Ingxenye ye-2
Ukuqhubeka. Kusukela kumagazini i- "Potato System" No. 1, 2021
Njengoba kushiwo engxenyeni yokuqala yale ndatshana, ukusetshenziswa kokufafaza akuholeli ekwakheni ukugeleza nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi, uma iphrojekthi yokunisela yenziwa kahle.
Noma kunjalo, ukusebenza kwemishini yokunisela kusenomthelela esimweni senhlabathi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuyabonakala - ngokwesibonelo, ezimweni lapho umfutho wokufafaza udlula isilinganiso sokungena.
Ukunqamuka kwamanzi kungagwenywa ngokufaka uhlobo oluthile lokufafaza emshinini noma ngokushintsha ingcindezi. Lezi zinguquko zizovumela ukuchelela endaweni enkulu, kunciphise izinga futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukwenze kaningi.
Kodwa-ke, kuvame ukuba nezimo lapho izinga lokufakwa kwamanzi liqale libalwe kahle, kepha umhlabathi owakhiwe uphazamisa ukumuncwa komswakama. Uqweqwe lungaphathwa ngokusebenzisa i-polyacrylamide (PAM) ebusweni benkambu. I-polymer ivimbela ukubumbana kwenhlabathi futhi ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ukuguguleka komhlaba.
Kungenzeka futhi ukukhuphula izinga lokungena kwamanzi ngosizo lokuxegisa nezinye izindlela zokutshala inhlabathi, kufaka phakathi indlela yokulima idamu (ingqikithi yayo ilele ekutheni ukucindezela kwenziwa phakathi kwemikhawulo emhlabathini ukuvimbela ukugeleza kwamanzi ).
Esifundeni sase-Idaho (eU.SA), emasimini amazambane anezinhlelo zokunisela ngenkasa, kwenziwa ucwaningo ngezikhathi ezintathu zokukhula, inhloso yalo kwakuwukufunda ngomphumela wezindlela zokulwa nokuguguleka komhlaba (uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezijwayelekile) ngokufana kokusatshalaliswa komswakama ensimini nezinkomba zokukhiqiza isivuno.
Iziza zokuhlola emasimini zikhethwe ngendlela yokuthi ingxenye yeziza ezingaphansi kwezikhathi ezimbi kakhulu zohlelo lokunisela, lapho kubhekwa khona amazinga aphezulu okunisela, zalinywa ngokohlelo olujwayelekile, futhi ingxenye - ngendlela yokulima ichibi .
Umhlabathi wawuyisilinda esivundlile, futhi isimo sendawo sasihluka cishe sicabalele ku-5% semithambeka.
Izinhlelo zokunisela zazihlonyelwe izifafazi emapayipini wokukhipha (amashubhu), ama-sprinkler ku-boom futhi ajikeleza ngomfutho osebenzayo we-138 kPa.
Eminyakeni emithathu, ukwethulwa kwendlela yokwelashwa kwamachibi kuholele ekwehleni kokulahleka kusuka ekugijimeleni kuya ngaphansi kuka-1% wamanzi asetshenzisiwe (inqobo nje uma ehlala emile).
Umswakama omaphakathi wenhlabathi ukhuphuke ngo-18%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kubonise ukuthi ukwethulwa kokwelashwa okukhethekile kukhuphule kakhulu iphesenti lamanzi atholakalayo kuma-65 cm angaphezulu endawo yezimpande (P = 0.01). Ukusetshenziswa kwe-polyacrylamide ekwelapheni inhlabathi (i-PAM) kwandise isivuno ngama-21%, kanti okuqukethwe nezilimo eziyizigaxa zezentengiso kukhuphuke kwaya kuma-64% kuziza ezivamile naku-68% kuziza zamachibi. Ngakho-ke, uhlobo lwedamu lokulima landa kakhulu isivuno, kepha izinhlobo zokufafaza azibanga nomthelela omkhulu kule nkomba.
Phambilini, i-polyacrylamide (PAM) ibisetshenziswa emasimini okunisela ngenkasa ngesilinganiso esingu-1 kg ehektheleni ngalinye ibiyaziwa ukuqinisa ukungena nokulawula ukuguguleka kwamanzi. I-PAM ichithwa emanzini ixhumana nobuso bomhlabathi futhi ivimbela i-delamination eyenziwe nge-shear ngokwandisa ukunamathela kwezinhlayiya, ngaleyo ndlela kuvimbele ukudluliswa kwamanzi.
Ngokuya ngaleli qiniso, abalimi abaningi banesifiso sokusebenzisa i-PAM ezindaweni lapho kusebenza khona imishini yokufafaza. Qaphela ukuthi lapho wethula ukufafaza, kubaluleke kakhulu ukulungisa kahle usayizi wamaconsi namandla okuchelela ukuze isakhiwo senhlabathi singawi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ingaphezulu lomhlabathi limbozwe ngoqweqwe, okuholela ekwehleni kwesilinganiso sokumunca umswakama, ukukhipha amanzi okulandelayo nokulahleka kwengxenye yomhlaba ovundile.
