Eminyakeni yamuva nje, isidingo sikabhatata besilokhu sikhula ngokushesha emazweni e-EU, futhi isifiso sabakhiqizi sokufunda ukulima siyaqondakala. Ivele itshalwe e-Italy, eSpain, kwa-Israel nase-Egypt, futhi iyakhula njalo ngonyaka. Abakhiqizi eBelgium naseHolland banentshisekelo kubhatata. Ngo-2017, kwenziwa izivivinyo eziningana esiteshini sokuhlola iFreddepel, esiphethwe yiNyuvesi yaseWageningen (Netherlands).
Nakuba ama-yam evame ukubizwa ngokuthi ubhatata, lezi zitshalo ezimbili azihlukani ngokwesayensi kuphela kodwa nangezindleko zokuzitshala. Emkhiqizweni kabhatata, izinto ezibiza kakhulu ukutshala nokuvuna mathupha, izindleko zempahla yokutshala, ukugcinwa nokucubungula. Ngo-2016, izivivinyo ezihlukahlukene zaqala esiteshini sokuhlola e-Kreishoutem (Belgium), futhi izivivinyo zaqala e-Holland kulo nyaka.
Esiteshini saseFreddepel bafunde izindlela zokukhula ezahlukahlukene, ukusetshenziswa kwemboza ngabo izithombo zezihlahla futhi benza nokuhlola okuhlukahlukene. Njengoba nazi, ubhatata uyisitshalo esithanda ukushisa futhi awububekezeleli nakancane isithwathwa, lokhu kunquma usuku lokuqala ukulinywa. Umswakama owanele nokufudumala kuyadingeka nasekukhuleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvuna kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokuba izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi lehle libe ngaphansi kwama-degree angu-10. C (e-Holland lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba).
Esiteshini iFredepel, ubhatata watshalwa njengokusikwa ngokuqondile emhlabathini ngoMeyi 29, 2017, futhi izithombo ngamakhyubhu zatshalwa ngoJuni 21. Maphakathi noJulayi, inqwaba yezitshalo ezitholakala ezitshalweni ezifakwe ebhodweni yayincane kakhulu kunaleyo etshalwe ngokusikwa, mhlawumbe ngenxa yosuku lwakamuva lokutshala. Lokhu kuphawula kuphikisana nokucatshangwa ukuthi izithombo ezisebhodweni zinikeza isiqalo esinobungane sokukhula. Izinhlobonhlobo ezisetshenziswe ekuhlolweni kwakuyi-O'Henry, California, Beauregard (i-cuttings), i-Innosweet ne-Orata Orange (izithombo kuma-cubes e-peat), hhayi kakhulu ukuqhathanisa nomunye nomunye, kodwa ukujwayelana nezinhlobonhlobo.
Izitshalo zazitshalwa endaweni eyisicaba. Njengenye indlela, kuvivinywa kumila emiseleni, lokungaba kuhle ekushiseliseni mhlabatsi ngekushesha, ikakhulukati kuhlangene ne-mulching. Inkundla yokuhlola yayimbozwe ngefilimu emnyama nephepha elinsundu. Izinzwa zokushisa zazilinganisa ekujuleni kuka-10, 20, 30 no-40 cm.
Kwavela ukuthi ukumboza ngefilimu emnyama kunikeza umphumela omuhle kakhulu, okwandisa izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi ngama-3-4 degrees. Uma kuqhathaniswa nephepha elinsundu kanye nokuvimbela imvula ekucekeleni phansi ama-ridge. Izitshalo ngama-cubes zitshalwe emigodini eyenziwe ngaphambilini efilimini, futhi ukusikwa kwanamathela ngokuqondile ku-mulch. Njengenye indlela, kwasetshenziswa izingwegwe zocingo ezikhethekile, lapho ukusika kwakugoqwe kabili, bese kunamathela emhlabathini. Okungcono kuncike eqophelweni lempahla yokutshala kanye nokutholakala kwemisebenzi. Kubalulekile ukuthi ama-cuttings ahlangane nokushisa kwenhlabathi ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, okukhuthaza ukuqala kokubunjwa kwezimpande. Umlimi kabhatata waseBelgium u-Van de Bool, otshala izinqamu zikabhatata esebenzisa isitjali, ulinganisela ukuthi amahora angu-1 adingekayo ukuze kutshalwe ihektha elilodwa.
Esiteshini saseFreddepel, u-125 kg/ha we-kieserite kanye no-200 kg/ha we-potassium sulfate, kanye ne-nitrogen engama-150 kg/ha ye-nitrogen enomanyolo wezinkomo kwengezwe ekugcwalisweni okukhulu. Kwamanye amazwe, kukholakala ukuthi i-60 kg/ha ye-nitrogen yanele ubhatata. Okwamanje ayikho imikhiqizo ebhaliselwe ukutshala ubhatata eBelgium noma eNetherlands. Ukhula aluyona inkinga enkulu ngoba izitshalo zisheshe zivale yonke inhlabathi. Izinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu amagundane namanye amagundane, kanye nama-nematode.
Ubhatata ugcina kahle kakhulu uma izimo eziningi zihlangatshezwana nazo. Isitshalo kufanele sivunwe ngaphambi kokuba izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi lehle libe ngaphansi kwama-degrees ayi-10. C. Isikhumba sezilimo eziyizigaxa sincane kakhulu futhi sithambile, ngakho-ke ukuvuna kufanele kwenziwe kusetshenziswa umshini wokumba amazambane kanye nomsebenzi wezandla.
Ngokwesivivinyo sika-2016, isivuno sikabhatata eBelgium sifinyelela ku-20-50 t/ha, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo nezimo zokukhula. Isitoreji siqala ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwesonto elilodwa ekushiseni kwama-29-30 degrees. Ngomswakama ohlobene futhi ophakeme ngangokunokwenzeka. Isikhumba siyajiya futhi siqine. Ukushisa kuvula ama-enzyme, okuthuthukisa ukunambitheka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ngemuva kokuqeda isikhathi sokwelashwa, izilimo eziyizigaxa zingagcinwa unyaka ekushiseni kwama-degrees ayi-13. C kanye nomswakama ophezulu.
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ekutshaleni ubhatata impahla yokutshala. Ezivivinyweni zikaFredepel, izithombo zaseSpain zasetshenziswa. Izinhlobo ezitshalwa kakhulu emhlabeni i-Beauregard kanye ne-Covington, zombili ezithuthukiswe emanyuvesi ase-US, nakuba i-Covington ingavunyelwe ukutshalwa ngaphandle kwaleli zwe. Ukuze kulinywe eYurophu, ikakhulukazi emazweni ayo asenyakatho, kubalulekile ukukhetha izinhlobo ezifanele. Izindleko zokusika zilinganiselwa ku-0,10-0,20 euro / ucezu, izithombo ngama-cubes - cishe ama-euro angu-0,50 / ucezu.
Source: http://www.fruit-inform.com