Ukukhiqiza nokugcina isikhumba se-tuber esibukeka kahle ngesikhathi sokugcina isikhathi eside kubalulekile emalini yenzuzo ephezulu embonini yamazambane, njengoba uhwebo lwesimanje lugcwele amazambane ahlanjululwe futhi ahlanganiswe. Umbala ompofu noma ongalingani kanye nesimo sesikhumba kuyinkinga enkulu futhi ebiza ngendlela engamukelekile embonini njengesizathu sokungathengi noma ukwehlisa izinga lamazambane. Yiqiniso, kunezinye izinkinga zesikhumba ezihambisana nokubonakaliswa kwenani lezifo kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (i-netting, i-greening, i-lentile ekhulile, imifantu, ukulimala komshini), kodwa lesi sihloko sizobhekana ngqo nesikhumba semvelo kanye namathuba okuthuthukisa. isimo sayo.
Ezincwadini ezikhethekile, isikhumba noma izicubu zangaphandle ze-tuber yamazambane zihlangene zibizwa ngokuthi i-periderm. I-periderm iyingqimba evikelayo yamaseli enciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi kumaseli angaphansi kwe-parenchyma futhi inikeze isivikelo emagciwaneni enhlabathini. I-periderm iqukethe izinhlobo ezintathu zamaseli: i-phellem (ukhokho), i-phellogen (i-cork cambium), ne-phelloderm (Fig. 1). Igama elithi "rind" ngezinye izikhathi lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kulo lonke i-periderm, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ku-phellem kuphela.
I-Phellem noma ukhokho izicubu ze-periderm ezingaphandle kakhulu ezimelana nokulahlekelwa kwamanzi, zinamandla omshini futhi zisebenza njengesithiyo esisebenzayo kumabhaktheriya e-pathogenic kanye nesikhunta. Amaseli e-phellem acishe abe "izitini" ngokuma, ancikene ngokuqinile ngaphandle kwezikhala ezihlanganayo. I-periderm yamazambane ejwayelekile ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene izingqimba zamaseli angama-7-18 ezinogqinsi oluphelele lwama-microns ayi-100-200. Nge-fluorescence kanye nokungcoliswa ngamadayi afana ne-berberine, i-phellem ibonakala kalula ukuthi inothile nge-suberin, futhi lokhu kuhlukanisa ngokucacile amaseli e-phellem kusukela ezingqimbeni zamaseli angaphansi. I-Suberin iyi-polymer ye-hydrophobic eyakhiwe ngamakhompiyutha e-phenolic kanye ne-aliphatic axhunywe nge-glycerol futhi atholakala endaweni phakathi kodonga oluyinhloko kanye ne-plasmalemma. Amaseli angaphansi agcwaliswa ngomoya ngakho-ke ahlinzeka ngokufakwa kokushisa, izindonga ezingaphansi komhlaba zivimbela ukuhlasela kwama-microorganisms (ngomshini nangamakhemikhali), futhi idiphozithi ye-wax eshumekwe ku-suberin ivimbela izicubu zangaphakathi ukuthi zome.
Ngaphezu kwe-suberin, i-potato tuber periderm iqukethe amanye amakhemikhali amaningi avikelayo ane-antioxidant, antibacterial, kanye ne-insecticidal properties. Lezi zinto zingase zibe maphakathi ku-suberin biosynthesis noma ama-metabolites avikelayo azimele. Ama-Metabolites ahlanganisa ama-non-polar wax, ama-acid agcwele kanye nanamafutha angagcwalisiwe, ama-dicarboxylic acid agcwele, i-monoacylglycerols, i-1-alkanols, i-n-alkanes, i-sterols ne-polyphenols, i-quinic acid, i-phenolicamines, i-phenolic acids, i-flavonoid glycoalneploids, i-solalanineploids i-solatriose nezinye), i-saponins, i-polyamines (i-putrescine, i-spermine ne-spermidine derivatives), kanye ne-methylprotodioscin ne-protodioscin.
Ukwakheka kwekhasi lezambane lemvelo (lomdabu) lenzeka ngezigaba ezintathu: I-1- periderm initiation - i-cambial phellogen yenziwa ngokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli e-subepidermal; 2-ukuthuthukiswa kwe-periderm engavuthiwe - i-phellogen esebenzayo yengeza izendlalelo zesikhumba ku-tuber ekhulayo; i-fissile phellogen ibuthakathaka futhi ijwayele ukuphuka, okungaholela ekuhlukaniseni isikhumba kusuka ku-tuber pulp engaphansi kanye nenkinga yokukhiqiza ebiza kakhulu yokulimala kwesikhumba; I-3- ukuvuthwa kwe-periderm - i-tuber iyeka ukukhula ekupheleni kwenkathi yokukhula, amangqamuzana esikhumba amasha awadingeki, futhi i-phellogen iba engasebenzi. Ngenxa yalokho, izingqimba ze-periderm zinamathela ngokuqinile ku-pulp ye-tuber (i-parenchyma) ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukusetha, ukuvuthwa, ukuqiniswa kwe-peel (Fig. 2).
