Muva nje, kwezolimo zamazwe e-EU, kube nokuthambekela kokunciphisa umthamo wokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo (ngemuva kwalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi ama-PPP). Ngasikhathi sinye, kuthungathwa amanye amalungiselelo ezibulala-zinambuzane eziyingozi neziyingozi (amakilasi I, II), kanye nokukhuthazwa okusebenzayo kwezolimo kwezindlela zokulawula izinambuzane, ama-phytopathogens nokhula. Isibonelo, njengengxenye yesu le-Farm to Fork (ingxenye ebalulekile ye-European Green Deal, isu lashicilelwa yiKhomishini YaseYurophu ngoMeyi 2020), kuhlelwe ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali (izithako zazo ezisebenzayo) ngo. 50% ngo-2030. Ngokwedatha yakamuva eshicilelwe yangoFebhuwari 2022, izinto ezisebenzayo ezingama-934 zihoxiswe ukugunyazwa kwazo e-EU, kwathi ezingama-448 zagunyazwa kwathi ezingama-67 zilindile. Kubikwa ukuthi ngo-2022, izimvume ezikhishelwe izinto ezisebenzayo ezingama-200 e-EU zizophelelwa yisikhathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunengozi yokuhoxiswa kwezimvume, kuhlanganise ngenxa yenkinga kanye nokwenyuka kwezindleko zenqubo yokubhalisa izinto ezisebenzayo e-EU, i-34% yezibulala-zinambuzane, i-23% ye-fungicides, i-35% ye-herbicides. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-EU kukhona ukwanda kancane kancane endaweni esetshenziswa ukutshalwa kwemikhiqizo yezitshalo eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, ngokwezibalo ze-FAOSTAT, ngokwesibonelo, e-EU, indawo yomhlaba wezolimo esetshenziswa ukulima okuphilayo yayingamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-2018 ngo-13016,254, namahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-2019 ngo-13905,6276; ngo-2020 - amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-14737,191. Uma kuqhathaniswa, eRussia Federation yaba amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2018 ngo-606,975, amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2019 ngo-674,34, namahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2020 ngo-615,19.
Esimeni sokuncishiswa kokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo kanye nokusabalala kwendlela yokuphila ezitshalweni ezikhulayo, indaba yokusebenzisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe zesimanje zokufafaza okuphansi kakhulu ibalulekile. Elinye lala mathuluzi eliye labonisa ukusebenza kahle kwazo izimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu (ngemuva kwalokhu ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-drones), ezihlonyiswe ngemishini yokufafaza izitshalo nokutshalwa kwezitshalo zezolimo nezihlahla ngemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo.
Okwamanje, ukusetshenziswa kwama-drones ekuvikelweni kwezitshalo akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho ku-EU - EU Directive (2009/128/EC) iyakwenqabela ukufafaza emoyeni emazweni e-EU. Ukuvinjelwa kokufuthwa kwasemoyeni ngokwenza umkhawulo wokusetshenziswa ngokugcwele kwama-drones e-EU njengezindlela zobuchwepheshe zesimanje zokwethula imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlaka oluqinile lokuvinjelwa okukhona alufaki isandla ekuthuthukisweni okusabalele ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe kulo mkhakha wokuvikela izitshalo. Ngalesi sizathu, ababambiqhaza abaningi eYurophu bafuna kubuyekezwe futhi kuchitshiyelwe lo myalelo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwama-drones ukufutha.
Njengamanje, inqubekelaphambili enkulu ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa ama-drones ukufafaza imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo ifinyelelwe amazwe ase-Asia, ikakhulukazi i-China.
Ngokuqondene nezwe lethu, eRussian Federation akuyona yonke imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo enemvume yokusetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwasemoyeni. Ungathola ukuthi umuthi othile unayo yini imvume ngokubhekisela kunguqulo yamanje yohlu lwezibulala-zinambuzane ezigunyaziwe namakhemikhali ezolimo (izibulala-zinambuzane ezinemvume enjalo ziphawulwe ngohlamvu “A”). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhambisana nemithetho, eRussian Federation, ama-drones anesisindo sokusuka ku-0,25 kg kuya ku-30 kg angaphansi kokubhaliswa okuphoqelekile.
