Abakhiqizi bamazambane e-Kyrgyzstan banamandla amakhulu abangakawaboni. Amasiko okulima eminyaka eminyaka ubudala, ukubandakanyeka okukhulu kwabantu ekukhiqizeni kwezolimo, isithakazelo sokuthola imali ezinzile - konke lokhu kunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kokukhula kwamazambane e-republic.
Imigomo ephezulu
Amazambane ngokungangabazeki athathwa njengesilimo esinenzuzo kakhulu ukulinywa ngaphansi kwezimo ze-Kyrgyz Republic (KR). Njalo ngonyaka, ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-74 amathani ezigaxa ezitshalwayo ezweni endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-1,25. Kulokhu, u-45% usele ukuthi udliwe ekhaya, u-20-25% usetshenziselwa izimbewu bese inani elifanayo lithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kanti u-4-5% osele usetshenziselwa ifolishi.
"Amazambane angenye yezitshalo ezibalulekile eziqinisekisa ukufezeka kwezinhloso emkhakheni wentuthuko esimeme ye-republic," kusho usihlalo wenhlangano ye-cluster "Potatoes of the Kyrgyz Republic", umsunguli nomsunguli we-AgroWay Holding. Kayyrkul Kazylaeva. – Le migomo ibandakanya ikakhulukazi ukuqedwa kobubha nendlala, ukwakhiwa kwamathuba emisebenzi kanye nokukhula komnotho.
Indawo ephelele ngaphansi kwamazambane kusukela ngo-2018 kuya ku-2022 yehle ngo-14,7%, umthamo wokukhiqiza wehla, kodwa isivuno sikhuphuke ngo-2,2%. Ngokwemininingwane esemthethweni evela ku-National Statistical Committee yase-Kyrgyz Republic, isilinganiso sayo sisuka ku-16,8 siye ku-17,2 t/ha. Nokho, ngokolwazi oluvela kubalimi basezifundeni zase-Issyk-Kul naseChui, isivuno sezitshalo sisukela ku-30 kuya ku-55 t/ha. Futhi ezifundeni zaseJalal-Abad, Osh naseBatken, abalimi baqoqa kusuka kumathani angama-20 kuye kwangama-35 ihektha ngalinye.
Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi inani elikhulu lamazambane eRiphabhulikhi litshalwa esifundeni sase-Issyk-Kul - 35%, i-akhawunti ye-Talas ne-Osh i-15% ne-16%, i-Chui ne-Jalal Abad - i-10% ne-13%, isifunda saseNaryn ne-Batken - 8% no-3% ngokulandelana.
Yindaba ngokwayo
Ngenxa yemvelo nesimo sezulu saseKyrgyzstan, abalimi abaningi bagxila ekutshaleni imbewu. Futhi imikhiqizo yezentengiselwano ivame ukuthengiswa "njengomkhiqizo" wokukhiqiza.
"Sizibandakanye nalesi sitshalo kusukela entwasahlobo ka-2018," kusho umqondisi we-Seed Potato LLC. Kurmanbek Otorov, – futhi kule sizini balime indawo engamahektha angama-24. Ngonyaka omuhle, sivame ukumba amathani angama-20-25 wezilimo eziyizigaxa ngehektha. Kodwa uma kuvela isithwathwa ehlobo, isivuno singase sehle sibe amathani ayi-16-17. Eminyakeni emihlanu, abalimi abaningi bamazambane eKyrgyzstan nasemariphabhuliki angomakhelwane sebengamakhasimende ethu avamile. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu ezingakulungele ukutshalwa zidayiselwa abantu ukuze bathole ukudla. Sinendawo yokugcina amazambane yesimanje eyenzelwe amathani ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ngobuningi kanye namathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,5 ezikhwameni. Yakhiwa ngemali evela kumsunguli webhizinisi, inkampani yaseRussia iVolovskaya Tekhnika LLC. Indawo yokugcina impahla igcwaliswa ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, bese kuthi amazambane athengiswayo adayiswe ubusika bonke, ikakhulukazi emakethe yezitolo ezinkulu. Imbewu yembewu idayiswa ngaphambi kokuqala komkhankaso wokutshala maphakathi noMeyi.