I-tuber yamazambane iyisiqu esishintshiwe esiqala ukuhlukana njenge-internode evuvukele eduze kwehlumela le-apical le-stolon. Ungqimba lwangaphandle lwe-stolon yi-epidermis, ene-stomata ehlakazeke kakhulu. Ngenkathi i-tuber isencane kakhulu, i-epidermis isivele ithathelwe indawo yi-periderm, eqala ekupheleni kwesiqu se-tuber ekhulayo futhi ngokushesha isakaze phezu kwendawo yonke. I-periderm iphelela lapho i-tuber ifinyelela ubukhulu bephizi. Njengoba i-periderm ikhula, amaseli angaphansi kwendawo ye-stomata ahlukanisa ngenkuthalo futhi enze ama-lentil. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwe-tuber kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-periderm, i-phellogen iyi-meristem yangemuva esebenzayo. Amaseli e-phellogen ahlukanisa futhi amaseli amasha atholakala ngaphandle kwe-tuber abe amaseli e-phellome. Ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli e-phellem nge-phellogen kanye nokulahlekelwa kwamaseli e-phellem ngokukhipha i-tuber surface cishe ku-balance njengoba i-tuber ikhula. I-Phelloderma nayo itholakala ku-phellogen.
Izingxenye eziphambanayo zangcoliswa i-hematoxylin futhi zabukwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu esikhanyayo (iphaneli yesokunxele) nesibonakhulu se-ultraviolet (iphaneli yesokudla, ingemuva elimnyama) ukuze kufundwe ukwakheka kwezicubu nama-nuclei eseli, kanye ne-autofluorescence yezindonga zamaseli angaphansi, ngokulandelana. (A) Ukuqaliswa kwe-Periderm—Amaseli e-Subepidermal ayahluka ukuze akhe ama-initials e- phellogen (Phg) (ayindilinga), akhiqiza ngokulandelana ama- fellemcelles (amaseli amhlophe). (B) Ukukhula kwe-epidermal okungakakhuli - i-phellogen ihlala isebenza futhi ingeza amaseli amaningi (Ph) ku-tuber ekhulayo. Isithombe esikhulisiwe (ukukhulisa izikhathi ezingu-2,5) sibonisa amaseli ahlukene phakathi kwamaseli amabili (imicibisholo ebomvu). I-membrane yeseli ijwayele ukubhujiswa, okuholela ekuhlukaneni kwekhasi elingavuthiwe ebusweni be-tuber. (C) Ukuvuthwa kwe-Periderm-ngemuva kokususwa kweqabunga noma i-senescence yesitshalo, ukukhula kwe-tuber kuyeka, i-cell phellogen iyeka ukuhlukana, futhi inqubo yokuzinza ibangelwa. Isendlalelo se-phellogen asitholwa esigabeni sokuvuthwa. Izilawuli zesikali: 200 µm.
Ngokubunjwa okungaphelele kwekhasi lamazambane, konakaliswa (kuhlukaniswe) ngokuthintana ngomshini nemizimba esebenzayo yemishini, amatshe, izigaxa, izilimo eziyizigaxa eziwayo, njll. Lokhu kulimala kuphulukisa ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwe-periderm yesilonda (isithombe 3). I-periderms yomdabu neyenxeba iyafana ngokwemvelaphi yezicubu, ukwakheka kanye ne-morphology, kodwa ihluke ngenqubo yokugcwala kanye nokwakheka kwe-pectin ne-anthocyanin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-suberin ye-periderm yesilonda inothiswe ku-waxy alkyl ferulates futhi ikwazi ukungena emanzini. Ezinsukwini ezingu-1-3, ungqimba olumbozayo lwakhiwe endaweni yomonakalo, lapho izindonga zamaseli avulekile we-tuber parenchyma zenza i-lignification/suberization. Ngosuku lwe-3, ama-rudiments e-phellogen ayabonakala, futhi amakholomu amaseli amasha e-phellema abonakala ngokucacile ngaphansi kwesendlalelo sesembozo. Kusukela ngosuku lwe-4, i-phellem esanda kwakhiwa ingena ngaphansi kwezingqimba zangaphandle ngaphakathi, futhi ngosuku lwe-8, izingqimba ezingaphansi kwe-phellem ziba isicaba futhi zihlanganiswe, okubonisa ukuvuthwa kwe-periderm yesilonda.