Ukuze kufafazwe okunembile kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ama-drones afakwe uhlelo lokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Enye yezinzuzo zokusebenzisa kwabo ukuthi kungenzeka ukwethula imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo enosayizi weconsi elihle ngenani eliphansi lokusetshenziswa. Ukwehla okuhlakazeke kahle kunikeza izitshalo ezinhle, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukulwa ngokuphumelelayo nezilwane ezilimaza izitshalo ngezilinganiso eziphansi zokufaka isicelo, okubalulekile futhi ekuvimbeleni ukuvela kwenani elimelana lezinto eziphilayo ezilimaza izitshalo. Ubuhle obungenakuphikwa bokwethula imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo kusetshenziswa ama-drones kuwumthelela ophansi endaweni ezungezile, emanzini anenzuzo kanye nenhlabathi eningi kanye ne-microbiota, kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokwelapha kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokusebenza kubalimi. Kepha inkinga enkulu ngokusetshenziswa kwama-drones kuseyingcuphe yokukhukhuleka iye emasimini angomakhelwane lapho izitshalo ezizwela umuthi osetshenziswayo zingakhula khona. Ngokocwaningo, ingozi yokukhukhuleka isifutho ingancishiswa ngokwehlisa ukuphakama kwendiza ye-drone. Ngokuya ngobude besitshalo esifuthwayo, i-drone ingasebenza ezindaweni eziphakeme (imvamisa 3-10 m). Ngokuvamile, zisebenza ngempumelelo ekufutheni okusezingeni eliphansi kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo ezindaweni eziphansi. Isici esibalulekile ukuthi ngalolu hlobo lokwelashwa kuncane ukusetshenziswa komuthi, ngoba i-drone ifafaza isibulala-zinambuzane kuphela kulezo zindawo lapho kudingekile (ezindaweni zokuthuthukiswa kwezifo, ukhula, nezinambuzane) ukubamba indawo encane okungase kube khona izinto eziphilayo eziyingozi ezitshalweni. Kulokhu, umthamo wamalungiselelo ungalungiswa kuye ngezinga lokutheleleka/ukhula lwezitshalo (okungukuthi, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo).
Ukunemba okuphezulu kokusebenzisa ama-PPP usebenzisa ama-drones kukuvumela ukuthi uphathe ngokushesha nangempumelelo ukuqubuka okusha kwezinambuzane eziyingozi, ikakhulukazi uma wengeza ama-adjuvants esixazululweni.
Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kokuhlolwa okusebenzayo, ukusebenza kahle kwasekuseni (ngo-7 ekuseni) nakusihlwa (7pm) ukwelashwa ngesisombululo se-pesticide esingu-6% (isithako esisebenzayo i-chlorantraniliprole + abamectin) nge-adjuvant yamafutha i-Refei (China) isebenzisa ama-drones (China) ngokumelene corn fall armyworm ISpodoptera frugiperda lalingaphezu kwama-90% izinsuku ezingu-7 ngemva kokwelashwa kokuqala kanye nezinsuku ezingu-7 ngemva kokwelashwa kwesibili kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-drones afutha isisombululo sokubulala izinambuzane ukusuka ekuphakameni okungamamitha amabili, ngesivinini somoya esingu-2 m/s. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kube nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu kakhulu kokwelapha izitshalo zommbila ngokulungiswa kwe-microbiological yesenzo sokubulala izinambuzane okusekelwe ekumisweni. I-Metarhizium anisopliae (8 billion spores/g) - ukusebenza kahle kusukela ku-37,1% ngenani lezinambuzane eliyisilinganiso samacimbi angu-16,6 ngezitshalo zombila eziyi-100.
