Ngo-2022, amazambane ezifundeni eziningi zeRussian Federation athinteka kakhulu isomiso eside, esiholele ekwehleni okubonakalayo kwesivuno uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga elijwayelekile leminyaka yakamuva. Phakathi nezinyanga ezintathu zasehlobo, ngokwesibonelo, imvula engama-47% kuphela yawela esifundeni saseMoscow uma iqhathaniswa namanani amaphakathi esikhathi eside (bheka ithebula).
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isomiso sasihambisana nokushisa komoya okuphezulu, ikakhulukazi ngo-August, kanye nokugcwala ngokweqile kwenhlabathi. Mayelana nomthelela wazo ekukhiqizeni, lezi zici azilingani. Ukucinana kwenhlabathi kunciphisa ukukhula kwezimpande ezivundlile neziqondile, okugcina kunciphisa izinombolo ze-tuber kanye nesivuno. Izimpande ezincane zithola umthamo omncane wenhlabathi, ngaleyo ndlela zinciphise ukumuncwa kwamanzi kanye nezakhi, okuholela ezitshalweni ezincane ezinamaqabunga amancane.
Izimo zezulu zezinkathi ezikhulayo 2016-2022 esifundeni saseDmitrovsky esifundeni saseMoscow
Месяц | Izinga lokushisa lomoya lansuku zonke, оС | |||||||
Isilinganiso. abaningi L. | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
Апрель | 5,7 | 6,5 | 3,7 | 6,5 | 6,9 | 3,8 | 6,6 | 4,6 |
May | 13,4 | 13,7 | 8,5 | 14,4 | 15,3 | 10,6 | 13,5 | 9,7 |
June | 16,3 | 16,6 | 13,7 | 15,7 | 18,2 | 18,3 | 19,4 | 17,7 |
July | 18,7 | 19,7 | 17,1 | 19,2 | 15,6 | 17,7 | 21,2 | 19,5 |
I-Август | 17,0 | 17,9 | 17,8 | 18,4 | 15,2 | 16,5 | 18,4 | 20,7 |
Сентябрь | 11,6 | 10,3 | 12,1 | 13,5 | 11,3 | 13,3 | 9,1 | |
Oct | 4,8 | 3,8 | 4,4 | 6,4 | 7,6 | 6,7 | 5,2 | |
Isilinganiso / isamba | 12,5 | 12,6 | 11,0 | 13,4 | 12,9 | 12,4 | 13,3 |
Месяц | Imvula, mm | |||||||
Isilinganiso. abaningi L. | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
Апрель | 52,5 | 28,0 | 99 | 28 | 9 | 34 | 85 | 68 |
May | 72,5 | 69,6 | 36 | 73 | 55 | 160 | 57 | 58 |
June | 76,3 | 99,8 | 127 | 54 | 87 | 110 | 63 | 29 |
July | 87,7 | 76,4 | 161 | 104 | 107 | 186 | 30 | 61 |
I-Август | 50,3 | 126,0 | 42 | 19 | 61 | 52 | 102 | 10 |
Сентябрь | 62,4 | 55,6 | 48 | 79 | 33 | 44 | 72 | |
Oct | 58 | 38 | 92 | 46 | 65 | 26 | 40 | |
Isilinganiso / isamba | 460 | 493 | 605 | 403 | 417 | 612 | 449 |
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ucwaningo lwamuva luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukubumbana kwenhlabathi akukunciphisi ukushuba kwe-photosynthesis. Amazambane nawo ngokuvamile abhekwa njengesitshalo sezulu esipholile. Kwake kukholakala ukuthi i-photosynthesis yezitshalo zamazambane yacishe yacindezelwa ngokuphelele emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kwama-30.оC. Odkodwa manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi lo mphumela udala ikakhulukazi ukuntula amanzi. Eqinisweni, amazambane angakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu (~40оC) kanye qhubeka ne-photosynthesis, kodwa kuphela uma kukhona okwanele umswakama, oqinisekiswa umkhuba wokulima ngempumelelo amazambane ukuchelela ezindaweni eziseningizimu yeRussian Federation. Isibonelo, ngo-2021, isivuno esiphezulu samazambane satholakala esifundeni saseMoscow, nakuba izinga lokushisa lomoya elikhulayo laphawulwa kulo lonke ihlobo, isomiso sabhalwa ngoJulayi, kodwa imvula enkulu yawela ngo-Agasti (ithebula). Ngakho-ke, isici esibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwalabo ababaliwe isomiso ngokwaso, okuzobe kugxilwe kuso lesi sihloko, esilungiselelwe ngesisekelo sezincwadi zenkathi yokugcina (1-7).
Isomiso sibonwa njengenye yezingcindezi eziyinhloko ze-abiotic, njengoba sithinta i-morphology, i-physiology, i-ecological, i-biochemical kanye nezici zamangqamuzana ezitshalo. Kwezolimo, isomiso sisho inkathi yokushoda kwamanzi okuholela ekuntulekeni komswakama enhlabathini, okunomthelela omubi ekuvunweni kwezitshalo. Isomiso asiyona into entsha esintwini: ekuqaleni kwawo-20s ekhulwini elidlule, sabangela indlala eRussia naseShayina, ngeminyaka yama-30s e-USA; imiphumela ye-1976 emangalisayo isakhunjulwa eYurophu. Eshumini leminyaka lokuqala lekhulu lama-2003, izwekazi lase-Australia lahlushwa isomiso sesikhathi eside. Amazwe ase-Europe abhekana nalesi simo ngo-2006 nango-2005, ngo-2010 nango-2008 ukuntuleka kwemvula kwaholela ekuncipheni okukhulu kwezimila emahlathini emvula ase-Amazon. Kusukela ngo-2010, isomiso seminyaka eminingi simboze iNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia. Unyaka oshisa kakhulu ka-XNUMX wehlela emlandweni eRussia.