Ukwanda kwesikhashana kwamazinga e-auxin kanye ne-lipid hydroxyperoxide imizuzu engu-20-30 ngemva kokulimala kuqala izenzakalo ze-cytological eziholela ekwakhekeni kwe-periderm yesilonda. Amazinga e-abscisic acid, i-ethylene, ne-jasmonic acid nawo anda okwesikhashana ngemva kokulimala nangaphambi kokuba ukwakheka kwe-periderm kuqale. Ukwakheka kwe-periderm okubangelwa amanxeba kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu ku-20-25°C, kubambezeleka emazingeni okushisa aphansi (10-15°C), kuvinjwe izinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-35°C, ku-O.2 ngaphansi kuka-1% kanye nezinga lokushisa elingu-15°C noma ngaphezulu. Inhlanganisela yamazinga okushisa, ukugcwala komoyampilo kanye nomswakama ohlobene kufanele kulungiselelwe isimo sokuphila kwezigaxa ukuze kuvalwe izicubu eziveziwe zangaphakathi ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka futhi kuvinjwe ukungena kwe-pathogen nokulahlekelwa kwamanzi.
Ukwehluleka ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhumba okuholela ekunsundu kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinesikhumba esibushelelezi (Isithombe 3B) kuvame ukubangelwa izimo zokukhula ezingezinhle. Lokhu kuphazamiseka kokusebenza komzimba akubangelwa amagciwane. Umbala onsundu obomvu ungase ube izakhi zofuzo, njengezinhlobonhlobo ze-American Russet Burbank. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinesikhumba esinsundu ngokubomvu zinezingqimba eziminyene kakhulu kunamazambane anesikhumba esibushelelezi, futhi ezinhlobonhlobo zobuchwepheshe lokhu kuyisici esiwusizo, njengoba isikhumba sishubile, umonakalo wangaphakathi ongaphansi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, uyanda ukudayiswa kwesitshalo. . Ukwakhiwa kwe-Zonal kwezingqimba zamaseli e-phellem kungaba umphumela wokwanda komsebenzi we-phellogen njengomphumela, isibonelo, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lenhlabathi noma ukunamathela okuqinile kwamaseli e-phellem aseduze ukuze angaphumi ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwe-tuber. Lokhu kungase futhi kube ngenxa yokwanda kwe-suberization noma amazinga aphezulu e-pectin ne-hemicellulose. Njengoba i-tuber ikhula ngesikhathi sokukhula, isikhumba esiminyene siyaqhekeka, okuholela embala we-reticulated noma obomvu-brown.
Ama-algorithms kanye nomphumela wokwakhiwa kwekhasi lamazambane ezimweni ezihlukene zihluke kakhulu. Ukubunjwa kwe-periderm yamazambane yomdabu kanye nelimele kuye kwafundwa amashumi eminyaka amaningi futhi ukunakwa okuyinhloko kukhokhwe esimweni se-suberization ye-phellem cell wall, i.e. inqubo enikeza i-periderm izakhiwo zayo zokuvikela eziyinhloko. Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, izici zofuzo zezinqubo zokwakheka kwesikhumba ziye zacutshungulwa ngenkuthalo, izakhi zofuzo zombala othile wesikhumba, namaphethini amaningi aye atholakala. Kwenziwe inqubekelaphambili ekuguquleni umbala wesikhumba wezinhlobo ezaziwayo zamazambane ngokwethula izakhi zofuzo ezifanele. Kodwa-ke, namanje akukho ukuqonda kwezinqubo eziqondile zebhayoloji kanye namathuba okulawula ukusebenza kwamaseli e-phellogen ukuze kusebenze ukwakheka kwesikhumba se-tuber ngesikhathi sokukhula noma ukulimala komshini kanye nokungasebenzi kwalawa maseli afanayo ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwe-tuber kanye nokumiswa kokugcina kwesikhumba. I-periderm engavuthiwe inesendlalelo se- phellogen ehlukanisayo ngenkuthalo, kanti i-periderm evuthiwe (ejwayelekile yamazambane agcinwe endaweni yokugcina) nayo inongqimba lwe- phellogen, kodwa ayisebenzi futhi ayiwakhi amaseli kakhokho amasha.
Isimo sekhasi lamazambane singahlolwa ngokubuka nangezindlela zokulawula izinsimbi ezinembile. Amalebhu amaningi okukhiqiza manje asebenzisa amashadi ekhwalithi ukusiza abasebenzi ukuthi bahlole ikhwalithi ye-tuber ngokuqhathanisa nezigaba ezinqunywe kusengaphambili. (Isibonelo somdwebo onjalo sisesithombeni 4).
