I-Kazakhstan ithatha isikhundla esiphambili mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwamazambane e-Asia Ephakathi. Ngemuva kwenhlekelele kwezolimo ngeminyaka yawo-1990, iRiphabhulikhi yasheshe yaletha umkhakha ongaphansi ezingeni elisha ngokwekhwalithi. Futhi namuhla ayigcini ngokuhlinzeka ngokugcwele ngamazambane, kodwa futhi ingumthumeli oqinile wawo.
I-Quantum igxuma
Amazambane anamuhla akhula eRiphabhulikhi yaseKazakhstan (RK) asungulwa kusukela ngo-2007 kuya ku-2014. Kusukela lapho, ukukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo bekukhula ngenxa yokwenyuka kwezinga lokukhiqiza kwezolimo kanye nekhono labalimi.
“Amazambane awumkhiqizo obalulekile emphakathini futhi obaluleke kakhulu esifundeni,” kuchaza uSihlalo Webhodi Lenyunyana Yabalimi Bezambane Nemifino yaseKazakhstan. Kairat Bisetaev. - Ezimweni zezinkinga zomnotho kanye nezinselelo zezwe, isiko lixazulula ngempumelelo izindaba zokuvikeleka kokudla kwawo wonke amazwe.
Kunamapulazi angaba ngu-160 eRiphabhulikhi atshala amazambane esikalini sezimboni. Indawo yonke ngaphansi kwezitshalo ngo-2023 idlule amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-36. Isivuno esijwayelekile samapulazi abalimi abancane singama-15-25 t/ha, kwamakhulu - 30-45 t/ha. Eningizimu yezwe, abameleli bemboni engaphansi bayakwazi ukuvuna isivuno esigcwele kabili ngonyaka, eyokuqala "evala" inkathi engaphandle kwenkathi kusukela ngoJuni kuya kuJulayi kuhlanganisa.
"Ngo-Okthoba, ipulazi laqeda ukuvuna amazambane endaweni engamahektha angama-205, ayisishiyagalombili kuwo abengaphansi kwembewu," kusho isazi sezolimo namahlathi se-Agropeasant Dvor TOO. Александр Matvienko. – Emzamweni wokukhulisa inzuzo yezitshalo, sethula ubuchwepheshe obuphambili ohlelweni lokukhiqiza. Ngenxa yalokho, kwezinye izindawo sithola imikhiqizo efinyelela kumathani angama-63 ehektheleni ngalinye.
"Ekuqaleni kwesizini, amahektha angama-336 abekelwe amazambane," kusho umqondisi we-Baimyrza Agro-2018 LLP. UMaxim Bukaemsky. – Izinga lesivuno esiphansi inkampani yethu enamathela kulo ngamathani angama-40 ihektha ngalinye. Nokho, kuye ngonyaka, lesi sibalo singakhula sifike ezikhathini ezine nengxenye.
Umqondisi we-Astyk-STEM LLP uyaqinisekisa: USergei Zvolsky. Ngo-2022, inkampani eniselwa ngamaconsi yathola amathani angama-57 amazambane ngehektha ngalinye ngesivuno esiphakathi kwamathani angama-38-40.
"Kule sizini sitshale izitshalo kumahektha angama-416," umqondisi we-Naydorovskoye LLP uqhubeka nesihloko. Pavel Lushchak. - Ukuhlanza inqwaba epulazini kuvame ukuqala ngoSepthemba 21 futhi kuphele amasonto amathathu kamuva. Eminyakeni engavamile, izikhathi zokugcina ziyagudluzwa, njengalesi sikhathi. Ngenxa yezimvula ezinamandla, saqala ukumba amazambane ngoSepthemba 43, kodwa isilinganiso sesivuno sasingaphezu konyaka odlule: amathani angama-37 ehektheleni ngalinye uma kuqhathaniswa nama-XNUMX.
Ihlombe elinamandla
Eminyakeni engaba ngu-10 edlule, izinhlangano zokuqala zezimboni nezinyunyana zavela e-republic, ezaqala ngokuhlelekile ukuvikela izithakazelo zabalimi. Umsebenzi wabo ukudlulisela ulwazi oludingekayo kuhulumeni futhi, kanye nalo, ukuthatha izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokuxazulula izinkinga.
"I-Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers yaseKazakhstan, eyakhiwe ngo-2008, ibisebenza ngokugcwele kusukela ngo-2016," kusho. Kairat Bisetaev. “Kusukela lapho besinikeza iziphathimandla imininingwane yakamuva mayelana nesimo semboni engaphansi. Umphumela wezingxoxo esikwazile ukuzisungula wukuvela kwezinyathelo ezingakaze zibonwe zokwesekwa kombuso. Isibonelo, ukuxhasa ingxenye yezindleko zabalimi zokuhlela ukuchelela, ukuthenga umanyolo wamaminerali nezibulala-zinambuzane.