Izibonelo zesimo sezulu eziningana zibikezela ukwehla kwemvula yonyaka kanye nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa ngesomiso esivamile, okunomthelela omubi ekuvunweni kwezitshalo emhlabeni jikelele. Izikhathi zengcindezi yesomiso kulindeleke ukuthi zikhule eminyakeni engu-30-90 ezayo ngenxa yemvula encishisiwe kanye nokuhwamuka okukhulayo ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba, kuhlanganise neYurophu. Ngosongo olukhula njalo lwesomiso, kubalulekile ukutadisha futhi ucabangele impendulo yamazambane, njengenye yezitshalo eziyinhloko zezolimo, ekucindezelekeni kwesomiso.
Amazambane athathwa njengezitshalo ezonga amanzi (okungukuthi lezo ezikhiqiza ama-calories engeziwe ngeyunithi ngayinye yamanzi asetshenzisiwe). Ukukhiqizwa kwekhilogremu yamazambane kudinga amalitha ayi-105 amanzi, okungaphansi kakhulu kwerayisi (1408 amalitha) nokolweni (1159 amalitha).
Esinye isiqhathaniso esibonakalayo: kuthatha amalitha angu-25 amanzi ukukhiqiza isigaxa esisodwa esikhulu, amalitha angu-40 ukukhiqiza ucezu olulodwa lwesinkwa noma ingilazi yobisi, amalitha angu-70 ukukhiqiza i-apula elilodwa, amalitha angu-135 ukukhiqiza iqanda elilodwa, namalitha angu-2400 ukukhiqiza elilodwa. i-hamburger. amanzi. Nakuba asebenzisa kahle amanzi amaningi, amazambane asengozini enkulu yesomiso ngoba akwazi ukukhiqiza isivuno esikhulu futhi isilimo sinezimpande ezingajulile.
Umswakama ovela emaqabungeni uyahwamuka nge-stomata evulekile. Lokhu kupholisa i-canopy, kugcina izinga lokushisa lingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa le-ambient, kodwa futhi kubangela ukulahlekelwa umswakama. Ukusabela kokuqala komzimba ekucindezelekeni kwamanzi ukuvalwa kwe-stomata emaqabunga. Lapho isitshalo sivala i-stomata yaso ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa umswakama, ukungena kwe-carbon dioxide eqabungeni nakho kuyancishiswa. Lokhu kuvimbela i-photosynthesis ngokunciphisa ukunqwabelana kwesitashi noshukela. Isivuno samazambane kanye nekhwalithi (isb. amandla adonsela phansi athile) kuncike kwi-photosynthesis ukuze idlule izidingo zamandla zansuku zonke zesitshalo, okuvumela ama-carbohydrate amaningi ukuthi anqwabelene ezigabeni ezikhulayo. Ukuntuleka kwamanzi futhi kunciphisa ingcindezi yangaphakathi edingekayo ukuze amangqamuzana akhule futhi akhule. I-canopy yamaqabunga kanye nokukhula kwezimpande kungancishiswa kakhulu. Nakuba ukuthuthukiswa kwe-tuber kuqala lapho amanzi etholakala, ukuphazamiseka kungase kubangele izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingapeki kahle ezinamachashaza amancane noma iziphetho ezicijile. Ukuntuleka komswakama nakho kwandisa amathuba okuqhekeka kwe-tuber. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amanzi anganele kunoma yisiphi isigaba aholela ekunciphiseni kwesivuno. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lukhombisile ukuthi ukuthambekela kwesomiso kwamazambane nakho kuncike ohlotsheni, isigaba sokukhula kanye ne-genotype morphology, kanye nesikhathi nobukhulu bengcindezi yesomiso.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokuphila kwezitshalo zamazambane kuvame ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezinhlanu: 1 - ukuqothula, ukutshala nokuhluma (kusuka ezinsukwini ezingu-20 kuya kwezingu-35); 2 - ukuqaliswa kwe-stolon, ukukhula kwezitshalo zakuqala kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-stolon (kusuka ezinsukwini ezingu-15 kuya kwezingu-25); 3 - tuberization, ukwakheka nezilimo eziyizigaxa ekupheleni stolons (izinsuku 10-15); 4 - ukukhula noma ukuvuvukala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, izilimo eziyizigaxa zigcwala futhi zikhule (kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-30 kuye kwezingama-60); 5 - ukuvuthwa, ukuvuthwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa nokufa kweziqongo (izinsuku eziyi-15 noma ngaphezulu). Ukuntuleka kwamanzi esigabeni sokuqala akudlali indima ebalulekile, ukuhluma kwenzeka ngenxa yemithombo yamanzi ku-tuber yomama.
Isomiso esigabeni sesibili singanciphisa inani lama-stolon akhiqizwayo, futhi kuthinte kabi ukukhula nokuvuthwa kwezitshalo. Ukucindezeleka kwamanzi esigabeni se-tuber kungabambezela ukukhula kwe-tuber ngamaviki ambalwa (Umfanekiso 1). Imiphumela ngokuvamile ibaluleke kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezinganqunyelwe (ezikhula ngokuqhubekayo), ukunweba inkathi yokukhula futhi okungase kudala izinkinga zokuvuthwa neziqinile zesikhumba.
