U-Irina BERG
Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke unyaka nonyaka kuphazamisa izinhlelo zabalimi zokuthola isivuno esiphezulu. Ezifundeni ezishisa kakhulu, njengezifunda zaseKuban naseStavropol, lina amasonto amaningi ngenkathi ephakeme.
Futhi izindawo ezikude neningizimu yeRussia zihlushwa isomiso esibi. Kulo nyaka, isibonelo, umbuso ophuthumayo ngenxa yesomiso somkhathi wethulwa eRiphabhulikhi yaseChuvashia, futhi ngo-2021 - ezindaweni zaseSverdlovsk naseChelyabinsk.
Izinkinga zokulondoloza umswakama emasimini amazambane atshalwe ngaphandle kokunisela ziyaxazululwa namuhla ngosizo lwezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zezolimo. Abalimi nososayensi asebeneminyaka eminingi besembonini babelane ngolwazi nezincomo zabo.
UBUCHWEPHESHE OBUFAKAZILE
Izindlela zendabuko zokutshala izitshalo ezihlolwe amashumi eminyaka zisanikeza imiphumela emihle kakhulu nanamuhla. Ngeshwa, abalimi banamuhla bavame ukukhohlwa ngezisekelo zezolimo.
Izambane isitshalo sepulasitiki kakhulu, esikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimobabhekane nezimo ezahlukene - kusho umqondisi jikelele wesikhungo sokusekelwa kwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe kwamabhizinisi we-agro-industrial complex "Consultant Agro" Ninel Konovalova. - Kodwa amazambane ethu abatshali balahlekelwe ngisho nesomiso esisesilinganisweni, ngoba bavame ukwephula ubuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, inhlabathi ayilungiswa ngaphambi kokutshala isilimo. usebenzisa wonke amasu anconyiwe, akuthuthukietsya ku-lumpiness oyifunayo. Izilimo eziyizigaxa azilingani ngaso sonke isikhathi ngosayizi futhi zitshalwa ekujuleni okungashoni. Ikama liphansi, libi okumise, ngonqenqema oludilikayo. Idalwe nge i-crest yomthamo wenhlabathi akwanele nje ukuvikela izimpande zesitshalo ekumisweni nasekufeni ingxenye elandelayo. Futhi, indawo yokudla ayikhethwa ngokungalungile, okungukuthi, ukuminyana kokutshala amazambane. Kodwa uma ubuchwepheshe bubhekwa, isiko liyakwazi ukumelana nesomiso isikhathi eside.
Ukuze uthole isivuno esihle, kubalulekile ukwakha ikamu ngendlela efanele, - iqinisekisa ikhandidethi yesayensi yezolimo, umqondisi jikelele wenkampani "Molyanov Agro Group" UVladimir Molyanov. - Abalimi abaningi benza iphutha lokudala i-ridge ephakeme, lapho izilimo eziyizigaxa zingaphezu kwengqimba ye-capillary yenhlabathi. Ukutshala okujulile kwenza kube nzima ukuvuna ngomshini. Kodwa lokhu kunikeza ithuba langempela lokuthola isivuno esihle samazambane ngisho nangaphandle kokunisela..
Kudingeka futhi ukucabangela lapho imoto ikhule khona.ithawula, - uphawula ikhandidethi yesayensi yezolimo, isekela lomphathi womsebenzi wesayensi we-agrobiology nezinsiza zomhlaba, i-ecology kanye ne-landscape architecture ye-Stavropol State Agrarian University Timur Aisanov. - Uma lokhu kuyindawo yomswakama owanele noma owedlulele, kuyadingeka ukulandela ubuchwepheshe lapho amazambane atshalwa khona ethangeni. Uma sikhuluma ngezomile endaweni, izitshalo kufanele zitshalwe ngaphansi kwe-ridge.
UKULIMA INENCAZELO
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungakhathaliseki izimo zezulu, inhlabathi ayikubekezeleli isimo sengqondo esingokomthetho nesingenangqondo. Futhi ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwayo, i-agrarian idinga ukunaka ama-nuances amaningi.