Kusukela ngo-2023, uxhaso lwangaphambili lwamaphesenti angama-25 lokwakhiwa kwezindawo zokugcina amazambane nemifino lukhuphuke lwafinyelela kumaphesenti angama-40. Uma umkhiqizi efaka izinto zesiqandisi ukuze agcine imikhiqizo yesivuno sangaphambilini ehlobo, uzonxeshezelwa ngo-50% wezindleko. Ukusekelwa kukahulumeni kunikezwa labo abathenga imishini yezolimo, izinto zokusebenza, nakwezinye izindawo eziningi.
"U-50% wezindleko zembewu yokukhiqiza kokuqala nawo uyaxhaswa," uyanezela Pavel Lushchak. – Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbuso ubuyisela u-75% wezindleko zokukhokhela izinsiza zokulethwa kwamanzi kusetshenziswa imishini yokuphakamisa ukuchelela.
Akhona amandla
Amabhizinisi ezolimo eKazakhstan atshala ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zamazambane ezikhethiwe zesiJalimane nesiDashi. Abalimi bathenga izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu zakwamanye amazwe bese bezisakaza emasimini abo ekukhiqizeni kokuqala nokwesibili.
“Izinhlobo zezitshalo zasekhaya azikwazi ukuncintisana nezaseYurophu, ngokuba ngaphansi kwazo ngokwemakethe, ukugcina izinga, nokumelana nezifo,” ngiyaqiniseka. Kairat Bisetaev. - Zonke zafuywa ezifundeni eziseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-republic, nakuba amazambane atshalwa kakhulu enyakatho yezwe, lapho kudingeka khona izinhlobo ezinenkathi emfushane yokukhula.
“Sekuyiminyaka eminingi sisebenzisa imbewu yaseYurophu,” kuqinisekisa Pavel Lushchak, - kodwa lapho izinkinga nge-logistics ziqala, izindleko zabo zanda kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kule sizini sithathe iqoqo lezimbewu ezivela eTurkey ukuze sizihlole, okuhlanganisa nokudiliva, kwasibiza uhhafu walokho.
“Okwamanje kunesidingo sokuthi kugxilwe ekukhiqizeni imbewu,” kusho UMaxim Bukaemsky. Ngo-2021, ngohlelo lweKazakhstan Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers, kwethulwa iphrojekthi lapho inkampani yaseDashi i-NAK, kanye nochwepheshe baseBelgium, behlola amasimu anembewu yamazambane, ngokwesibonelo, epulazini lethu, ngendlela yokuhlola. . Lokhu kunikeza i-republic ithuba langempela lokukhuphukela ezingeni labakhiqizi baseYurophu.
“Unyaka nonyaka sihlola izinhlobo ezintsha zamazambane,” kusho Alexander Matvienko, – siyazikhethela lezo ezigcinwe kahle, ezikhombisa isivuno esihle nezinga eliphezulu. Manje sesicabanga ngokujulile ngeqhaza lethu ekuthuthukisweni kokukhiqizwa kwembewu. Ngokuthenga i-super elite eYurophu noma e-Russia, singasakaza imbewu futhi sinikeze imakethe yasekhaya abantu abakhethekile.
“Ekukhethweni nasekukhiqizeni imbewu, sisancike ngokuphelele ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe,” kuphetha Kairat Bisetaev. - Kodwa sinawo wonke amathuba okulima ngempumelelo imbewu yamazambane: isimo sezulu sezwekazi elibukhali, izindawo ezinkulu, izindawo ezinkulu ezingaphansi kokunisela. Namuhla, iNyunyana, kanye ne-Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, ngoxhaso oluvela ku-Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ilungiselela uhlaka lomthetho oluzovumela ukushintshela ohlelweni lokuhlola kanye nesitifiketi olufana nolwaseYurophu. Le phrojekthi ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-NAK, osekuxoxwe ngayo, ihloselwe ukudala izimo zokubambisana nezinkampani zaseNtshonalanga. Bafuna nje amazwe lapho bengatshala khona imbewu ezithengiswayo ezimakethe ezikhulayo zase-Asia.
EYurophu - Asia
Insimu, imishini yokugcina impahla, imishini kanye nemishini yokuchelela emapulazini aseKazakhstani ikhiqizwa ikakhulukazi eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika.
“Abalimi bethu bamazambane,” uyaqinisekisa Kairat Bisetaev, - mayelana nemishini yezobuchwepheshe, izinga lobuchwepheshe bokukhula kwezitshalo nokugcina izitshalo, cishe awekho ngaphansi kwabalimi baseNtshonalanga.