Ngokuphambene, i-determinate (ukukhula kwesitshalo kuyama ngemva kokuqhakaza) izinhlobonhlobo azizweli ukucindezelwa kwamanzi ngalesi sikhathi futhi zizovuthwa ngokujwayelekile. Nakuba ukushoda kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokuqaliswa kwe-tuber kungathinta isivuno, umthelela wekhwalithi yiwona obaluleke kakhulu. Utwayi luhlala phezu kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngalesi sikhathi; ukwakheka kwe-dumbbell, imifantu nokunye ukonakala konke kuwumphumela wokuswakama kwenhlabathi okungalingani ngesikhathi sokuqalwa kwe-tuber kanye nokukhula kusenesikhathi. Omunye umphumela ongaba khona wokucindezeleka kwamanzi, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlanganiswa nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ngesikhathi sokuqala kwe-tuber kanye nokuvuvukala kwasekuqaleni ukuthuthukiswa "kokuphela kwe-translucent" noma "ukuphela koshukela". Izimo ezomile zisho ukuthi ushukela okhiqizwa yi-photosynthesis awuguqulwa ngokuphelele ube isitashi.
Ukuntuleka kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokukhula kwe-tuber ngokuvamile kuthinta isivuno ngaphezu kwekhwalithi. Ngalesi sikhathi, umphumela wesomiso awukwazi ukunxeshezelwa yinoma yini, ukukhiqiza kwezitshalo kuzokwehla.
Isomiso sinciphisa isivuno samazambane ngokuthinta ukukhula kwezitshalo, ubude besitshalo, inombolo nobukhulu bamaqabunga, kanye ne-photosynthesis yamaqabunga ngokunciphisa i-chlorophyll, ukunciphisa inkomba yendawo yamaqabunga noma ubude bendawo yamaqabunga. Ngaphezu kokukhula kwezitshalo, isomiso singathinta isigaba sokuzala samazambane ngokunciphisa umjikelezo wokukhula noma ukunciphisa ubukhulu nenani lezilimo eziyizigaxa ezikhiqizwa izitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isomiso sithinta nekhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa eziwumphumela.
Umthelela wesomiso ekukhuleni kwamazambane ngaphezu komhlabathi. Ukukhula kwe-canopy yamaqabunga kungesinye sezigaba ezizwela kakhulu isomiso ekukhuleni kwezitshalo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-canopy kusho ukwakheka kwamaqabunga, iziqu, kanye nokwanda kwendawo yamaqabunga ngamanye kanye nokuphakama kwesitshalo. Isomiso sinomthelela ovimbelayo ekuphakameni kwesiqu, ukwakheka kwamaqabunga amasha, inani leziqu, kanye nendawo yamaqabunga amazambane. Inkomba yendawo yeqabunga (i-LAI) kanye nobude bendawo yamaqabunga (i-LAD) kuthathwa njengezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni isivuno se-tuber. Ingcindezi yesomiso yehlisa kakhulu i-LAI ne-LAD ezitshalweni zamazambane.
Ukukhula kwezitshalo kuncike ekucindezelweni okuphezulu kwe-turgor, okukhuthaza ukwanda kwamaseli. Izitshalo zidinga ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi njalo ukuze zigcine umfutho we-turgor ophezulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezeleka kwesomiso, ukutholakala kwamanzi ezitshalweni kunciphisa, okuthinta ukukhula kwe-canopy. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezitshalo, ukukhula kwamaqabunga kuyama uma amanzi atholakala emhlabathini engaphansi kwama-40-50%. Futhi ukukhula kwamaqabunga kumazambane kuyama lapho amanzi atholakalayo emhlabathini engaphansi kuka-60%, okubonisa ukwanda kokuzwela kwezitshalo zamazambane ekusweleni kwamanzi. Ngakho-ke, ukukhula kweqabunga kanye nesiqu esincishisiwe kungumphumela wokuqala obonwayo wokuntuleka kwamanzi kumazambane. Nakuba imiphumela incike kakhulu esikhathini, ubude besikhathi, kanye nobukhulu bengcindezi yesomiso, kokubili isomiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi nesemuva sinomthelela ovimbela ukukhula kombhede. Isomiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi siyayibambezela, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze ifinyelele endaweni efanele yamaqabunga, kanti isomiso sekwephuzile sibangela ukuthi amaqabunga avuthiwe abune bese kwakheka amasha (Fig. 2).
Kunemibiko yokwehliswa kobude beziqu zezitshalo zamazambane ezithintwe isomiso sakuqala ngo-75-78%. Umphumela wesomiso ubuye uhluke ngezinhlobonhlobo ezinobuncane obuhlukile. Ucwaningo olunzulu lubonise ukuthi izinhlobo ezikhula sekwephuzile zingase zingathinteki kakhulu isomiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi, njengoba zinesikhathi eside sokukhula kwezitshalo. Bangabambezela ukuzuzwa kokumbozwa ngokugcwele kwe-canopy ngaphansi kwengcindezi yesomiso sekwephuzile, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe imiphumela yaso.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani leziqu zamazambane lingathinteka kancane, njengoba izitshalo sezivele zikhiqiza inani elifanele leziqu ngaphambi kokuqala kwesomiso sekwephuzile.