Awukwazi ukulima insimu minyaka yonke ngokujula okufanayo, - kugcizelela I-Timur Aisanov. - Не kancane kancane kunalokho izikhathi в 4-5 iminyaka edingekayoukwenza ukujula okwengeziwe kokulima ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-slitter. Ngoba lezi zinhloso ziyasetshenziswa futhi amashizolo alima noma ajulileukusakaza. Ngosizo lwabo, i-pan yokulima iyabhujiswa, ungqimba lwenhlabathi oluhlangene, oluvimbela uhlelo lwezimpande zesitshalo ukuthi lungadonsi umswakama ongqimbeni olungaphansi komhlaba.
Deep ziba ngcono kunomthelela yokuthi ngesikhathi sasebusika emhlabathini onkunqwabelana umswakama owengeziwe - kusho inhloko ye-KFH Sergei Creevosheev. - Abalimi abaningi abavela ezifundeni ezahlukene zezwe bakhuluma ngokusebenza kahle kakhulu kwale ndlela. Lapho ngifunda ngale ndlela yokulima, ngathenga amathuluzi akhethekile, ngawasebenzisa epulazini lami, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi bengilokhu ngiwenza njalo. Sisebenza endaweni yasePredgorny eStavropol, emithambekeni yezintaba. Inhlabathi yethu iyi-carbonate, inhlabathi enzima emnyama, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuthukulula ngokujulile njalo ngonyaka.
UKUSHINTSHISWA KWEZIBALO NJENGOKUTSHALWA
Ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo ngendlela efanele ensimini, kuhlangene nokugcinwa kwawo wonke ubuchwepheshe bokulima, nakho kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqongelela umswakama owengeziwe.
Kumazambane, ukujikeleza kwezitshalo kufanele okungenani ube neminyaka emithathu ubudala - ngokuqinisekile Ninel Konovalova. - Le nqubo yezolimo inomphumela omuhle kuzo zonke izinkomba.kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inhlabathi: ukuzala, isakhiwo, ukwakheka kwemishini, umthamo womswakama. Uma a landela umhlangano и phatha kahle insimu, kahle inhlabathi ehlelekile iyakwazi ukuqoqa umswakama ngenkuthalo.
Ngokwesipiliyoni sensimu yesikhathi eside ezindaweni ezimaphakathi neRussia, amazambane angatshalwa endaweni eyodwa iminyaka eminingana ilandelana - amanothi Udokotela Wesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo, uProfesa woMnyango Wezolimo kanye Nezindlela Zokuhlola ze-Moscow Agricultural Academy eqanjwe ngo-K. A. Timiryazev UMichael Ma- zirov. - Kodwa ezindaweni ezomile, imibhangqwana namanjeshayela phezulu ukusebenza kahle, ikakhulukazi ukuze kuqoqwe umswakama emhlabathini. Umusi omnyama uphumelela kakhulu, kodwa esikhathini sethu usetshenziswa kakhulu amapulazi angavamile, ikakhulukazi amakhulu. unyaka wonke ukungena ezindlekweni, ukulima ngokucophelela insimu futhi ungakhuli lutho kuyo akumzuzisi olimayo.
Ngokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo emapulazini lapho thina sikhulisa i-elite kanye nokukhiqizwa kokuqala kwembewu yamazambane, njengesandulelastvennik esetshenziswa ibhali noma ubusika ukolweni, - kuchaza UVladimir Molyanov.
Futhi ukukhiqizwa kwe-superelite - amapheya ahlanzekile kuphela. Kusuka esakeni eliphakathiukuvakasha kuleli cala sinqabile ngenxa iqiniso lokuthi umquba oluhlaza awuvumeli ngokuphelele sula insimu kusuka ukhula nezifo. Use Kokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu, sithole ukuthi isitimu esihlanzekile siyasiza ngempela ukugcina umswakama emhlabathini isikhathi eside.
Amazambane akhetha owandulelayo osusa insimu kusenesikhathi ukuze ushiye isikhathi ukulungisa umhlabathi osezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokuqongelela umswakama, - ucabanga Timur Aisanov.