"Kunabathengisi abathathu abakhulu babakhiqizi bomhlaba bemishini yezolimo e-republic," kuphawula Alexander Matvienko. - Banikeza inhlobonhlobo yemikhiqizo. Noma yimiphi imishini namayunithi kusesitokweni, futhi kwezinye izingxenye kudingeka i-oda langaphambilini.
"Lapho sithenga imishini yaseNtshonalanga, sigxila ekuthembekeni kwayo," kuchaza ukukhetha kwakhe USergei Zvolsky. - Sizama ukuthatha izimoto ezinemisebenzi eyengeziwe ukuze siwasebenzise ngokugcwele amakhono azo. Isibonelo, sinogandaganda onobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nesivuni esizihambelayo esisingatha konke ukuvuna.
Ukufinyelela emithonjeni
Amapulazi eRiphabhulikhi atshala amazambane ngezinga lezimboni anezinhlelo zokunisela zesimanje.
“Sisebenzisa amanzi ezikhukhula, siwaqoqe ezihlengeni ezikhethekile entwasahlobo, lapho iqhwa lincibilika,” kusho Pavel Lushchak. “Ngenxa yokunisela, sikwazile ukwandisa isivuno izikhathi eziningi, ihekitha elilodwa lensimu eniselwayo lashintsha indawo eyomile engamahekitha angama-30-35.
"Sinezifafaza zohlobo oluyindilinga," usho kanjena ngolwazi lwakhe. UMaxim Bukaemsky. – Asikwazi ukukhokhela ezingaphambili ngenxa yesimo sezwe. Kodwa ukusebenza ezindaweni ezinamagquma kunezinzuzo zako. Yile ndlela esifinyelela ngayo emithonjeni yamanzi eseduze kwamagquma.
“Namuhla indawo eniselwa ngenkasa epulazini ingamahektha angama-600,” kuchaza Alexander Matvienko, - kodwa ngonyaka ozayo kuzokwanda ngomunye 200. Ngeshwa, lokhu umkhawulo, ngaphandle kwalokho phakathi nenkathi ngeke sibe namanzi anele atholwe echibini lasePodlesnenskoye.
“Inkinga yokuntuleka kwamanzi, njengasemazweni amaningi, ibaluleke kakhulu,” kusho USergei Zvolsky. “Ekuzixazululeni, saqala ukumba imithombo futhi sathola imithombo eminingana, lapho manje sekunamadamu anomthamo wama-cubic metres ayizinkulungwane eziyi-8-10.
Misa izici
Izizathu eziningi zenhloso zivimbela ukufezeka kwamandla amakhulu e-republic ekutshalweni kwamazambane.
“Obunye bobunzima obuphambili kusalokhu ukushoda kwemali yokusebenza,” kusho Kairat Bisetaev. – Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, akubona bonke abalimi abathobela ubuchwepheshe futhi abakwazi ukuthola isivuno esihle kanye nemikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu. Abakhiqizi abancane abasebenza ngaphandle kwezisebenzi eziqashiwe bantula kakhulu amakhono adingekayo.
“Ukuntuleka kongoti embonini sekusondele kakhulu,” kuzikhalela Alexander Matvienko. - Futhi ngisho nabaphothule ezikhungweni zemfundo ezikhethekile abafuni ukusebenza kwezolimo. Ochwepheshe bezolimo namahlathi abahle, abasebenzisa imishini, kanye nochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe basifanele isisindo sabo njengegolide, futhi bazama ngawo wonke amandla abo ukubagcina.
“Inkampani yethu, lapho ixazulula izinkinga zabasebenzi, ibheka abafana abafanelekile ngesikhathi besafunda esikoleni noma ekolishi,” kusho. USergei Zvolsky.– Futhi ukuze abantu bangahambi ukuze bathole izinga lempilo engcono, sizama ukusula umugqa phakathi kwedolobha nedolobhana, sidale izimo ezivumayo kubasebenzi.
Ngokusho kwe-Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers yaseKazakhstan, izindawo zokugcina zesimanje ezifakwe ukulawula isimo sezulu zenzelwe ukugcinwa ngasikhathi sinye amathani emikhiqizo angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-500. Kodwa ngenxa yokwanda kwendawo kanye nokwanda kwesivuno, kunesidingo somthamo owengeziwe.
“Iphrojekthi yethu yokutshala amazambane yaqala ngokwakhiwa kwendawo yokugcina amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-12,” kuphawula UMaxim Bukaemsky. “Sasiqonda ukuthi ngeke sikwazi ukwakha ibhizinisi eliphumelelayo kule ndawo uma kungenjalo. Abakhiqizi abangenayo imali yokuhlela isitoreji balahlekelwa ingxenye enkulu yenzuzo yabo.