Kubuye kuchazwe ezincwadini zesayensi ukuthi ukwengeza ama-adjuvants e-SURFOM ADJ 8860 kusixazululo se-pesticide engxube yethangi; I-OXITENO (i-Brazil) ibonise ukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu ngokumelene ne-powdery mildew ukolweni. Ngakho-ke, ngesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwe-15 l / ha yesidakamizwa, i-150 ml / ha yengxube yethangi ye-SURFOM ADJ 8860 adjuvants yanezelwa; I-OXITENO (eBrazil), kodwa ngisho nalapho umthamo womuthi uncishiswa ngo-1/3 ngokungezwa kwengxube ye-adjuvants SURFOM ADJ 8860; I-OXITENO (Brazil) ukusebenza kahle kokuvikela ngokumelene ne-powdery mildew kakolweni kwahlala kuphezulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-drones angasetshenziswa ukukhulula ngokunembile ama-agent okulawula izinto eziphilayo emoyeni. Ngakho, ngokocwaningo lwesayensi, ama-drones ayesetshenziswa ukukhulula ama-weevil emoyeni. I-Rhinocomimus latipes ngokumelene nokhula I-Persicaria perfoliata, enesimo sezinambuzane ezihlukaniswe ngokulinganiselwe emazweni aseYurophu futhi ezikhula kakhulu emazweni ase-Asia.
Izindiza ezingenayo izindiza bezithwele amakhonteyina anamakhonteyina ayisishiyagalombili. Isitsha ngasinye sasiqukethe izinambuzane ezindala ezingama-20. Ngaphansi kweziqukathi zakhiwe ungqimba oluncane lobumba; ngesikhathi sokundiza kwabhujiswa, futhi izinambuzane zakhululwa. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwasensimini yabonisa ukuthi le ndlela yokukhulula izintuthwane ayizange ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekuphileni nasekudleni ukudla. R. ama-latipes. Khipha ukusebenza kahle R. latipes ngokumelene I-Persicaria perfoliata zisuka ku-68,8 zaya ku-88,8%.
Futhi, ngokocwaningo lwesayensi, ama-drones angasetshenziswa ukukhulula izinambuzane zesilisa eziyinyumba. Sikhuluma ngendlela yokulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo lapho abesilisa abayinyumba bezinhlobo ezifanayo bededelwa endaweni lapho izinambuzane zisakazeke kakhulu. Abesilisa abangazali bahlangana nezinsikazi zendawo ngaphandle kokukhiqiza inzalo ephilayo, okuholela ekwehleni kwenani lezinambuzane. Ezindaweni ezingazodwa, ngisho nokuqedwa ngokuphelele kwezinambuzane kungase kwenzeke ngemva kochungechunge lokukhishwa okuhlelekile kuyo yonke indawo. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwendlela kanye nokunciphisa ukukhwelana kwabesilisa bendawo nabesifazane bendawo, isilinganiso sabesilisa abayinyumba kwabesilisa basendaweni kufanele okungenani sibe ngu-1:10. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuziphatha kobulili kwabesilisa abayinyumba kufanele kufane nokwabesilisa basendle. Inzuzo enkulu yale ndlela umthelela omncane emvelweni nasezinhlotsheni ezingahlosiwe, kodwa ekusebenzeni, ukukhululwa kwezinambuzane eziyinyumba kuyindlela ebizayo, futhi kudinga ukunamathela kwezobuchwepheshe, ngoba ezimweni eziningi izinambuzane zingalimala ngisho nangaphezulu. ziyafa ngesikhathi sokukhululwa, ngaphandle kokuba nomthelela ezinambuzaneni zabantu
Kafushane, singasho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha kwezolimo kunamandla amakhulu lapho kusetshenziswa imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo zamakhemikhali kanye naku-biomethod. Okwamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa ama-drones ekuvikeleni izitshalo abunaso isimo esingokomthetho esichazwe kahle emazweni aseYurophu, okuthi kancane kancane kubambezele inqubekelaphambili yobuchwepheshe kule ndawo. E-Russia, ukusetshenziswa kwama-drones ekuvikelweni kwezitshalo sekuqala ukuthandwa kakhulu, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwesipiliyoni sangaphandle ezimweni zezwe lethu kudinga ukuhlolwa okubanzi kobuchwepheshe ezitshalweni ezihlukahlukene, kanye nokuthuthukiswa. kanye nokuqaliswa kwama-adjuvants asekhaya. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe basekhaya bezimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu kuzosivumela ukuthi sizuze ubukhosi bezobuchwepheshe bezwe lethu, kuhlanganisa nasemkhakheni wokuvikela izitshalo.
UMaria Erokhova, umcwaningi omncane e-VNIIF