NGOKOLWAZI LOSOSAYENSI, I-TOPINAMBUR YAZIWA ISINTU SEKUPHELE IMINYAKA EYIZINKULUNGWANE EZINE.
PHAKATHI NALESI SIKHATHI, LESI SIKO LISINDE KHONA ZOMBILI IZIKHATHI ZOKUKHULA KWESIDUMO KANYE NEZIKHATHI ZESIBOPHO ESIPHELELE.
KODWA MUVA nje, INZAKALELO NGE-TOPINAMBUR IYABUYISWA FUTHI. KUHLANGANISA NASE-RUSSIA.
UVictor Starovoitov, inhloko. Umnyango Wezobuchwepheshe Nemiklamo Emisha ye-Federal Research Center for Potato eqanjwe ngemuva A.G. Lorkha, UProfesa, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezobuchwepheshe, Umsunguli Ohlonishwayo weRussian Federation kanye noDenis Kozykin, uMqondisi Wokuthuthukiswa kwe-IstAgro Don LLC
Natalya Anushkevich, ummeleli ogunyaziwe we-Jerusalem Artichoke Association esifundeni saseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga
TO UMLANDO WALO MBUZO
Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo i-artichoke yaseJerusalema yiNyakatho Melika, izifunda zaseGreat Lakes, lapho zisatholakala khona izinhlobo zasendle zalesi sitshalo. AmaNdiya abiza ngokuthi "impande yelanga" futhi akholelwa ukuthi inikeza amadoda amandla omzimba nomoya, kanti abesifazane - ubusha nobuhle.
Imvelaphi yegama elithi "i-artichoke yaseJerusalema" inezinguqulo eziningi. Ngokusho komunye wabo, ngo-1615 isampula ye-tuber yalethwa eVatican ivela eCanada. Lo mcimbi uhambisane nokuhambela kommeleli wesizwe samaTupinamba aseBrazil. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi ezingqondweni zabantu igama lesizwe saseNingizimu Melika lalihlotshaniswa kanjani nomkhiqizo ovela eNyakatho Melika, kodwa akuzange kwenzeke lokho okuthakazelisayo emlandweni. I-artichoke yaseJerusalema yaziwa nangokuthi "ipheya lomhlaba" - ngenxa yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezimise okwepheya, futhi endaweni yokukhuluma isiNgisi - futhi njenge "Jerusalem artichoke", nakuba ngokusemthethweni ingahlangene neJerusalema. Izifiki zase-Italy e-United States zabiza i-artichoke yaseJerusalema ngokuthi "i-artichoke ye-sunflower": ngokombono wabo, izilimo eziyizigaxa zinambitheka njenge-artichoke, futhi ukubonakala okujwayelekile kwesitshalo kwakuyi-sunflower. Igama lesiNtaliyane elisho ubhekilanga lithi girasol. Kwezinye izakhamuzi zezwe, leli gama lalibonakala lihambisana negama elithi "Jerusal" (iJerusalema), futhi laligxilwe egameni.
EYurophu, kwavela isitshalo esiyinqaba ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, yalethwa okokuqala ngumhloli wamazwe uSamuel de Champlain, ngokusho kwabanye - ngumhambi uMark Lescarbault. Ngandlela-thile, i-artichoke yaseJerusalema yafika eFrance, futhi kusukela lapho lesi sitshalo sasakazekela kwamanye amazwe. Yayidume kakhulu eBelgium naseHolland. Kodwa kakade ekhulwini le-XNUMX, i-artichoke yaseJerusalema yayikhohliwe, inkathi yamazambane amnandi kakhulu futhi anekhalori ephezulu yaqala.
E-Russia, ukukhulunywa kokuqala kwe-artichoke yaseJerusalema kubuyele engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX, kodwa ekuqaleni lesi sitshalo sasisetshenziselwa izinjongo zokwelapha kuphela, saqala ukusetshenziswa ekuphekeni ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu kuphela.