Amashadi ekhwalithi asetshenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ishibhile ukuwenza (futhi ngokuvamile ahlinzekwa yikhasimende) futhi angasetshenziswa ukuqeqesha abasebenzi abalawula ikhwalithi ngokushesha futhi kalula. Kodwa-ke, izilinganiso umuntu azinikezayo ngokusekelwe emibonweni yakhe ebonakalayo zincike futhi zingaphansi kwephutha. Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, izikena ze-optical ziye zafakwa ngenkuthalo emkhakheni wokuhlola ukubukeka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, isimo sekhasi. Ukuhlunga ngokubona kukhiqiza kakhulu, kufika kumathani ayi-100 ngehora futhi kuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo engaguquki (24/7) ngokuya ngemibandela eshiwo yokwenqatshwa engajwayelekile. Le ndawo yobuchwepheshe ithuthuka ngokushesha. Uma eminyakeni emi-5 edlule amandla ayo ayelinganiselwe ekuhlolweni kwamazambane ahlanziwe ngamapharamitha angama-3-4, manje sekukhiqizwa ngobuningi imishini yokuhlunga ye-optical yamapharamitha angama-7-8 wamazambane angageziwe (isithombe 5). Sekuvele kunenqubekelaphambili ekuskeneni kwe-optical of subcutaneous, ukukhubazeka kwangaphakathi kumazambane.
Ukuze uhlole isimo sekhasi, amamitha we-serial gloss angasetshenziswa (isithombe 6). Isikhumba esicwebezelayo sibonisa ukukhanya okwengeziwe, ngakho-ke umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo noma amaqoqo amazambane anekhwalithi ehlukile yesikhumba ukalwa ngedijithali. Kube nemizamo yokwenza amadivaysi akhethekile amazambane, kepha lokhu akuzange kuholele ekukhiqizeni ngobuningi.
Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-agrotechnical ezithinta futhi ezingathuthukisa isimo sesikhumba samazambane zibandakanya ukuhlukahluka, ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi, ukujula kokutshala, umsoco, izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi, ukuntuleka kwamanzi, ukugcwala kwamanzi, ubude benkathi yokukhula kanye nohlobo lwenkathi yokwelashwa ngemuva kwalokho. ilayisha endaweni yokugcina.
Isimo sesikhumba sihluke kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene. Umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo waziwa kakhulu embonini yokupakisha kanye namaketanga okuthengisa, kodwa izici zekhwalithi zesikhumba zezinhlobonhlobo azifani ngokwanele. Amafemu azalelayo asebenzisa amagama ahlukene ukuchaza izikhumba zezitshalo. Ngaphambilini, babonisa umbala ngokuyinhloko, ukujula kwamehlo nokushelela - i-reticulation yekhasi. Muva nje, igama elithi "ukuqedwa kwesikhumba" selivame kakhulu, kodwa izindlela zokubhekisela emazingeni ale nkomba "okubi - okuphakathi - okuhle - okuhle kakhulu" akukakashicilelwa. Ngenxa yalokho, isimo sangempela se-peel yanoma yiziphi izinhlobonhlobo ezimweni ezithile zenhlabathi-zezulu kanye nezimo zokukhula kwezobuchwepheshe zivezwa kuphela ekusebenzeni. Isikhathi sokulondolozwa kokushelela kwepeel sinquma ukufaneleka kanye nethuba lokusebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zokugeza phakathi nesikhathi sonke sokugcina. Ngisho nezinhlobo zezimboni, i-peel rough, rough ayimukeleki, njengoba izindleko zokugeza kanye nemfucuza lapho ukuhlanza izilimo eziyizigaxa zikhuphuka.
Uhlobo lomhlabathi luthinta ukuhlanzeka kwesikhumba, kodwa umphumela wokuthungwa kwenhlabathi awuzange uchazwe ngokwesayensi ngokuningiliziwe. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezitshalwe esihlabathini zinezingqimba eziningi zamaseli e-phellem kunezilimo eziyizigaxa ezitshalwe ku-humus. Kuyaziwa embonini yokupakisha ukuthi isikhumba sigeza kangcono ezigabeni ezitshalwe enhlabathini enodaka noma enobumba uma kuqhathaniswa nenhlabathi enesihlabathi esibi kakhulu. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezitshalwe enhlabathini ye-peat nazo zingaba nezikhumba ezibushelelezi, kodwa ukubukeka kwalezi zigaxa kungase kube ngaphansi ngombala. Okusho ukuthi, ezigabeni ezitshalwe enhlabathini eqhuma kakhulu, ungqimba lukakhokho lushubile, kodwa ukuthungwa, ukushelela, nokukhanya kubukeka kangcono emhlabathini wobumba. Ukutshala okujulile kubangela isikhumba esincane uma kuqhathaniswa nokutshala okungashoni.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa kwenhlabathi ephezulu (28-33°C), izilimo eziyizigaxa zinesikhumba esiwugqinsi futhi zivame ukuba nsundu kanye nenetha. Kokunye ukuhlola, ukujiya kwe-periderm uma kukhule ezingeni lokushisa elingu-10,20,30оC kwaba 120, 164, 182 µm, ngokulandelana. Ukugcwala kwamanzi kucatshangwa ukuthi kwandisa inetha kanye nokuba buthuntu kwekhasi, kodwa buncane noma abukho ubufakazi obushicilelwe obusekela lokhu. Kunemibiko yokuthi ukucwebezela kwesikhumba kuhlobene ngokuphambene nobude besikhathi kusukela ekomisweni kuya ekuvuneni (okungukuthi, izikhawu ezimfushane zokuvuna ziphumela kumazambane acwebezelayo).