Izitshalo zidinga amanzi, i-carbon dioxide nokukhanya ukuze kuqedelwe inqubo evamile ye-photosynthesis. Ingcindezi yesomiso ithinta inani nezinga le-photosynthesis ezitshalweni. Ukuncipha kwenani lamaqabunga kanye nezindawo zamaqabunga ngamanye kuthinta inani le-photosynthesis. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuntuleka kwamanzi kanye ne-CO2 kunciphisa izinga le-photosynthesis. Ingcindezi yesomiso inciphisa inani lamanzi elihlobene namahlamvu amazambane ngokukhulisa ukuhlangana kwama-ion we-intercellular. Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwama-ion e-intercellular kuvimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ATP, okuthinta ukukhiqizwa kwe-ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), okuyiyona eyamukela kakhulu i-carbon dioxide ngesikhathi se-photosynthesis. Ngakho-ke, ukwehla kokukhiqizwa kwe-RuBP kuthinta ngokuqondile i-photosynthesis.
Umphumela wesomiso ekukhuleni kwamazambane angaphansi komhlaba. Izingxenye ezingaphansi komhlaba zamazambane ziyizimpande, ama-stolons nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Amazambane anezimpande ezingajulile futhi ezibuthakathaka, okwenza izitshalo zamazambane zibe sengozini yesomiso. Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu yezimpande zamazambane, ubude nesisindo sezimpande kufundwa kahle, kodwa kunzima ukukhuluma ngokuzethemba nganoma yimuphi umphumela oqondile wengcindezi yesomiso ekuthuthukiseni izitho ezingaphansi komhlaba, ngoba imiphumela yezifundo ngalesi sihloko eziphikisanayo. Ochwepheshe abambalwa babike ukwehla kobude bezimpande ngaphansi kwengcindezi yesomiso, kanti abanye, ngokuphambene nalokho, bafinyelela iziphetho mayelana nokwanda noma akukho ushintsho (Fig. 2).
Idatha engqubuzanayo ngokulinganayo itholwe ocwaningweni ngomphumela wengcindezi yesomiso esixukwini esomile sezimpande zamazambane kanye nenani lama-stolons.
Izinhlobo ezehlukene zisabela ngendlela ehlukile kubukhulu obuthile kanye nesikhathi sesomiso. Abanye abacwaningi banombono wokuthi izinhlobo zakamuva zikhiqiza izimpande ezijulile nezikhudlwana kunezinhlobo ezivuthwa ekuqaleni ngaphansi kwengcindezi efanayo. Isistimu yezimpande ithinteka kakhulu uhlobo lwenhlabathi, indawo yokuhlolwa, iminyaka ye-physiological yezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nokucutshungulwa kwembewu ngesikhathi sokutshala. Ukwehluka okubanzi kwazo zonke lezi zici kwenza kube nzima ukutadisha umphumela wokucindezeleka kwesomiso ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi komhlaba zamazambane.
Umthelela wesomiso ezivunweni zezitshalo amazambane. Ukuthola isivuno esikhulu sama-tubers kuwumsebenzi oyinhloko kanye nenkinga ekukhuleni kwamazambane, ngakho-ke lolu daba lufundwa ngokuningiliziwe. Ukusabela kwamazambane ekusweleni kwamanzi kuncike kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo. Phakathi nezifundo zasensimini, izinhlobo ze-Remarque ne-Desiree zazingaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zengcindezi yesomiso. Imiphumela ikhombise ukwehla ngo-44% kanye no-11% wesivuno. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isisindo sezilimo eziyizigaxa ezintsha sithinteka ubude nobukhulu bokucindezeleka kwesomiso. Ukucindezeleka kwangaphambi kwesikhathi (kusuka ekuhlumeni kuya esigabeni sokuqalwa kwe-tuber) kuholela ekwehleni kwenqwaba yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezintsha zazo zombili izinhlobo ezivuthwa zakuqala noma sekwephuzile. Kodwa-ke, isomiso eside, esihlala kusukela ekuhlumeni kuya esigabeni sokukhula kwe-tuber, sithinta izinhlobo ezisheshe zivuthwe kakhulu kunezo ezivuthiwe sekwephuzile.
Isomiso sithinta nenani lezilimo eziyizigaxa ezikhiqizwa ezitshalweni zamazambane, nomonakalo omkhulu owenzeka ekuqaleni kokukhula kwezitshalo, ikakhulukazi esigabeni sokuqalwa kwe-tuber. Kodwa ukucindezeleka kwesikhathi esifushane sekwephuzile kunomphumela ophawulekayo ekwakheni indaba eyomile yezilimo eziyizigaxa kunenombolo yazo.