IZIMPAWU ZOKUSETYENZISWA
Izilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nenqwaba ye-artichoke yaseJerusalema iqukethe inani elikhulu le-pectin, i-fiber yokudla, amaprotheni, ama-amino acids, okuhlanganisa ama-macro- kanye nama-microelements abalulekile, kanye nama-organic and fatty acids, anomphumela onamandla we-antioxidant. Ngokusho kokuqukethwe kwe-magnesium, insimbi, i-silicon, i-zinc, kanye namavithamini B1, B2 no-C, i-artichoke yaseJerusalema iphakeme kunamazambane, izaqathe, ama-beet wetafula.
Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ngokungafani namazambane, i-artichoke yaseJerusalema ayihlanganisi isitashi, kodwa i-inulin. I-Inulin iseduze ne-fiber ekwakhiweni kwayo kwamakhemikhali, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ikhombisa izakhiwo ze-prebiotic. It normalizes ukusebenza ipheshana emathunjini, kusiza amazinga cholesterol ephansi, has hypoglycemic, choleretic, soothing, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory kanye immunostimulating nemiphumela emzimbeni womuntu.
I-Jerusalem artichoke, njengomthombo we-inulin, isanda kuheha isithakazelo esikhulayo emhlabeni jikelele.
Njengoba kuphawuliwe Natalya Anushkevich, ummeleli ogunyaziwe we-Jerusalem Artichoke Association esifundeni saseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga, kanye nenhloko yepulazi labalimi eligxile kulesi sitshalo kusukela ngo-2012, ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-artichoke yaseJerusalema bufana ngezindlela eziningi nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza. lamazambane. "Lokhu kuyipulasitiki kakhulu, isiko eliguquguqukayo, lithethelela amaphutha athile lapho likhula. Wonke umuntu angakwenza, kodwa imishini yamazambane iyadingeka ekutshaleni, ukunakekela nokuvuna' echaza.
«I-Jerusalem artichoke itshalwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obufana namazambane- wabelana ngolwazi lwakhe UDenis Kozykin, Umqondisi Wokucwaninga e-Istagro Don LLC (okwamanje iyibhizinisi elikhulu kunazo zonke laseJerusalema elicubungula i-artichoke eYurophu. Ibhizinisi likwazi ukucubungula amathani angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ze-40 ze-artichoke yaseJerusalema ngonyaka, amathani angu-500 ngosuku), - kufaka phakathi ukutshala ngokuhlukaniswa kwemigqa okungama-75 noma 90 cm, ukwakheka kwama-ridge, ukuhlukaniswa kwemigqa, ukususwa kwe-halm kanye nokuvuna ngomshini wokuvuna amazambane.".
ISITOLO
Ngokungafani namazambane, izilimo eziyizigaxa ze-artichoke zaseJerusalema azinawo ungqimba lukakhokho (olumbozwe ngesikhumba esincane), ngakho-ke zigcinwa zimbi kakhulu. Ngama-30s ekhulwini lama-XNUMX lesi sici sesiko saba isithiyo esikhulu ekusatshalalisweni kwawo ngobuningi e-USSR.
Isazi sofuzo esincane u-Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov waletha i-artichoke yaseJerusalema ohambweni lokuya emazweni angaphandle futhi wayethemba ukuthi isitshalo esikhiqizayo nesingenasizotha sizosiza umbuso waseSoviet ukunqoba indlala. Ngo-1937, i-People's Commissariat yamukela isinqumo ngezolimo mayelana nokulinywa okuphoqelekile kwe-artichoke yaseJerusalema ngamapulazi ahlangene. Kodwa kwavela ukuthi "ipheya lobumba" ngaphansi kwezimo ze-cellars ne-cellars ligcinwa isikhathi esingaphezu kwenyanga, futhi bakhohlwa ngakho iminyaka eminingi.
Izikhungo zokugcina zesimanje zenza kube nokwenzeka ukugcina izilimo eziyizigaxa ze-artichoke zaseJerusalema zisezingeni lezentengiselwano kuze kube yizinyanga ezi-4-6, futhi kwezinye izinhlobo isikhathi eside. Izinga lokushisa elilungile lesitoreji likubanga ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku +2°C.