Izimakethe ziyanquma
Abalimi beRiphabhulikhi bavame ukuthengisa imikhiqizo yabo ngokusebenzisa abaxhumanisi, futhi abaningi abaneliseki ngezimo ezibekwe phambili ngokudayisa. Amanethiwekhi angawodwana asebenza ngqo nabakhiqizi, okufaka phakathi izinkontileka eziya phambili. Ezimweni ezinjalo, abalimi bathola inkokhelo kusengaphambili ngamanani angashintshi ngesikhathi sokulungiselela umsebenzi wasensimini yasentwasahlobo ukuze bagcwalise imali yokusebenza.
“Isici esikhethekile saseKazakhstan ukuthi indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwemikhiqizo yezolimo idlalwa izimakethe, noma izimakethe,” kuphawula. Kairat Bisetaev. - Ngokwezilinganiso zeNyunyana, ngaphezu kwama-80% amazambane anikezwa ukudayisa noma ngqo kubathengi bokugcina ngama-bazaars. Ezinye zazo zisebenza njengamanethiwekhi okusabalalisa ama-wholesale.
“Cishe ingxenye yesivuno iya kubadayisi bezitolo,” kuchaza Pavel Lushchak, - futhi sinikeza enye kumaketanga okuthengisa. Asijahi ukuthengisa, sibeka amazambane endaweni yokugcina kuze kufike ekuqaleni kwenkathi entsha futhi sithengise nyanga zonke ngezingxenye ezilinganayo.
“Kufanele simelane nokuncintisana okukhulu,” kusho UMaxim Bukaemsky. - Amazambane aseRussia, amaKyrgyz, kanye ne-Iranian amelwe kabanzi emakethe. Futhi nokho imikhiqizo yethu ifinyelela kubathengi izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha kude, isibonelo, eMoscow.
“Ngesikhathi sodlame, iKazakhstanis yalahlekelwa yimakethe yase-Uzbek, yalahlekelwa yiRussia,” kukhumbula. Alexander Matvienko. - Ngo-2021, saphinda sadayisela omakhelwane bethu amazambane, kwathi ngo-2022, ukuthengiswa kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ezweni. Kodwa lapha abalimi abalima imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphansi banciphisa amanani ethu.
"Isizathu sokweqa kwamanani ukuthi imakethe ayilawulwa nganoma iyiphi indlela," ngiyaqiniseka USergei Zvolsky. - Unyaka owodwa, isidingo siphezulu kunokunikezwa, futhi izindleko zamazambane zikhuphuka. Kokunye, isibalo sabadlali okuhloswe ngaso ukwenza inzuzo kalula siyanda, futhi sithola ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kwesiko.
I-trajectory ecacisiwe
"I-Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers yaseKazakhstan iyaqhubeka nomsebenzi wayo," kugcizelela Kairat Bisetaev. - Manje sinquma ukuthi singenza kanjani ukungena ebhizinisini lamazambane, elingabizi nhlobo, elifinyeleleka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kubalimi abancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sibheke ngenkuthalo abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe ngengxenye ebaluleke kakhulu kithi - ukucubungula amazambane. Le ndawo idinga ukuthuthukiswa kusukela ekuqaleni, futhi lokhu kuyinselele yangempela kithi.
“Abalimi bamazambane baphazanyiswa amathuba amancane okuthengisa imikhiqizo yabo,” ekholwa Pavel Lushchak. - Imiqulu eya kuma-republic angomakhelwane noma eRussia, ngokombono wami, ayanele ukuthekelisa ngokugcwele. Ngakho-ke, izimakethe ezintsha ziyadingeka.
“Eceleni kwethu kune-Uzbekistan enabantu abayizigidi ezingamashumi amane,” echaza. UMaxim Bukaemsky, - nakwamanye amazwe esifundeni sase-Asia, lapho amazambane asephenduke enye yezinto eziyinhloko zokudla. Ngicabanga ukuthi sinamathemba okukhula, futhi amahle impela kulokho.
Uthi: “Njengoba siluthathele phezulu lolu daba Sergey Zvolsky, - futhi sinochwepheshe, sithole ulwazi oluthile, izindaba zekhwalithi nokugcinwa kwezitshalo sezixazululiwe, sekusungulwe amaketanga okuthengisa, sizoqhubekela phambili ekuthuthukisweni kwethu. Futhi ngokuqinisekile sizofinyelela ukuphakama okusha.
U-Irina Berg