Ukucindezeleka okomile kuthinta ngokuqondile isisindo esomile sezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukunciphisa ukukhula kwamaqabunga nokunciphisa umsebenzi wabo we-photosynthetic. Iphinde iguqule okuqukethwe kwamanzi okuhlobene amaqabunga, okuthinta umsebenzi we-metabolic wezitshalo. I-stomatal conductance iyancipha, okuholela ekwehleni kokuthathwa kwe-carbon dioxide kanye nenani eliphelele le-photosynthesis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezeleka kwamanzi kubangela ukwehla kokuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll, kanye nokuncipha kwenkomba yendawo yamaqabunga kanye nobude besikhathi sokukhula kwamaqabunga. Zonke lezi zici zithinta ngokuqondile i-photosynthesis, yona ethinta indaba eyomile. Ukuncishiswa kwendaba eyomile yezilimo eziyizigaxa kuyafana ezinhlobonhlobo ezingezwani nesomiso futhi ezikwazi ukumelana nesomiso. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlobo ezimelana nesomiso zikhiqiza izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane, kodwa ezinkulu (>40 mm), okwenza isivuno sazo sithengiseke kakhulu kunesomiso. Ukuncipha kwenani lezilimo eziyizigaxa kuncike ezingeni lokucindezeleka kanye nezici ezihlukahlukene. Isilinganiso sesisindo esomile se-tuber ngaphansi kokunisela okuhle, ingcindezi yesomiso esimaphakathi (50% wamanzi akhona enhlabathini) kanye nengcindezi enzima yesomiso (25% wamanzi akhona enhlabathini) ngu-30,6 g ngesitshalo esisodwa, 1 g ngesitshalo esisodwa kanye no-10,8, 1 g ngesitshalo esi-1,6, ngokulandelana. Zonke izinhlobo zazihlukene ekukhiqizeni indaba eyomile yezilimo eziyizigaxa ngaphansi kwemibuso ehlukene yamanzi.
Ngaphansi kwengcindezi yesomiso esisesilinganisweni, ukwehla kwenqwaba yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezomile ezinhlobonhlobo kusuka ku-49,3% kuya ku-85,2%, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu - kusuka ku-93,2% kuya ku-98,2%. Umehluko phakathi kwama-cultivar ekukhiqizeni izilimo eziyizigaxa ezomile kungenzeka ngenxa yomehluko ekuvuthweni kwawo kwasekuqaleni, njengoba izinhlobo ezisheshe zivuthwe zikhiqiza isilinganiso esiphezulu se-tuber mass kunaleyo ekhula sekwephuzile.
Amathuba okunciphisa isomiso. Kungaba okunengqondo ukuzibophezela kule ngxenye esiphakamisweni sokusebenzisa izindlela ezehlukene zokunisela, njengesixazululo esiqinile enkingeni yesomiso. Kodwa-ke, izindleko ezikhuphuka kakhulu zezinhlelo zokunisela, ezifika kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-400 ngehektare, ziphoqa ukusetshenziswa okunenhloso kanye nezinga elikhulu kwezinye. engenamanzi, izindlela zokunciphisa umonakalo wesomiso. Lokhu kubandakanya:
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zamazambane ezikwazi ukumelana nesomiso. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwatholakala izakhi zofuzo eziningi ezihlobene nesomiso, kodwa ama-genotypes amazambane amelana nesomiso asekude nokwakhiwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlela i-genomic. Izinhlobo ezingapheli zohlobo lwe-stem zimelana kakhulu nesomiso, nokho, ngesomiso eside kakhulu, zinezinkinga zokuvuthwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi sokuvuna (isimo ngo-2021). Isomiso sangaphambi kwesikhathi sinciphisa isivuno sezinhlobo ezisheshe zivuthwe ngokwezinga elikhulu kunalezo ezivuthwa sekwephuzile. Isomiso esiphuzile asibalulekile kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zakuqala, futhi izilimo eziyizigaxa zezinhlobo ezivuthwa sekwephuzile kuleli cala azinaso isikhathi sokuvuthwa. Ezimweni zesomiso esingalindelekile, imiphumela yengcindezi yesomiso ingancishiswa ngokutshala izinhlobo eziningana zamazambane ngokuvuthwa okuhlukile kokuqala kanye nohlobo lokukhula ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukulima kahle. Izinqubo zokulima eziguquguqukayo zandisa ukungena kwamanzi futhi zehlise ukuhwamuka komswakama wenhlabathi kanye nokugeleza kwemvula. Ukulima kunomthelela ekutholakaleni kwamanzi ngokushintsha ukuhwalala komhlabathi kanye nokuqina kwenhlabathi, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwamagquma ukutshala amazambane kuthikameza amathuba okulima ekukhiqizeni amazambane. Noma kunjalo, kusobala ukuthi Uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe bethempulethi bokugaya ngaphambi kokutshala nangesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwama-ridge, asetshenziswa ngokungafanele emapulazini amaningi, ukusetshenziswa kwezindikimba ezisebenzayo zokulima, ukujula kwenhlabathi, ukuxegiswa kwezikhala zemigqa, ama-dimples kunikeza umphumela obonakalayo wokunciphisa ukuguguleka, amanzi kanye ukugezwa kwenhlabathi nokwenza ngcono ukuqoqwa kwamanzi (bheka isithombe 1-3, 3 - umbono wensimu yamazambane ngemuva kwemvula engu-100 mm ngosuku).
Ngokumelene nesizinda sesomiso esivame kakhulu futhi kucatshangelwa ukuthi kungenzeka kube nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kuhle ukuhlomisa abatshali bamazambane ngama-dimples, ikakhulukazi emasimini atshekile futhi ngasikhathi sinye nokutshala, ukwakheka kwamagquma agcwele (isithombe 4) .
inhlabathi ephilayo inciphisa imiphumela yesomiso ngokulawula ukuhwamuka, ukumunca umhwamuko wamanzi ezindwangu zokumboza izimboza zezihlahla nokwandisa ukungena. Umquba wezilwane, utshani, umquba oluhlaza, ocebile ngekhabhoni, nakho kungathuthukisa isimo somsoco wenhlabathi kanye namandla awo okubamba amanzi. Kutholwe imiphumela ephoqayo kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezinhlanu ezihlukene (kodwa ezimfishane) zokuzungezisa amazambane ngokuchelela nangaphandle kokuchelela (5). Ukuzungezisa okujwayelekile kweminyaka emibili noma "isimo esikhona" (SQ) kwakuhlanganisa ibhali elihlwanyelwe i-clover ebomvu njengesitshalo sekhava, kulandele amazambane ngonyaka olandelayo, futhi kwakuhlanganisa ukulima okuvamile kwentwasahlobo nekwindla unyaka ngamunye.