Ochwepheshe baphinde banake iqiniso lokuthi izilimo eziyizigaxa ezigujwe ekwindla zigcinwa isikhathi eside kunezilimo eziyizigaxa zasentwasahlobo.
Umehluko omkhulu kumazambane: i-artichoke yaseJerusalema iyisitshalo esingapheli. Isivuno singavunwa kokubili ekwindla nasentwasahlobo. Ukufika nakho kungenziwa kokubili ngoMeyi nango-Okthoba. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zihlala zilele ebusika futhi zibekezelela amazinga okushisa afinyelela ku -40°C ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa.
“Inzuzo enkulu ye-artichoke yaseJerusalema ukuthi igcinwa emhlabathini isikhathi eside., - ukuphawula kukaNatalya Anushka-vich, - uma ungazange uyimbe ngo-Okthoba, ungayenza ngo-April-May".
I-artichoke yaseJerusalema ayikhethi mayelana nezimo ezikhulayo. Cishe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwenhlabathi luyilungele, ngaphandle kwe-acidic enamandla futhi enamanzi (i-tuber rot ingaqala ngisho nezikhukhula zesikhashana). Ingatshalwa ezindaweni ezithathwe endaweni yezolimo. Siyaqaphela futhi ukuthi izilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nenqwaba ye-artichoke yaseJerusalema ayiqoqi izinsimbi ezisindayo (umthofu, i-mercury, i-arsenic, njll.) nama-radionuclides.
Kodwa isiko libonisa imiphumela engcono kakhulu ku-loamy evundile kanye ne-sandy loamy, inhlabathi evulekile enokusabela okungathathi hlangothi noma okune-acidic kancane.
Izimpande ze-artichoke zaseJerusalema zingena emhlabathini ngamamitha amabili, ngenxa yalokhu azikwazi ukumelana nesomiso.
Isiko liyasabela ekuvundiseni. "I-artichoke yaseJerusalema ingatshalwa ngokuphelele nge-organically - kugcizelela uNatalia Anushkevich, - kodwa umanyolo wamaminerali ungandisa isivuno".
Isiko silinywa kulo lonke elaseRussia, likhiqiza isivuno esiphezulu ezindaweni ezimaphakathi neziseningizimu yezwe (izimo ezikahle zokukhula, isibonelo, eCrimea - uma ipulazi inokunisela). "Siphinde sisebenze esifundeni saseLeningrad, Kuchaza ungoti lesi sifunda sisendaweni yokulima okuyingozi, kodwa sithola isivuno esizinzile minyaka yonke. Kulokhu, ukukhula kwe-artichoke yaseJerusalema kunokwethenjelwa kakhulu kunamazambane noma izaqathi.".
Isikhathi sokukhula kwe-artichoke yaseJerusalema sisuka ezinsukwini eziyi-120. Okusanhlamvu kwasebusika nasentwasahlobo, utshani baminyaka yonke, imidumba, izitshalo zomugqa zingasebenza njengabanduleli. I-artichoke yaseJerusalema ayithinteki izinambuzane futhi, ngokunakekelwa okufanele, empeleni ayiguli, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo akudingeki. Ngendlela, lokhu kwenza isiko lithembise ukulima okuphilayo.
«Inkampani yethu manje isithola isitifiketi sokulima okuphilayo- kusho uDenis Kozykin, - Asisebenzisi umanyolo wamaminerali kanye nezindlela zamakhemikhali zokuvikela lapho sikhula i-artichoke yaseJerusalema. Ngendlela, i-artichoke yaseJerusalema ayikho isidakamizwa esisodwa se-HSZR esibhaliswe e-Russian Federation.".
Kodwa-ke, uma ubuchwepheshe buphulwa, izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobonhlobo zingase zibe nesifo esinjenge-sclerotinia (yingakho i-artichoke yaseJerusalema inganconywa ukuthi ibekwe emasimini ngemuva kwezitshalo ezingenwa yilesi sifo: isibonelo, ngemva kwe-sunflower).
Ukukhiqiza: kusuka ku-10 kuya ku-40 t/ha wezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye no-20 kuya ku-50 t/ha ngesisindo esiluhlaza - kuya ngesifunda sokulinywa.