Ukudla okunomsoco okulinganiselayo kunciphisa izifo zesikhumba futhi kuthuthukisa ukubukeka kwekhasi, futhi kuthinta ubukhulu bekhasi, kodwa hhayi kuzo zonke izimo. Kutholakale ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwe-N, P no-K noma ukusetshenziswa komanyolo ophilayo kwandisa ubukhulu be-phellem kanye nobukhulu obuphelele be-phellogen ne-phelloderm uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen kuphela. Kuningi okushicilelwe ngomphumela wakho kokubili ama-macro- kanye nama-micronutrients kwikhwalithi yesikhumba, kodwa iningi lamaphethini athile ahlonziwe ahlotshaniswa nemisoco embalwa kuphela.
I-nitrogen. Isikhathi kanye nenani lokuvundiswa kwe-nitrogen kunomthelela omkhulu ekuthintekeni kwemivimbo ngenxa yomphumela omkhulu kakhulu ekuvuthweni. Ukuntuleka kwe-nitrogen kungaholela ekushesheni kwezitshalo kanye nokwanda kokungenwa yizimila uma izigaxa zingaphansi kweziqu ezifayo isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuvuna. I-nitrogen eyeqile (ikakhulukazi ngasekupheleni kwesizini) ibambezela ukuvuthwa kwesitshalo, okuholela ekwehleni kwamandla adonsela phansi athile, ukwanda kokungenwa ukuxebuka kanye nokulimala okuvela emihuzuko, ukungahleleki kahle kwesikhumba. Abalimi bamazambane baseMelika bakholelwa ukuthi inani eliphelele lokufakwa kwenitrogen kumazambane aniselwe akufanele lidlule ku-350 kg d wt/ha, kuyilapho maphakathi no-August okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate kuma-petioles akufanele kudlule izingxenye ezingu-15 esigidini ngasinye. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-nitrogen kunomphumela omubi ekwakhekeni kwesikhumba uma ukuchithwa kwe-deiccation kwenziwa ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula kwezitshalo. I-nitrogen eningi ngokuvamile iholela ekuqothulweni. Ukufakwa kwe-nitrogen kufanele kulungiswe ngokuya ngobude obulindelekile besizini. Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile lapho kusetshenziswa i-nitrogen ezinhlobonhlobo ezidume kabi ngesikhumba esibuthakathaka.
Iphosphorus Ngokungafani ne-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ngokuvamile ikhuthaza ukuvuthwa kwe-tuber, ukwakheka kwesikhumba esiqinile, ngisho nokunetha. I-Phosphorus imuncwa amathiphu ezimpande ngesikhathi sokukhula okusebenzayo, ngakho-ke umanyolo we-phosphorus kufanele ufakwe ngaphambi kokutshala.
Potassium ngoba amazambane kufanele asetshenziswe njalo ngenani elifanele kanye nesilinganiso kwezinye izakhi. Ngokuntuleka kwe-potassium, izilimo eziyizigaxa zithambekele ekubeni mnyama kwe-pulp ngemuva kokucwecwa. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-potassium kunciphisa amandla adonsela phansi athile kanye nentuthuko jikelele.
I-calcium kunciphisa amathuba okuba nemihuzuko ngenxa yomphumela wawo emandleni odonga lweseli. Ukungenwa imihuzuko ngokuvamile kuphansi kakhulu lapho ukugcwala kwe-calcium kuma-tubers kudlula ama-micrograms angama-200-250 ngekhilogremu yesisindo esomile. Ukumuncwa okusebenzayo kwe-calcium kwenzeka uma kufakwe emhlabathini ngaphambi kokutshala.
Sulfure kunciphisa izinga lotwayi oluvamile nolwempuphu. Umphumela omuhle utholakala uma isulfure ifakwa emhlabathini ngendlela etholakala kalula ekutshalweni, nokho, ukufaka amahlamvu esibabule nakho kunganciphisa ukuhlasela.