“Ipulazi lami belisebenza ngezinhlobo zamazambane ezisezingeni eliphezulu kusukela ngo-2017,” kusho usomabhizinisi ngamunye. Omar Sheshanlo. – Ukukhiqizwa kwembewu kwenziwa endaweni engamahektha angama-23. Isivuno singamathani angama-30-35 ehektheleni ngalinye, kodwa ngokuqhuba izivivinyo ngezinhlobo ngazinye, ngaphinda kabili lesi sibalo. Kuphela ukukhiqizwa kokuqala nokwesibili kuthunyelwa ukudayiswa, futhi phakathi kwabathengi kukhona abalimi bemifino abavela kuso sonke isifunda sase-Asia Ephakathi. Elinye lamasiko agcinwe endaweni yangakithi yaseChui Valley libandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu zokutshala izitshalo. Abakhiqizi basika amazambane anjalo abe izingxenye eziningana, njengoba kwenza okhokho bethu eminyakeni engu-150 edlule, abathi: “Uma utshala izambane elikhulu, liyoba likhulu.” Ngakho-ke, ngizama ukutshala imbewu yengxenyana engu-6+. Indawo yokugcina imifino epulazini yakhiwe emuva ezikhathini zaseSoviet, kodwa ixazulula umsebenzi wayo kahle. Lapha, ngaphambi kokuqala kwesizini entsha, kuvame ukuba namathani angama-500-600 wembewu yezidingo zethu.
Yize ukucutshungulwa kwamazambane esifundeni sase-Asia Ephakathi ngokuvamile kungathuthukisiwe kahle, akhona amapulazi asebenza ngokukhethekile kule ndawo.
“Inkampani yethu yavela ngo-1997 njengeshabhu elincane lokukhiqiza ama-chips, elavulwa abashadile uJoseph noNina Menhus,” kuchaza umqondisi omkhulu wepulazi laseKirby. Alexander Kolodyazhny. - Ukuhlangana kwabo eminyakeni embalwa kamuva nomnikazi wenkampani i-Agrafrost, ebenza amazambane eJalimane, kwaba yinhlekelele. U-Reinold Stover wanquma ukusekela ozakwabo bokuqala ngokuhlinzeka ngemishini yobuchwepheshe yokutshala amazambane kanye nembewu yezinhlobonhlobo ezidingekayo. Isazi sezolimo esiyinhloko sale nkampani, uJürgen Bruer, wathunyelwa epulazini futhi wasifundisa indlela yokutshala ama-chips amazambane. Futhi namuhla inkampani yethu ingenye ehamba phambili phakathi kwalabo abasebenza ngokukhethekile ekukhiqizeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamazambane e-republic. Endaweni engamahektha ayi-150 sithola izinto zokusetshenziswa zefekthri yethu ekhiqiza ama-chips kanye notshani. Amanye angama-50 abelwe ukukhiqiza imbewu. Isivuno esijwayelekile sidlula amathani angama-40 ehektheleni. Futhi umthamo wethu we-warehouse usivumela ukuthi sigcine imikhiqizo yezolimo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ikhwalithi kuze kube isivuno esilandelayo.
Amandla angasetshenzisiwe
Ezifundeni ezingaphansi kwe-republic, ezisendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,5-3,2 ngaphezu kolwandle, kutholakala izimo ezivumayo kakhulu zembewu yamazambane. Ngisho nasehlobo elishisayo, isimo sezulu sihlala sipholile lapha futhi azikho izinambuzane ezithwala izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
“Ngeshwa, namuhla eKyrgyzstan awukho umsebenzi wokuzalanisa, ayikho neyodwa ilabhorethri ye-in vitro,” kuphawula. Kayyrkul Kazylaeva. - Amapulazi akhethekile, angabalwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, athenge izinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme eYurophu, aziphindaphinde futhi azithengisele abakhiqizi bamazambane etafuleni. Bahlinzeka ngembewu yezinhlobo zakuqala, zamaphakathi nesikhathi kanye nezakamuva zemakethe yasekhaya kanye nemikhiqizo ethunyelwa ngaphandle.
- Ngonyaka odlule, cishe amathani ayinkulungwane abantu abakhethekile bangeniswa ezweni, kusho Alexander Kolodyazhny. - Ukudiliva okunjalo kwenziwa njalo, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi sidinga isikhungo sethu sokukhiqiza imbewu eyinhloko. Lesi yisimo esincintisana kakhulu futhi kuzoba nzima ukuncintisana nemikhiqizo esivele ikhona emakethe. Kodwa ngaphandle kokukhethwa kwasekhaya kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zendawo ezikhiqizayo, ngeke siphumelele ngempela.