I-Rotation ye-Soil Conservation (SC) yayihlanganisa iminyaka emithathu yebhali ehlwanyelwa i-timothy, eqhubeka ikhula unyaka wonke olandelayo. Kulolu hlelo, ukulima kuncipha kakhulu, kuyilapho asikho isidingo sokunakekelwa okwengeziwe nokuvuna unyaka wonke, okuthuthukise kakhulu ukongiwa kwenhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-straw mulch (2 t/ha) yafakwa ngemva kokuvunwa kwamazambane ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokugcinwa kwemithombo yomhlabathi. I-Rotation ye-Soil Improvement (SI) iqukethe ukulima okuyisisekelo okufanayo (iminyaka emi-3, ibhali/i-timothy-timothy-mazambane, ukulima okulinganiselwe, utshani bemboza ngotshani) kodwa okunezengezo zonyaka zomquba (45 t/ha) ukuze kuhlinzekwe izinto eziphilayo ezidlulele ukuthuthukisa inhlabathi. izinga. Ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo kwe-Desease suppression (DS) kwakuklanyelwe ukulawula izifo ezithwalwa umhlabathi futhi kwakuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo ezicindezela izifo, isikhathi sokushintshanisa, ukuhlukahluka kwezitshalo, umquba oluhlaza. Lesi simiso sasiwumjikelezo weminyaka emithathu nohlobo lwesinaphi olucindezela izifo olulinyelwa umquba oluhlaza, lulandelwe yisitshalo sembewu yesinaphi sonyaka wokuqala. Ngonyaka wesibili, utshani be-sorghum-sudan babuhlwanyelwa ubulongwe obuluhlaza, bulandelwe yi-rye yasebusika, namazambane ngonyaka wesithathu. Lokhu kushintshwa kwezitshalo kuqhathaniswe nokulinywa kwamazambane unomphela (PP).
Konke ukujikeleziswa kwandise isivuno se-tuber uma kuqhathaniswa nokulawulwa kwe-PP ngaphandle kokushintshana, futhi uhlelo lwe-SI, oluhlanganisa ukuvundisa konyaka, lukhiqize ukwanda kwesivuno esikhulu kanye nephesenti eliphezulu lezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu (Izibalo 3,4) kunazo zonke ezinye izinhlelo ezingachelelwe. kusuka ku-14 kuya ku-90%). I-DS, eyayiqukethe umquba oluhlaza ocindezela izifo kanye nezitshalo zokumboza, ikhiqize isivuno esiphezulu uma iniselwa (ukunyuka ngo-11-35%). Ukuchelela kube nomthelela ekwandeni kwesivuno se-tuber kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokulima (Fig. 3,4), ngaphandle kwe-SI (isilinganiso sokunyuka kwama-27-37%). Kuphinde kwaholela ekwenyukeni okukhulu kwesikhathi sokumila kweqabunga kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-chlorophyll (njengezinkomba zamandla e-photosynthetic) kanye nezimpande nezitshalo zezitshalo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlelo zokutshala, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinganiselwa. Ukujikeleza kwe-SI kuphinde kwandise ukugxila kwe-N, P, no-K kuhlumela nezicubu ze-tuber, kodwa hhayi ama-micronutrients amaningi.
Ucwaningo lwalezi zinhlelo zokulima luveze izinguquko ezibonakalayo, amakhemikhali, kanye nezinto eziphilayo zomhlabathi, futhi le mithelela ivame ukwanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Konke ukuzungezisa kukhuphule ukuzinza kwe-aggregate yenhlabathi, ukutholakala kwamanzi, i-microbial biomass uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphenduka okugcwele (PP), kanye nezikimu zeminyaka emithathu (SI, SC, DS) zandise ukuzinza kwe-aggregate uma kuqhathaniswa neminyaka emibili (SQ). Ukwengeza, iminyaka emithathu yokunciphisa ukujikeleza kokutshala (SI kanye ne-SC) kwenyusa ukutholakala kwamanzi futhi kwanciphisa ukuminyana komhlabathi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlelo. Uhlelo lwe-SI luholele ekwenyukeni okukhulu kwengqikithi nezinhlayiya zezinto eziphilayo, ikhabhoni esebenzayo, i-microbial biomass, ukutholakala kwamanzi, ukugxila kwezakhi, kanye nokuminyana kwenqwaba ephansi kunakuzo zonke ezinye izinhlelo zokutshala. I-SI iphinde yaboniswa ukwandisa umsebenzi we-microbial futhi ithinta kakhulu izici zomphakathi we-microbial yenhlabathi, kuyilapho i-PP ibonisa umsebenzi we-microbial ophansi kunayo yonke enye phakathi. Zonke lezi zinguquko ziyimingcele yokuthuthukiswa kwenhlabathi.