Boron isiza ukuzinzisa i-calcium ezindongeni zamangqamuzana futhi iphinde ithinte ukumuncwa kwe-calcium, ngakho-ke izitolo ze-calcium zibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukudla okunomsoco futhi kwandiswe izinzuzo zokuthatha i-calcium.
I-Zinc evame ukusetshenziselwa ukucindezela utwayi oluyimpuphu. Ukwethulwa kwayo kuphela emhlabathini kunikeza ukusebenza kahle okwanele.
Kunobufakazi obuningi bokuthuthukiswa kwesimo sesikhumba ngokusetshenziswa okunekhono komanyolo ngesikhathi sokukhula (isithombe 7). Nokho, umphumela utholakala ikakhulukazi ngokunciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo. Abukho ubufakazi bomphumela oqondile wokugqokwa kwamaqabunga ebukhulu, ukushelela, nokucwebezela kwekhasi. Ukuhlolwa kokudla okuyinkimbinkimbi, isibonelo, akukwazanga ukuxazulula inkinga yezikhumba ezibuthakathaka kwezinye izinhlobo eNgilandi.
Isithombe 7. Ukuphumelela kokuthuthukisa isimo se-peel ngosizo lwama-macro- kanye nama-microfertilizers
Ezinye izindlela zokuphatha izitshalo ezithuthukisa izikhumba zamazambane zihlanganisa:
• Ukukhethwa kwamasimu anenzalo efanele, imingcele ye-agrochemical kanye nokwakheka kwe-granulometric yomhlabathi. Ukukhishwa kwezinkundla lapho izinto ezingezinhle zikhona, njengezifo, ukungahambi kahle kwamanzi noma umthamo omncane wokugcina amanzi;
• Ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele izinsiza ze-agro-climate ukuze kuvuthwe ngokugcwele ikhasi. Ukusetshenziswa kwembewu yekhwalithi enezifo ezincane;
• Ukusetshenziswa kwama-fungicides, amalungiselelo e-microbiological, izinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo ekulungiseleleni imbewu, ngesikhathi sokutshala nangenkathi yokukhula ukunciphisa ukusabalala kwezifo;
• Ukunisela ukuvikela noma ukunciphisa izifo ezifana notwayi oluvamile;
• Ukwehliswa kwezihlahla kanye nokuvuna ngesikhathi esikahle esimweni sezulu esihle ukuze kugwenywe ukulimala ngokomzimba kanye nokuhlasela kwezifo;
• Gwema ukufaka ulika ngaphambi nje kokutshala amazambane, ngoba lokhu kukhuthaza utwayi.
Uhlelo lokuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali kwekhasi lezilimo eziyizigaxa ezifweni alukwazi ukuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe ngefomethi yesigaba salesi sihloko. Lesi yisihloko esikhulu esihlukile, ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuzivikela kuyimpoqo ekukhuleni kwamazambane amakhulu. Kodwa kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi izifo eziningi zesikhumba zilawulwa ngempumelelo (i-rhizoctoniosis, i-scab evamile nesiliva) futhi izinto eziningi ezisebenzayo ziyasebenza, ukukhetha kubanzi, futhi ngenxa yezinkinga eziningi, amathuba okwelapha amakhemikhali awanele (anthracnose, powdery). utwayi, ukubola kwebhaktheriya) kanye nama-molecule asebenzayo we-single .
Amathuba engeziwe okulawula izifo zepeel ahlinzekwa ngokusetshenziswa kohlobo olusha lwe-ejenti yokuzivikela - amalungiselelo e-microbiological kanye nezilawuli zokukhula. Isibonelo, e-United States, umuthi wokubulala ukhula i-50-D ususetshenziswe kabanzi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2,4 ukuze kuthuthukiswe futhi kuzinziswe umbala wezinhlobo zamazambane ezivamile zendawo ezinesikhumba esibomvu. Umphumela wombala ogcwele kakhulu uhlala izinyanga ezimbalwa, futhi ukuncipha okubonakalayo kokusakazeka kwe-scab nakho kufinyelelwa (isithombe 8). Lokhu kusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kufakiwe kumthethonqubo osemthethweni we-herbicide 2,4-D:AMAZAmbane ABOMVU (Akhuliselwe imakethe entsha):Ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esifanele kwalo mkhiqizo ngokuvamile kuthuthukisa umbala obomvu, kusiza ekugcineni umbala obomvu, kuthuthukisa ukubukeka kwesikhumba, kukhulisa isethi yama-tuber, futhi kuthuthukisa ukufana kosayizi we-tuber (ama-jumbo ambalwa). Ukusabela kwezitshalo kungahluka kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo, izici zengcindezi, nezimo zendawo. Xhumana ne-Agricultural Extension Service kanye nabanye abeluleki bezitshalo abaqeqeshiwe ukuze uthole izincomo zasendaweni. Izinhlobonhlobo ezinombala obomvu ngokwemvelo ngokwemvelo zizuza kancane ekwelashweni. Faka ama-ounces aketshezi angu-1.6 alo mkhiqizo ngehektare ngalinye kumalitha angu-5 kuya kwangu-25 amanzi usebenzisa impahla yasemhlabeni noma yasemoyeni. Umthamo wesifutho othize okhethiwe kufanele wanele ukumboza kahle izitshalo. Faka isicelo sokuqala lapho amazambane esesigabeni sangaphambi kokuhluma (cishe ama-intshi angu-7 kuya kwangu-10 ukuphakama) bese wenza isicelo sesibili ezinsukwini eziyi-10 kuya kweziyi-14 kamuva. Ungeqi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbili ngesitshalo ngasinye. Ungavuni zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-45 zokufaka isicelo. Ukusetshenziswa okungalingani, noma ukuxutshwa nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane nezithasiselo, kungase kwenyuse ingozi yokulimala kwezitshalo.