Ummbila wesilege, imidumba kanye nezinhlamvu ziwenza kahle lo msebenzi. Okusho ukuthi, lawo masiko okushiya ngemuva uhlaza oluninginy izinsalela futhi zisuswa phakathi kokuqala.
Ezweni lethu, ngesikhathi sokujikeleza kwezitshalo, amazambane abuyela esizeni ngokwesilinganiso kanye njalo eminyakeni emi-3-4, kusho Sergey Krivosheev. - Iminyaka eyi-10 yomsebenzi, sifinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi akudingekile ukushintshanisa izitshalo ezimbili, kodwa izitshalo ezi-4-5. Ngakho insimu ihlala ingenamazambane isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka, okunomthelela ekuhlanzeni kwayo. Sizama ukugcina izwe lapha ligcwele kuze kube yilapho liwa iqhwa lokuqala. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kokuvuna owandulelayo, ikakhulukazi ukolweni wasebusika nebhali, sihlwanyela umquba oluhlaza: lwesinaphi, i-buckwheat, i-oilseed radish. Ziyasisiza njenge-phytosanitary yenhlabathi, futhi zinomthelela ekuqoqweni kwe-biomass nomswakama kuyo.
Abaningi abaqondi ukuthi ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo kuwuhlobo lwediphozithi, imali efakwa ebhange, - iyavuma Ninel Konovalova. - Umlimi ukhulula insimu kumazambane futhi asebenze ngokucophelela kuyo ukuze eminyakeni engu-2-3 inhlabathi isilungele isivuno esiphezulu. Umlimi utshala imali eningi, kodwa imbuyiselo izobaluleka kuye.
KUSUKA EMAKHAYA EKUQALENI OKUSHA
Umkhiqizi ngamunye wezolimo uzonquma ngokwamandla uhlu lwezinqubo zezolimo ezisebenza kahle ezimweni zomnotho wakhe. Abanye basebenzisa izindlela zendabuko, ezinye sezithuthukile futhi azikasetshenziswa kabanzi. - Amapulazi ethu asebenza ekukhiqizeni amazambane embewu e-Urals, esifundeni saseSamara naseKaliningrad, - utshela UVladimir Molyanov. - Ngaphambili, safaka isandla umthamo onconyiwe kamanyolo, ngokususelwa ekuhlinzekeni kwenhlabathi nge-potassium, kodwa wabe esefika esiphethweni sokuthi umthamo wawo kufanele unyuswe. Lesi sakhi sinesibopho sokugcinwa komswakama ngamaseli ezitshalo. Njengoba enikezwe kahle nge-potassium, amazambane ayakwazi ukuvimbela ukuhwamuka kwawo okungakhiqizi. Sincoma ukugqoka okuphezulu ngomanyolo we-potash njengenqubo eyimpoqo. Iqinisekisa ukumelana nokucindezeleka nokumelana nokushisa kwesitshalo ensimini, inomphumela omuhle ekwakhekeni kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, ivimbela ukwakheka kwezingane, ikhuthaza ukwakheka kwesikhumba esiqinile samazambane kanye nokulondolozwa kwayo ngemva kokuvuna.
Lapho utshala isilimo ngaphandle kokunisela, ukukhetha nakho kubalulekile izinhlobo. Okuthandwayo kufanele kunikezwe ukumelana nokushisa okwengeziwe, kanye nezinhlobo zakuqala ezinesikhathi sokubeka izilimo eziyizigaxa kanye empeleni yakha isivuno ngezindleko zamasheya ebusika kanye umswakama wasentwasahlobo emhlabathini.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abalimi baseRussia bebelokhu besebenzisa i-hydrogel ukuze banikeze umswakama ezitshalweni zabo, - utshela Timur Aisanov. - Lena into enjalo ye-polymeric ngendlela yama-granules, okuthi, ngemva kokungeniswa emhlabathini, iqongelela umswakama emhlabathini.izindawo ezinemvula, yibambe, bese kancane kancane uyibuyisele.
