni Wenhlangano YaseRussia.
5.6. Isigaba 22. “Izindawo ezikhethekile zokukhiqiza imbewu yezitshalo zezolimo.”
Kubonakala sengathi okuqukethwe Art. 22 yoMthethosivivinywa incike ngokuqondile ekutheni yiziphi izinkinga ezithile ezizoxazululwa ngenqubo esungulwe uHulumeni Wenhlangano YaseRussia, ehlongozwa ukuthi inqunywe kusengaphambili.
Sikholelwa ukuthi le nqubo kufanele iqukathe, ikakhulukazi, uhlu lwamadokhumenti ethulwa ukuze kusungulwe indawo ekhethekile, inqubo yokudlulisa imibhalo, isikhathi sokuthathwa kwezinqumo, nezindaba zokuxazulula izingxabano ezingaba khona lapho kusungulwa izindawo ezikhethekile. Lezi zidingo kumele zifane kulo lonke elaseRussian Federation, njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, lisungulwa ngokuphathelene nendaba yokuhlengwa kwezindawo zomhlaba ezivela endaweni yombuso. Futhi izidingo zezindawo ezikhethekile ngokwazo kufanele zisungulwe yizinhlangano eziyingxenye ye-Russian Federation, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo, isimo sezulu kanye nezinye izimo zendawo lapho umfakisicelo ecela ukusungula indawo ekhethekile. Ebhekisela emandleni ezinhlaka eziyinhloko zeRussian Federation, udaba lokusungulwa kwezindawo ezikhethekile zokukhiqiza imbewu ngeke kusize nje ukudala izimo ezivumayo zokukhiqiza imbewu, kodwa futhi nokuvikela izithakazelo zabalimi bembewu ezenzweni ezingalungile zabanikazi bomhlaba ongumakhelwane. iziza.
Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, isifiso sokusungula indawo ekhethekile kufanele ivezwe ngumkhiqizi wembewu. Mayelana nalokhu, imibhalo kufanele iqale ihanjiswe kumzimba ogunyaziwe wenhlangano ekhona ye-Russian Federation, okufanele futhi iqaphe ukuhambisana nezidingo zendawo ekhethekile. Ulwazi mayelana nokusungulwa kwendawo eyisipesheli kufanele luhanjiswe esigungwini esiphezulu sikahulumeni esigunyaziwe.
5.6. I-Athikili 23 "Uhlelo lolwazi lwesifunda sombuso emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwembewu yezitshalo zezolimo" kufanele kushiwo kanje:
"Uhlelo lolwazi lombuso wombuso emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwembewu yezitshalo zezolimo (ngemuva kwalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lolwazi) lwenziwa yinhlangano ephethe i-federal esebenzisa imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa inqubomgomo yombuso kanye nomthethonqubo womthetho emkhakheni wokukhiqiza imbewu ukuze ukuqinisekisa ukulandeleka kwembewu yezitshalo zezolimo, kusukela kumkhiqizi wokuqala wembewu yenqwaba ehambisanayo kuya kumthengi wayo wokugcina, kanye nokuletha lolu lwazi kubakhiqizi bembewu yezitshalo zezolimo. Ukuhlinzekwa kolwazi oluqukethwe ohlelweni lolwazi lwenziwa ngefomu le-elekthronikhi ngaphandle kokukhokhisa imali.
Uhlu lwemininingwane okufanele lubekwe ohlelweni lolwazi, uhlu lwabantu abaphoqelekile ukuthi baluhlinzeke ngenhloso yokubekwa ohlelweni lolwazi, amafomu kanye nenqubo yokwamukelwa kwalo, uhlu lwabantu abanelungelo lokuthola lolu lwazi lusungulwa ngu. isimemezelo sikaHulumeni Wenhlangano YaseRussia.”
5.7. I-Article 25 "Izimali zomshuwalense wezimbewu" kufanele ziqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi: "Izimali zomshuwalense wembewu yezitshalo zehlathi", ngoba ukuzithandela kokubunjwa kwezimali zomshuwalense wezitshalo zehlathi kudinga ukulawulwa okuhlukile. Ikakhulukazi: umkhiqizi wembewu uthumela ingxenye yesivuno esikhwameni somshuwalense. Ingabe isikhwama sibophekile ukuba sisamukele? Nini? Imbewu kufanele igcinwe kuphi futhi, ngokufanelekile, ubani onesibopho sokuphepha kwazo? Eminye imibuzo engenzeka.
5.8. Isigaba 26 “Ukuthengwa, ukucubungula, ukugcinwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwembewu” kumele kubuyekezwe.
Ikakhulukazi, sikholelwa ukuthi abakhiqizi bembewu banelungelo lokunquma ngokuzimela ukuthi batshale imbewu noma izimfanelo zabo zokuhlwanyela ezingahlangabezani nezidingo zezinkomba zekhwalithi yembewu kanye nokuhlwanyela. Kungenzeka ukuthi uzisebenzisele wena. Kumthengi wembewu, into esemqoka ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwembewu. Angakwazi yini ukuthenga imbewu okufanayo akuqinisekisiwe? Kungenzeka. Lolu daba ludinga ukucatshangelwa.
I-Potato Union ihlongoza ukususa isigaba 5 ku-Art. 26 yomthethosivivinywa, owenqabela ukungeniswa kwembewu nezinto zokutshala e-Russian Federation ngenhloso yokuyisebenzisela ukuhlwanyela nokutshala ezifundazweni zangaphandle noma emaqenjini ezifundazwe zakwamanye amazwe, ngaphandle kwenhlangano yesigungu esiphezulu sombuso esisebenzisa imisebenzi yokulawula emkhakheni wembewu. ukukhiqizwa maqondana nembewu yezitshalo zezolimo, ukulawula ezindaweni zokulima, ukukhiqiza (kuhlanganise nokucubungula), ukuthunyelwa kwamaqoqo embewu.