Ama-Tubers amise okwepheya, a-oval-oval noma amise okwe-spindle, anendawo ebushelelezi noma enamaqhubu. Umbala - kusuka kumhlophe kuya kubomvu-violet. Amehlo aqondile. Esitshalweni esisodwa se-varietal, inani lezilimo eziyizigaxa ngokuvamile lifinyelela izingcezu ezingu-20-30, ngamafomu asendle - kufika ku-70. Ubuningi be-tuber - kusuka ku-10 g - ikakhulukazi kuncike ezinhlobonhlobo kanye nesifunda sokulima.
I-IstAgro Don LLC, etshala izitshalo endaweni engamahektha angama-900, ikhethe izinhlobo zeSkorospelka ukuze kukhiqizwe izinto zokusetshenziswa. и Omsk emhlophe.
UDenis Kozykin ukhuluma ngabo kanje: “Ukuvuthwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kuwuhlobo oludala, kodwa cishe oluvame kakhulu. Isheshe ivuthiwe, iyabekezelela isomiso, ikhiqiza izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu. Ngonyaka odlule, ngakala esinye sezifanekiso ezafika, wakhipha ama-780 g, cishe ayemakhulu. Kodwa ubuso nezilimo eziyizigaxa alilingani, knobby. I-Omsk emhlophe - kwezobuchwepheshe kakhulu, izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyi-oval-elongated, ngisho, njengamazambane, zilula kakhulu ukucwecwa.".
Amabanga | UKUSEBENZA |
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu nezinhlobonhlobo ze-artichoke yaseJerusalema emhlabeni. Ingxenye ebalulekile yazo yethulwa emaqoqweni esayensi we-All-Russian Institute of Plant Industry. Vavilov (VIR), Federal Research Center for Potato eqanjwe ngemuva A.G. I-Lorkha, i-KFH "Isikhungo sesayensi nokukhiqiza sokukhiqiza imbewu nokucubungula kwe-artichoke yaseJerusalema esifundeni saseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga yeRussia", i-Viva LLC kanye nabanye abacwaningi nabakhiqizi. Okuthembisa kakhulu, ngokusho komunye wabalobi be-Union State Program " Ukuthuthukiswa okusha kokukhiqizwa kwezambane ne-artichoke yaseJerusalema" , umphathi wesayensi wamaphrojekthi we-IstAgro Don eDankov, esifundeni saseLipetsk naseViva LLC, esifundeni saseKostroma, uViktor Starovoitov, yilezi: Pasko, Solnechny, VIR News, Interest, Skorospelka, Sireniki, Omsky, Dessert , Anastas, njll. Usosayensi uhlukanisa izinhlobo ezivela kwamanye amazwe i-Violet de Rens kanye ne-Spindel. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iRejista Yombuso Yezimpumelelo Zokuzala namuhla ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezinhlanu kuphela zesiko: Inzalo (unyaka wokufakwa - 1986), u-Omsky Bely (unyaka we ukufakwa - 2014), Pasko (unyaka wokufakwa - 2010), Skorospelka (unyaka ukufakwa - 1965), Sunny (unyaka wokufakwa - 2010) Ingabe lokhu kwanele umsebenzi ophumelelayo?Sisebenza ngezinhlobo ezintathu eziqinisekisiwe: iSkorospelka, iSolnechny nePasko- kusho uNataliya Anushkevich. - Ezimweni zethu, babonakala bengcono kunabanye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-Skorospelka ne-Solnechny ibhekwa kusenesikhathi, isivuno singavunwa ezinsukwini eziyi-120-140 ngemuva kokutshala. I-Pasko - kamuva, isikhathi sokuvuthwa izinsuku ezingu-160-180. I-Pasko ne-Solnechny ibonakala ngama-tubers amakhulu ngisho nangaphezulu, ngakho-ke afaneleka kakhulu ukucubungula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilimo eziyizigaxa zalezi zinhlobonhlobo zinengqimba kakhokho (ngakho zihlala isikhathi eside) kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-inulin ephakeme.