Kulolu cwaningo, konke ukuzungezisa kwenyuse isamba kanye nesivuno sezigaxa ezentengiselwano ngaphandle kokunisela uma kuqhathaniswa nokungashintshiwe (PP), kodwa okuhlukile kwe-SI kukhiqize isivuno se-tuber esiphezulu kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlelo (zombili isamba kanye nezohwebo): 30-40% ngaphezu kwesilinganiso Izinhlelo ze-SQ ne-PP zayo yonke iminyaka (Fig.3,4). Umehluko wesivuno wawumkhulu kakhulu eminyakeni eyomile (2007 kanye no-2010), lapho isivuno se-SI sasiphezulu ngo-40-90% kune-SQ ne-PP. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohlelweni lwe-SI, kutholwe okuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu nezinkulu.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngaphansi kokunisela, konke ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo, ngaphandle kwe-SI, kunikeza isivuno esiphezulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe obungachelelwa, kuyilapho isamba esivunwayo nesithengisekayo sasisesilinganisweni sama-27 kanye nama-37% ngaphezulu, ngokulandelana. Okuhlukile kwe-SI kuphela okukhiqize isivuno esiqhathanisekayo (nephezulu) kuzo zombili izimo zokunisela nezinganiselwanga. Idatha etholwe iphakamisa ngokuqinile ukuthi ukwanda kwesivuno esibonwe ku-SI kuhlotshaniswa nezimo zenhlabathi ezithuthukisiwe, ukukhuphuka kwamandla okubamba amanzi kanye namanzi atholakalayo ezitshalweni. i-orochenenie kwandisa kakhulu ukukhula kanye nesivuno at izimo zenkambu ezijwayelekile kodwa uhlelo lokuzungezisa izitshaloukuthi i-SI, enezithako ezinkulu zemvelo, ithatha indawo yokunisela, inikeze imiphumela eqhathanisekayo ngaphandle kokunisela.
Ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwezakhi izinto futhi kunomthelela ekwandiseni ukumelana kwamazambane esomiso, njengoba kuthinta amandla okubamba amanzi enhlabathini namaseli ezitshalo. Ezinye izakhamzimba ze-inorganic ezifana ne-Zn, N, P, K kanye ne-Se zinciphisa ukucindezeleka kwesomiso. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-foliar nenhlabathi ye-silicon kuthuthukisa ukubekezelela isomiso kwamazambane. Ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwe-potassium kubangela ukumelana nesomiso ngokuthuthukisa ukukhula, ukushintshaniswa kwegesi, umsoco, izakhiwo ze-antioxidant. Njengesidambisi sokucindezeleka, i-potassium inciphisa imiphumela emibi yesomiso ngokulawula noma ukuthuthukisa ukuqhutshwa kwe-stomatal kanye namazinga e-photosynthesis, i-CO.2 kanye ne-ATP synthesis. Ukusetshenziswa potassium, kuhlanganise ngqo inqubo yesomiso (foliar yokudla), ukucindezeleka encishisiwe, kungakhathaliseki izinhlobo (1). Ukwethulwa kwe-potassium kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokwandisa ukumelana nesomiso kwezitshalo zamazambane.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Foliar kwezilawuli zokukhula zemvelo nezokwenziwa izitshalo nazo zinganciphisa imiphumela emibi yesomiso. Nakuba lobu kuwubuchwepheshe obusha ku-agronomy, osekuba yingxenye yesu eliphumelelayo lokulawula isomiso. Ngokwenza kwamazwe ngamazwe amazambane amakhulu akhulela ukungathathi hlangothiImiphumela yokushisa nesomiso isetshenziswa kakhulu ngokukhipha izimila zasolwandle, ama-protein hydrolysates, ama-humic acid nama-micro.amalungiselelo ezinto eziphilayo. Izinqumo ezisebenzayo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwama-biostimulants zihluke ngandlela thize emibonweni yethiyori (2). Yonke imikhiqizo eyamukelwe kahle yezentengiselwano ngokumelene nokushisa nesomiso ibuswa i-amino acid glycine esesimweni esihlanzekile futhi ihlanganiswe ne-betaine (okuphuma ku-glycine).
Ngokukhishwa kwe-algae nama-humates, okuqukethwe kwe-organic matter kuyinhloko. Imikhiqizo egxile kakhulu izosebenza kangcono. Ama-Humic acid athandwa kakhulu kune-fulvic acid. Amalungiselelo e-Microbiological kumele acacise ukubunjwa kobunzima, ukusebenza kahle kule ndawo kuqinisekiswa kuphela ngokuthuthukiswa kwezikhungo zocwaningo eziyisisekelo, futhi igunya lezinhlobo zama-microorganisms anenzuzo akwakhiwa ngokushesha, kodwa eminyakeni eminingi. Akuwenzi umqondo ukusebenzisa amalungiselelo anokwakheka okungaqondile, okungaqondakali nokuqukethwe okungaziwa noma ukuqokwa kokuqukethwe ngamayunithi okulinganisa angajwayelekile. Ngeshwa, kusenemikhiqizo enjalo engeyona eyochwepheshe emakethe.