Ucwaningo lwensimu lukhombisa ukuthi ukuthuthuka okuphawulekayo nokwesikhathi eside kokungena kanye nokulawulwa kokugeleza nokuguguleka komhlaba kungafinyelelwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi ezifundwe ngokufaka isicelo esisodwa se-1 kg ye-PAM ehektheleni ngalinye. Ezingxenyeni ezinosilika, ukwelashwa kwe-Fluvisol PAM kunciphise ukuguguleka komhlaba cishe ngama-64%, ezindaweni ezingalinyiwe - ngo-76%, ukungena kungene ngo-34% no-18%, ngokulandelana. Emhlabathini onesihlabathi, imiphumela ngeFluvisol yayihlaba umxhwele ngokwengeziwe: ukusetshenziswa kwePAM kunciphise ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi ngama-98% (96% ezindaweni ezingasasebenzi) nokukhuphuka kokungena ngo-47% no-45%, ngokulandelana.
Wenzani uPAM? Uma isetshenziswa ngokuya ngezinga le-NRCS, i-polyacrylamide inyusa ukungena ngaphakathi ngaphezu kokuqeda ngokuphelele ukuguguleka kwemisele. Ukwanda kwephesenti lokungena kuncike ezintweni eziningana zenhlabathi, ikakhulukazi ukuthungwa kwayo. Emhlabathini onosilika ojiyile, kukhona ukwanda kokungena kwenetha cishe nge-15% kanye nokwanda kokumanziswa okuthe ngcembe kwemifula kusuka emiseleni engajulile phakathi kwemibhede eyisicaba ephansi.
I-PAM igcina ukwakheka kwepore okungena kakhulu ngenkathi kwakha ukuminyana komhlaba ngesikhathi sokunisela, okuvumela ukungena okuthe xaxa futhi kwandise isivuno ezindaweni ezixegayo. Leli qiniso lichazwa ukuthi i-PAM ibambe inhlabathi engaphezulu (futhi nayo iphethe i-phosphorus, nitrogen, pesticides).
Ngabe iPAM ingahamba ngokusebenzisa abafafazayo? Izilingo eWashington nase-Idaho zikhombisile ukuthi ukusabalalisa i-PAM ngqo ngezinhlelo zokufafaza kunciphisa ukukhukhula komhlaba nokugeleza kwamanzi futhi kukhuthaza ukukhula okungaphezulu kwezitshalo ngokwabiwa kwamanzi. Abaphenyi balinganisela izindleko ze-PAM ku- $ 5-8 ngehektare ngalinye.
Lapho ubheka izinzuzo ezingaba khona ze-PAM, leli khono lokwengeza ukuthathwa kwamanzi ngaphandle kokugeleza noma iziziba kanye nokuqhekeka komhlaba kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni ezishisayo zasehlobo lapho ama-pivots kunzima ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamanzi ezitshalo ngenxa yezingqinamba zokwakha ngesikhathi sokushisa okukhulu.
Ngabe ngidinga ukwenza noma yiziphi izinguquko zokunisela lapho ngisebenzisa i-PAM? Yebo. I-PAM ithuthukisa izinga lokungena eliphakeme kuyo yonke inqubo yokunisela, ngakho-ke uma iphethini yokunisela ingalungiswa, ezinye izindawo zingathola umswakama owedlulele.
Emasimini ane-slope (> 2%), izinga lokungena kwenhlabathi ngokuvamile liphansi futhi amanzi ahamba ngokushesha enkambu. Ukungena okuthuthukile nesikhathi sokuhamba kwemisele emide ngenxa yokwelashwa kwe-PAM ngeke kube yinkinga kuleli cala. Kodwa-ke, emithambekeni emikhulu kakhulu, i-PAM ingakhuphula ukungena kwenetha ukuze kuvunyelwe ukwehliswa kwezikhathi zokunisela (okungukuthi amanzi amaningi azongena enhlabathini ngesikhathi esifushane).
Ezinsimini ezinemisele engajulile (0-0.5%), futhi ikakhulukazi emiseleni engadluli, ukungena kungena kuphakeme kakhulu, futhi izikhathi zokuhamba phambili ngePAM zingaba zinde ngokweqile, okuholele ekuniseleni ngokungajwayelekile. Inkinga izoba nzima kakhulu uma ukungena kungakhushulwa. I-PAM ivumela abalimi ukuthi bandise ukungena ngaphandle kokunyuka kokulahleka kokuguguleka kwemisele. Ukunyusa ivolumu yokuqala yokugeleza kunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sangaphambi kwesikhathi futhi kulinganisa isikhathi sokufaka phezulu nangaphansi kwenkambu.
I-Polyacrylamide ingalawula ukuguguleka kwamanzi, kepha imiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwayo, njengemiphumela yeminye imikhuba eminingi yezolimo, iyohluka kuye ngezinsimu.
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