Njengomthetho, ukubukeka kwe-peel akuthuthuki ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, ngakho-ke ikhwalithi ye-peel lapho ingena esitolo ibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuze amazambane ahlinzeke ngekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu yomkhiqizo owashwayo emakethe futhi alondoloze leyo khwalithi kuyo yonke impilo yawo yeshalofu, kubalulekile ukuthi i-agronomy yasensimini isebenze kahle ekuzuzeni ikhwalithi yesikhumba engcono kakhulu. Ngobuchwepheshe besimanje bokugcina, kungenzeka ukugcina izinga elihle lesikhumba amasonto angaphezu kuka-35, kodwa kuphela uma izinga liphezulu ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Izici eziningi zokuqedwa kwesikhumba sezivele zinqunywa ngesikhathi sokuvuna futhi zishintsha kancane endaweni yokugcina. Lokhu kuthinta inetha, imifantu yokukhula kanye nezinye izifo ezifana notwayi oluvamile kanye ne-rhizoctoniosis. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imingcele eminingi ye-peel ingawohloka ngesikhathi sokugcina: i-luster, ubukhulu be-lentil, i-anthracnose, i-silvery ne-powdery scab.
Ukugcina isikhumba sisesimweni esihle ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, kunconywa ukufaka isilimo esiqandisini ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngemva kokulayisha endaweni yokugcina (inqobo nje uma isikhumba siqinile futhi simiswe ngokuqinile futhi izinhlobonhlobo zingenakuthinteka esikhumbeni). Ukwengeza, izitshalo kufanele zifakwe umoya owomile ngesikhathi sokugcina ukuze zisuse umswakama ongaphezulu. Zama ukugcina amazambane ngaphansi kuka-4,0°C.
Ingaphezulu kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi sokugcina ngokuvamile lilahlekelwa ukukhanya kwalo. Ucwaningo olukhethekile luye lwabonisa ukuthi lokhu konakala kubangelwa ukuwa kwamangqamuzana oqweqwe olumbozayo phakathi namasonto amabili okuqala okugcina, uma amangqamuzana elahlekelwa umswakama ngesikhathi sokwelashwa. Ukushintsha kwesakhiwo se-periderm kuholela ekuqineni kwendawo yesikhumba, okwenza kube kubi kakhulu ukukhanya, i-peel iba buthuntu. Izendlalelo zangaphandle zikakhokho nazo ziyaxebuka ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, kodwa azisathathelwa indawo yinoma yini, ikhasi elivela elibushelelezi, elicwebezelayo, elikhanyayo lingaba lukhuni, libe buthuntu futhi libe lukhuni (isithombe 9) Ngakho-ke, ukugcina umswakama ophezulu ngesikhathi ukuphulukiswa komonakalo nokuqinisa i-periderm kumele kubhekwe ngokuqinile.