Saqala ukusebenzisa i-hydrogel eminyakeni emithathu edlule esifundeni saseVolzhsky esifundeni saseSamara futhi saba nomphumela omuhle, kusho UVladimir Molyanov. - Kule ndawo, izikhukhula zomhlaba zidinga ukuthuthukisa umthamo wazo womswakama. Ungqimba lwawo olungaphezulu alubambi amanzi, asheshe ehle. Ngezikhathi zomswakama ophezulu, ama-granules amunca umswakama, futhi lapho inhlabathi isomile, i-hydrogel ivumela izitshalo ukuthi ziphile isomiso sesikhashana.
MAYELANA NEMVELO
Kunombono wokuthi imvelo ngokwayo itshela umlimi indlela yokulima kahle insimu, futhi inikeza wonke amathuba alokhu. Isistimu yokulima eyiziro ihlinzeka ngomthelela omncane emhlabathini kanye ne-microflora yawo.Ukuhlola okwenziwa e-Stavropol Territory kubonise ukuthi i-no-till ikuvumela ukuthi wonge umswakama owengeziwe enhlabathini, uma uqhathanisa nobuchwepheshe bokuhlwanyela bendabuko, - iqinisekisa Timur Aisanov. - Kodwa lobu buchwepheshe abenzi kahle emhlabathini osindayo, ohlangene ohlanganiswe kakhulu. Kunzima ukuhlwanyela lapha, ikakhulukazi izitshalo zamarowu. Badinga ungqimba olukhulu lwenhlabathi ekhululiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe amahlumela avela kwizilimo eziyizigaxa, ukwandisa i-vegetative mass futhi, ngenxa yalokho, andise isivuno. Isibonelo, angizazi izimo lapho amazambane etshalwa endaweni yokungalimi futhi ethola isivuno esikhulu.
- Ubuchwepheshe be-No-till busetshenziswa kangcono ezindaweni ezomile, lapho bufakazele khona ukusebenza kahle kwabo, - ngokuqinisekile Mikhail Mazirov. - Kodwa kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi akuzona zonke izitshalo ezingatshalwa ngempumelelo ngokusetshenziswa kwayo.
Isembozo seqhwa ekupheleni kobusika siba umthombo womswakama onikeza ukuphila, odingekayo ezitshalweni ezincane.
- Indlela efana nokugcinwa kweqhwa iyasebenza ezifundeni lapho isomiso siqala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, - amanothi Ninel Konovalova. - Engxenyeni emaphakathi yeRussia, akuvamile ukwenziwa, kodwa eningizimu, ezindaweni zaseLipetsk, Tula, Voronezh, Rostov, le ndlela isasetshenziswa. Ngosizo lwemishini ekhethekile, abalimi bagcina iqhwa endaweni yabo yokulima, okuthi, ngemva kokuncibilika, inikeze inhlabathi inani elanele lomswakama. Kodwa ukuze ihlale emasimini, kuyadingeka ukulima ekwindla ejulile kusengaphambili, ukwenza inhlabathi ihlelwe kahle. Futhi entwasahlobo, umswakama kufanele "uvalwe" ngokuphepha ngokusebenzisa ama-harrows kuwo wonke amasimu.
Noma ngabe iyiphi indlela yezolimo ekhethwa ngumkhiqizi wezolimo, izincomo zochwepheshe zifika embonweni owodwa ojwayelekile.
- Abalimi kudingeka babhekisise ngokuqinile ubuchwepheshe bokulima endaweniamazambane futhi ungaphambuki kuwo, - kusho inhloko yomnyango wokutshala amazambane weFederal Scientific Center for Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies yeRussian Academy of Sciences, uDokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo. Alexander Mushinsky. - Esweni lokuqalaphakathi kwalezi yizinsuku zokutshala, ukukhethwa kwezinhlobonhlobo eziklanyelwe izikhathi ezihlukene zokuvuthwa, ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wamaminerali, kucatshangelwa ukuhlinzekwa kwenhlabathi enezinto zamakhemikhali, izinqubo zezolimo eziqondene nendawo ethile ... Kulapho kuphela lapho kuyokwenzeka khona. ukugcina izinga elidingekayo lomswakama wenhlabathi phakathi nenkathi yonyaka kanye nokuthola isivuno esiphezulu, esiseqophelweni eliphezulu.