Ukulungiswa kwezindlela zokusebenza ngezinto zembewu. Ukucindezeleka kwesomiso, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlangene nokushisa okweqile, kuba kubi kakhulu isimo sokuphila kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu. Isikhathi se-dormancy ejulile sincishisiwe, ingozi yokuqala, ekwindla ngokoqobo, ukuhluma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zezinhlobonhlobo ezine-dormancy emfushane yofuzo ekugcinweni kuyanda. Umphumela wesomiso kufanele ucatshangelwe lapho kulungiswa imbewu ngezinhloso ezithile zokutshala amazambane. Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile ukuze kukalwe isidingo sokusetshenziswa kanye nemiphumela yokuhluma isikhathi eside kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu zohlobo ngalunye emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
Ithiphu о ezihambayo ukukhiqizwa amazambane ezifundeni ezinemvula ephezulu futhi amathuba aphansi esomiso esikalini esikhulukazi saseRussian Federation afanelekile. Yebo, lokhu akubalulekile emabhizinisini amaningi akhona, kodwa kuhle ukuthi abaqalayo baphathe amathuba anjalo ngokuqaphela nangesikhathi esifanele, i.e. esigabeni sokuhlela iphrojekthi. Okusebenza kahle ezimweni eziningi ukususwa kwendawo yamasimu amazambane ngaphakathi kwebhizinisi elilodwa elikhulu. Ngokuvamile, ngisho ebangeni elingama-5-10-20 km, inani nesikhathi sokuna kwemvula kuhluke kakhulu. Ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo yonke kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwandisa ukuzinza kwesivuno esikhulu samazambane.
Isomiso esinzima kwezolimo besilokhu sithathwa njenge-force majeure, labo. isimo esibalulekile esithinta kabi amandla okufeza izibopho zenkontileka kumakhasimende, amabhange, njll. Ngokubambisana kwangempela embonini kanye nokuqaliswa kwenqubomgomo kahulumeni yokweseka ukuzinza kokukhiqizwa kokudla esimweni esinjalo, kuyisiko ukusebenzisa izinyathelo zomnotho ukunxephezela umonakalo ovela esomiso kubakhiqizi bezolimo.
Ngakho-ke, ngo-2022, isomiso eside sabonwa kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu emazweni amakhulu akhiqiza amazambane aseYurophu: eJalimane, eBelgium, eFrance naseNgilandi. Sekuvele kubaliwe ukuthi isivuno samazambane esiphelele e-EU sizoba esiphansi kakhulu eminyakeni engama-20 edlule. Impendulo iyakala laphozithathwa ngokushesha: ngaphezu kwenkokhelo yomshuwalense oqinisekisiwe, izintengo zenkontileka ziyabuyekezwa - yiqiniso, phezulu, ukubekezelela ubukhulu bamazambane etafula ekuhwebeni okudayisa kuyalungiswa, yebo, phansi. Amaketanga okuthengisa azisa abathengi ngezizathu zokushintsha ukulinganisa, umphakathi wonke unokuqonda ukuthi kulesi simo isabelo semali etholwa abathengisi enanini intengo kufanele yehliswe ngokuvuna abalimi. Lesi sitayela somsebenzi wamaketanga okuthengisa angaphandle, ukuthola imali ngenkuthalo eRussian Federation, asisebenzi kubalimi bamazambane baseRussia. Amanani okuthenga amazambane okwamanje aphansi kakhulu kunangonyaka odlule, lapho kuphinde kwaba nesomiso (njengoba isomiso sango-2022 asizange sihlanganise zonke izifunda), futhi sekuyisikhathi sokuba izinhlangano zokuphatha nokulawula zikahulumeni, izinyunyana zezimboni ukuthi zikunake lokhu. Futhi kuyiqiniso ukunikeza abakhiqizi bamazambane ukweseka ezimeni zesomiso, ngaleyo ndlela kukhombisa ukukhathazeka ngokuvikeleka kokudla kanye nokushintshwa kwamanye amazwe.
Ngakho-ke, isomiso siba yinto eyinhloko yemvelo ekhawulela isivuno samazambane. Ukuzwela kwesitshalo esomiso kubangelwa izimpande zaso ezingashoni. Imiphumela yokucindezeleka kwamanzi iyahlukahluka ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zokukhula. Ukuqala kwe-Tuber kanye nokukhula yizigaba ezibucayi kakhulu. Ukuntuleka kwamanzi ngesikhathi ukuvela nezilimo eziyizigaxa kungathinta sina izinga ukuhlanekezelwa shape, uqweqwe ukusabalala, imifantu, hollowness. Ukuntuleka kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokuvuvukala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kunomthelela omkhulu ekuvuneni. I-dynamics yokwakheka kwendawo yamaqabunga, uhlobo lokuthuthukiswa okuhlukahlukene lunquma izinga lokumelana nesomiso. Imiphumela yengcindezi yesomiso ingancishiswa ngokukhetha futhi ukhule ngesikhathi esisodwa izinhlobo eziningana zamazambane anezinhlobonhlobo zokuvuthwa zakuqala kanye nezindlela zokukhula. Ukusetshenziswa kokujula komhlabathi, imizimba yokusebenza engenzi lutho, ukuxegiswa kwezikhala zemigqa kanye nama-dimples kuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa komswakama womhlabathi kanye nemvula ngesikhathi sokukhula. Ukwandisa ubude besikhathi sokushintshwa kwezitshalo, ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zokumboza, umquba oluhlaza, ukulima okuncishisiwe kanye nokufakwa kukamanyolo wemvelo kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukukhula kanye nesivuno samazambane ezimeni zesomiso. Izindlela eziphumelelayo zokunciphisa umonakalo obangelwa isomiso ukuphatha okufanelekile kwembewu, amalungiselelo akhethekile okulwa nokucindezeleka kanye nokuphakelwa kwamaqabunga ngemisoco ehlosiwe.
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