Ukungena komoya kahle ngesikhathi sokugcina ngokuvamile kuzoba nomthelela omncane ekwehliseni isicwebezelisi sesikhumba. Kodwa izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zibonisa isimo esihle kakhulu sikakhokho kumswakama ophezulu wama-98% ogcinwe endaweni yokugcina. Ukugcinwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa emazingeni aphezulu omswakama kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwenqwaba yezilimo eziyizigaxa ngo-1-2%. Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu kufanele akhumbule ngengozi ye-condensate yomswakama endaweni yokugcina, imiphumela emibi lapho izinga nokuphepha kwesitshalo liphakeme izikhathi eziningi kunokonga okungenzeka ekulahlekelweni kwesisindo kusuka ekuncipheni. Endaweni yesimanje ye-phytopathological, kugcinwa umswakama ongu-90-95% (futhi leli izinga lomswakama elakhiwa ngenxa yokuphefumula kwezilimo eziyizigaxa endaweni ye-intertuber ngezikhathi ngaphandle kokungena komoya, i.e. lena impahla yemvelo yamazambane agciniwe) ilungile. Futhi kumaqoqo asengozini yokusabalalisa izifo zesikhunta kanye nebhaktheriya, kuyalulekwa ukuthi kugcinwe izinga lomswakama elilinganiselwe lika-85-90%, okuzovimbela ukuwohloka komzimba kanye ne-bacteriological yomkhiqizo ogciniwe. Ukukhanya kwesikhumba sezinhlobo eziningi ezibomvu kuyawohloka ngesikhathi sokugcinwa isikhathi eside. Imizamo eqinile iyenziwa ukuze kugcinwe izinga eliphezulu ngokugcotshwa kwefilimu yokudla. Kokunye ukuhlola, kwasetshenziswa izinhlobo ezine zokuhlanganisa ezihlukene. Izingubo zokudla ezisekelwe ku-alginate zithuthukise kakhulu ukuhlolwa kwezinzwa, ikakhulukazi mayelana nombala, isicwebezelisi, nokwamukelwa okuphelele kwamazambane anesikhumba esibomvu. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ukwelashwa okunamathelayo okudliwayo kuwuthuthukise kakhulu umbala wezikhumba, ikakhulukazi ukwakheka kwe-F1 kanye ne-F2.
Ngesikhathi sokulungiselela ukuthengiswa kwangaphambili, kungakuhle ukuthi kusetshenziswe ubuchwepheshe obuvumela ukugcinwa nokuthuthukisa ukubukeka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Amawasha izigubhu anamabhulashi ajikelezayo (abizwa ngokuthi abapholisha, isithombe 11) angakhuphula ukukhanya kwezikhumba zamazambane, okungukuthi eminye yemiphumela emibi yemikhuba yezolimo nokugcinwa kwayo ingaqedwa kakhulu ngokuwasha kahle. Nokho, ukupholisha ngokweqile kulimaza ubuqotho bemvelo isikhumba se-tuber, esingaholela ekulimaleni kwamazambane. Kuhlale kudingekile ukuhlola ngokushesha umphumela wokugeza esikhumbeni sezilimo eziyizigaxa lapho ushintshela ku-batch entsha noma ezihlukahlukene futhi ulungise inqubo yokugeza. Kulesi sigaba, izinga lokungcoliswa kwe-microbiological, okuhlanganisa namanzi asetshenzisiwe, kufanele futhi liqashwe, futhi izibulala-magciwane kanye nama-antimicrobial avunyelwe embonini yokudla kufanele kusetshenziswe. Kuze kube manje, wonke umuntu uzama ukuvikela nokugcina imithetho yokucubungula amazambane ahlanziwe ngama-ejenti okuzivikela kwimodi yokwazi.
Ukugcinwa kwekhwalithi yekhasi lamazambane esigabeni sokuhamba nokudayiswa kuqinisekiswa ngokusetshenziswa kokupakishwa okune-perforation eyanele yokungena komoya kanye nokuvimbela ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ekukhanyeni okukhanyayo, okuholela ngokungenakugwenywa ekutshaleni nasekuqoqweni kwe-glycoalkaloids. Isihloko sokuhlaza kwekhasi lamazambane ngesikhathi sokutshala, ukugcinwa nokudayiswa kufanele sicatshangelwe ngokwehlukana.
Ngakho, ikhasi lenza imisebenzi ebalulekile yokuvikela yezilimo eziyizigaxa futhi linquma kusengaphambili ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yamazambane ngabathengi. Njengoba ivolumu yokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo egeziwe nehlanganisiwe ikhula, izidingo zokubukeka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ziyanda. Izinqubo eziningi ezijwayelekile ekwakhekeni kongqimba lukakhokho oluqinile, olubushelelezi, olucwebezelayo lwe-periderm luye lwabonakala, kodwa ayikho i-algorithm yesistimu yendawo yonke yokulawula le nqubo. Amathuba asebenzayo okuthuthukisa isimo sekhasi lamazambane ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu nezinhlobonhlobo zenhlabathi, ukusetshenziswa okugcwele kwemithombo yesimo sezulu yenkathi yokukhula, ukuvimbela izifo, ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okuzinzile, umanyolo olinganiselayo nophelele nge-macro- kanye nama-microelements, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezilawuli zokukhula, ukuchithwa okufika ngesikhathi, ukuvunwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nokwenza okufanelekile nokunembile kwezigaba zokuqala zokugcina, ukuvimbela ukulimala kwemishini, ukupholishwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngemishini ekhethekile.
Isithombe 11. Iwasha yokupholisha
Umbhali wendaba: Sergey Banadysev, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo, iDoka-Gene Technologies