Njengoba unyaka odlule ubonisile, ukuqaliswa kwalesi simiso kunzima kakhulu, ngoba umbandela wokwenza izenzo zokulawula endaweni yamazwe angaphandle noma amaqembu ezizwe zangaphandle udinga imvume yeziphathimandla ezinekhono zalezi zifundazwe, lezi ziphathimandla ezikhona. akaphoqelekile ukupha. Azikho izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ngalolu daba. Ngokusekelwe kuleli qiniso kuphela, lesi silungiselelo akufanele sibe khona emthethweni wombuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlanganyeli emakethe yembewu babheka le misebenzi yokulawula njengengasebenzi, njengoba kunezinye izindlela, kuhlanganise nalezo eziqashelwa umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, zokwenza izinyathelo zokulawula imbewu evela kwamanye amazwe. Ngakho, ngokuhambisana neNgxenye 13 ye-Art. 7 Umthetho Wombuso “OkuLawulwa Kwezifundazwe Emkhakheni Wemisebenzi Yobunjiniyela Bezakhi Zofuzo” (ngemuva kwalokhu Umthetho No. 86-FZ) I-Rosselkhoznadzor inelungelo lokulawula ukungeniswa kwezinto eziphilayo eziguqulwe ngofuzo kanye nembewu endaweni ye-Russian Federation ezindaweni zokuhlola. kuwo wonke umngcele we-State of the Russian Federation.
5.8. I-athikili 28 kanye ne-Article 29 yoMthetho Osalungiswa, esungula izimfuneko zokunquma izinkomba zezinhlobonhlobo nezokuhlwanyela zekhwalithi yembewu, kanye nokuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo ezenziwe ngofuzo ezitshalweni nasembewu yezitshalo zezolimo, zidinga ukubuyekezwa.
Lezi zimiso zigcwele kakhulu ukubolekwa, kukhona ukuphindaphinda, kunezinhlinzeko iNyunyana Yamazambane engavumelani nazo, isibonelo, inkomba ku-Draft Law ngesidingo sokulawula umhlabathi.
5.9. I-Athikili 32 “I-Turnover of seed lots” yengezelelwa ngesigaba esilandelayo:
"Endaweni yeRussian Federation, ukusakazwa kwembewu engaqinisekisiwe akuvunyelwe, kanye nembewu engabhalisiwe kuRejista Yezimpumelelo Zokukhetha, egunyazwe ukusetshenziswa, futhi ekhonjiswe ohlwini lwezitshalo zezolimo ezigunyazwe uHulumeni iRussian Federation.”
5.10. I-athikili 33. Ukuthengiswa nokuthuthwa kwenqwaba yembewu.
Uhlongoza ukungafaki izigaba 3 no-4 zobuciko embhalweni. 33 woMthethosivivinywa, ovumela ukuthuthwa kwembewu esimweni esingapakishiwe. I-Potato Union ikholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthwa kwazo ZONKE iziqephu zembewu kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela ehlanganisiwe.
5.11. I-Article 34 "Ngenisa e-Russian Federation kanye nokuthekelisa okuvela e-Russian Federation", ngokombono we-Potato Union, kufanele igcinwe enguqulweni yamanje yoMthetho we-Federal "On Seed Growing".
5.12. Mayelana nezinhlinzeko eziphathelene nokulawulwa kombuso (ukuqondisa) emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwembewu, isikhundla seNyunyana Yamazambane sivezwe ngenhla (isigatshana sesi-4 sale nothi).
5.13. Isahluko 3 “Ukuqapha isimo sembewu (impahla yokutshala) nezinto zokukhiqiza imbewu.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, umqondo “wezinto zokukhiqiza imbewu” awudalulwa nguMthetho Osalungiswa.
I-Potato Union ihlongoza ukungabandakanyi lesi sahluko embhalweni woMthetho Osalungiswa, njengoba ukuqapha kuyithuluzi elidingekayo lokunquma izinkomba zezinhlobonhlobo nezokuhlwanyela zekhwalithi yembewu (izinto zokutshala), futhi kuzibonakalisa ekusetshenzisweni kwemisebenzi echazwe ku. Art. 28-30 woMthethosivivinywa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqapha kuhlobene ngokuqondile nokuqaliswa kokulawula kanye nemisebenzi yokuqondisa eyenziwa yinhlangano yesigungu esiphezulu sikahulumeni esigunyaziwe.
Izinhlinzeko zomthethosivivinywa, ezifana nezinhlinzeko zeCh. 3, yenza isenzo esivamile sibe nzima ngaphandle kokuthwala noma yimuphi umthwalo ongokomthetho.
isiphetho
Uhlaka Lomthetho Wombuso “Ekukhuleni Kwembewu” udinga ukubuyekezwa okubalulekile, okuhlanganisa maqondana nokuwenza uhambisane nomthetho wamanje. Umthetho wokulawula kufanele uqukathe, ikakhulukazi, imithetho yokuzithiba emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwembewu, okuzovumela umphakathi okhulayo wembewu ukuba ulawule ukusakazwa kwembewu, ukuhambisana nemfuneko yokuvimbela ukusakazwa kwembewu engaqinisekisiwe, njll.
Ngemva kokwenza izinguquko ezifanele kanye nezengezo, uMthetho Osalungiswa Wenhlangano “Ekukhiqizweni Kwembewu” ungaphinda uthunyelwe ukuze kuxoxwe ngawo.
Usihlalo weNyunyana uLupekhin S.N.