“Sithenga i-elite seed material eNetherlands,” ulandisa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe Kurmanbek Otorov, - naseRussia, esifundeni saseKrasnodar. Bese sisakaza emasimini ethu kuze kufike ukukhiqizwa kokuqala nokwesibili. Ngokubona umthwalo omkhulu esinawo, sithobela zonke izinqubo zobuchwepheshe. Abahloli bavame ukuvakashela ipulazi futhi bahlole futhi banikeze izitifiketi zemikhiqizo. Siphinde sizibophezele ekuqhakambiseni ukusetshenziswa kwembewu yeqophelo eliphezulu futhi senze nemicimbi yokuqeqesha abalimi.
Indlela eya emishinini
I-Asia Ephakathi ingenye yezifunda lapho inzuzo ephezulu kwezolimo ingenakufinyelelwa ngaphandle kokunisela okwengeziwe kwamasimu. Ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ezitshalweni ezithanda umswakama.
“Ezindaweni zethu, akukho lutho olukhula ngaphandle kokunisela,” kuphawula Alexander Kolodyazhny. – Kuyathandeka ukuthi ukuchelela kwenziwe ngomshini: ukufafaza noma ukuconsa. Sisebenzise ngempumelelo zombili izinhlelo, kodwa okwamanje sikuyekile "ukwehla". Idinga abasebenzi abaningi futhi ibiza kakhulu indlela ngaphansi kwezimo zamanje. Eminyakeni yakamuva, besisebenzisa imishini yokunisela ye-pivot ebanzi ephakathi nendawo.
“Ukusebenza endaweni eshisayo kunezici zako siqu,” kuqinisekisa Kurmanbek Otorov. – Sinisela sisebenzisa ikhoyili yasensimini, simpompa amanzi kuhlelo lokuchelela emachibini aseduze. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela yezandla, usebenzisa imisele, isasetshenziswa. Akuwona wonke amapulazi, ikakhulukazi amancane, angakwazi ukuthenga imishini yokuchelela. Ngakho-ke lokhu kuwukuhlonipha ngenkani isiko.
“Nginohlelo lwami lokukhiqiza imbewu,” kuchaza Omar Sheshanlo, – okudinga ukuniselwa okuyimpoqo kanye nezinqubo ezithile zezolimo. Ngiyisazi sezolimo namahlathi futhi ngizijwayeza izindlela ezingajwayelekile zokutshala amazambane. Ngakho-ke, lapho ngihlela ukuchelela, ngihlala ngifuna izindlela ezilungile zokusiza ukwandisa umkhiqizo.
Isihloko sokusebenza kwemishini yezolimo eKyrgyzstan, lapho umsebenzi wezandla usasakazwa kabanzi, sisalokhu singesinye sezicindezela kakhulu. Abalimi bezitshalo bathenga imishini namayunithi adingekayo, kodwa becabangela amandla abo ezezimali.
“Imishini yokutshala amazambane epulazini ikakhulukazi isiRashiya,” kusho Kurmanbek Otorov. - Iyathengeka futhi ihlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo zethu. Kukhona futhi ogandaganda ababili baseBelarusian namayunithi aseTurkey: i-tillage cutter kanye ne-sprayer.
“Imishini, insimu kanye nemishini yokugcina amazambane epulazini lethu imelelwa yizixazululo ezivela ezinkampanini ezihamba phambili zaseNtshonalanga,” kusho. Alexander Kolodyazhny. - Asiziboni ezinye izinketho mayelana nokusebenza kahle nokuthembeka emakethe yomhlaba.
“Sinomshini wokutshala amazambane owenziwe eRussia kanye ne-digger yamazambane,” kuphawula Omar Sheshanlo, – kodwa izilimo eziyizigaxa ziqoqwa phansi ngesandla. Izisebenzi ezisebenza esizeni ziyazihlukanisa zibe izinhlobo nezingxenyana ukuze zithengise imikhiqizo ngokuqondile endaweni. Lokhu kunenzuzo kakhulu kunokuyisa isivuno endaweni yokugcina impahla, ukusihlela lapho futhi sikugcine kuze kufike intwasahlobo. Yiqiniso, kunesifiso sokuthenga imishini yesimanje, kodwa lokhu kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu.
Ngokunqoba
"Ukuze kuthuthukiswe imboni encane e-republic, ukubambisana phakathi kwabalimi kuyadingeka," kukholelwa Alexander Kolodyazhny. - Okokuqala, lokhu kungenxa yezinto ezingavamile zokusetshenziswa komhlaba. Ngenxa yezinguquko, cishe amahektha ayisigidi omhlaba olimekayo ahlukaniswa aba amasheya. Ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba ingene ezandleni zangasese ngendlela yeziqephu ezincane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi amapulazi amancane afinyelela ku-100 asebenza kumahektha ayi-200. Kuzoxazululwa kanjani-ke izindaba zokwakha ingqalasizinda, ukuhlela ukuchelela, nokunye okuningi? Kuphela ngokuhlanganisa.
"Phakathi kwezinto ezibeka umkhawulo ubunzima bokusebenzisa," kusho Omar Sheshanlo. – Abamele amabhizinisi akwamanye amazwe bavakashele ipulazi lethu izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa futhi baqaphela izinga eliphezulu lembewu etshalwa lapha. Silwela ukusebenza ngendlela ezothakazelisa abalimi abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene. Kodwa kulesi sigaba asinawo amathuluzi okuthuthukisa umkhiqizo ophelele.
“Zisekhona izinkinga ezinkulu ekulinyweni kwamazambane,” kusho Kayyrkul Kazylaeva. - Ukuze sizixazulule, sisebenzisana ngokugcwele neziphathimandla futhi sihehe ochwepheshe bemakethe abagunyazwe kakhulu. Isibonelo, sibambisana ne-AgroWay Holding, ebambe iqhaza ekulimeni amazambane futhi ihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokubonisana emkhakheni wezolimo.
I-Cluster iqondisa
I-cluster association "Potato KR" yavela ngo-2022 ngohlelo lwezinkampani zendawo zezolimo, imifelandawonye nabalimi abakhulu. “Iqoqo lamazambane ladalelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kokudla kweriphabhulikhi,” kuphawula Kaiyrkul Kazylaeva, - ukwandisa ukuncintisana ngokwandisa isivuno, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yezolimo, ukunciphisa izindleko kubalimi ngokwethula izinqubo ezihamba phambili zomhlaba. Inhlangano ibona umsebenzi wayo njengokunxenxa kanye nokuvikela izintshisekelo zamalungu ayo emkhakheni wezomthetho, wentela kanye nezimakethe.
Iqoqo lihlanganisa abahlanganyeli abangaphezu kuka-200 ezweni lonke, kuhlanganise nabakhiqizi bemikhiqizo yokuthengisa kanye nembewu. Njalo ngonyaka bakhiqiza amathani afinyelela ku-100 XNUMX wamazambane wetafula kanye namanye amathani ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu embewu yokukhiqiza kokuqala nokwesibili.
"Sigcina ukuxhumana njalo nabaphathi be-cluster," kusho Alexander Kolodyazhny.- Ubuchwepheshe balaba bantu kanye nesifiso sezinguquko ezinhle kukhuthaza inhlonipho. Bakwazi ukuhlela nokuhlanganisa abalimi, ababejwayele ukuzihlukanisa, ukuze bazuze okuhle kubo bonke.
“Iriphabhulikhi inamathuba amaningi emkhakheni wezolimo,” ngiyaqiniseka Kayyrkul Kazylaeva. - Singakwazi ukumboza ngokuphelele izidingo zethu zamazambane kanye nembewu (okwamanje izinhlobo zikhethwa kwamanye amazwe). Ukuqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa kwabo e-Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Russia nakwamanye amazwe. Mningi umsebenzi okufanele wenziwe, kodwa lokhu akusethusi.
“Unyaka nonyaka sisebenzela ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza nokwandisa isivuno,” uyaqinisekisa Kurmanbek Otorov. – Ngiyazi ukuthi sinamathemba amahle kakhulu ngekusasa. Kunezimakethe ezinkulu ezisizungezile ezidinga imikhiqizo yethu, futhi sikulungele ukusebenza kanzima ukuze sizinqobe.
U-Irina Berg