“Ngokusho kochwepheshe, azikho izinkinga ngokuthengwa kwembewu yezinhlobo ezifakwe kuRejista Yombuso eRussia. Kukhona amapulazi embewu ezweni ahlanganyela ekukhiqizeni imbewu yokuqala, i-elite kanye nenzalo ye-artichoke yaseJerusalema ngokuhambisana ne-GOST R 55757-2013. | «Into ebaluleke kakhulu okufanele yenziwe umlimi onquma ukutshala i-artichoke yaseJerusalema, - U-Natalya Anushkevich uqinisekile, - iwukunquma ukuthi uzothengisela bani isivuno esiphumayo” Kungaba nezinketho eziningi. Amapulazi aseduze namadolobha amakhulu anganikeza izilimo eziyizigaxa ezintsha ezitolo zokudla kwezempilo (isibonelo, iVkusVill noma i-Azbuka Vkusa) Enye indlela ukuqala ukukhiqiza imbewu futhi, ngemva kokudlulisa inqubo yokuqinisekisa, uthengise isivuno kwabanye abalimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iJerusalema i-artichoke iyisisetshenziswa esibalulekile sokucubungula. Imboni yokucubungula eRussia isencane, kodwa ezifundeni eziningi kunezimboni ezincane ezikhiqiza ama-syrups, izithelo ze-candied, ama-chips neminye imikhiqizo evela e-artichoke yaseJerusalema. Inkampani enkulu kuphela - "Istagro Don" - itholakala esifundeni Lipetsk. Isigaba sokuqala sesitshalo saqala ukusebenza ngo-2021. "Isitshalo manje sisebenza ngokuyinhloko ezintweni zaso zokusetshenziswa, kodwa futhi sesilungele ukuthenga i-artichoke yaseJerusalema kubalimi, - Denis Kozykin amazwana - simatasa nokutshala lesi sitshalo, phakathi kokunye, ukuze sibonise ukuthi silula futhi sinenzuzo". » |
Namuhla, i-IstAgro Don ikhiqiza izinhlobonhlobo zezithako embonini yokudla kanye nokunothisa kwemikhiqizo ngama-prebiotics. Phakathi kwazo:
- Ufulawa we-artichoke waseJerusalema (unokunambitheka okumnandi, uqukethe i-inulin efika ku-70% futhi isetshenziswa njengesengezo esiwusizo kumakhekhe, ama-muesli, okusanhlamvu, kanye nesinkwa semikhiqizo yenyama, njengoba iyisithuthukisi senyama yemvelo);
- omisiwe oqoshiwe i-artichoke yaseJerusalema (ethengiswa njengomkhiqizo ophelile noma ngesimo sama-chips);
- isiraphu ephezulu ye-fructose (engezwe ku-confectionery noma ithengiswe njenge-topping eyenziwe ngomumo);
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani ikhiqiza isiphuzo sekhofi esivela e-artichoke yaseJerusalema enokuqukethwe kwe-inulin ephezulu (kufika ku-50%) kanye nokunambitheka okumnandi kwemvelo (umkhiqizo uqhathaniswa nesiphuzo se-chicory esaziwayo).
Kodwa ezinye izikhombisi-ndlela zokucubungula nazo zingenzeka. I-artichoke yaseJerusalema, isibonelo, inamandla okukhiqiza i-ethanol.
Lesi sitshalo siyisitshalo esihle sezinyosi sekwephuzile, futhi uju olutholakala kumpe we-artichoke yaseJerusalema izimbali azinawo ushukela. Izimbali ezomile ze-artichoke zaseJerusalema zisetshenziselwa ukwenza itiye.
I-Jerusalem artichoke itholakala ngempela kubalimi bemfuyo, njengoba kokubili izilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nenqwaba yezitshalo zingasebenza njengokudla kwezilwane okunamandla aphezulu. Ngakho-ke, lapho isisindo esiluhlaza (noma ufulawa we-herbal kusuka kuso) sengezwa ekudleni kwezinkomo (kufika ku-30%), kakade ngosuku lwe-5-6, umthamo wobisi uyanda, okuqukethwe kwamafutha obisi kuyanda, izilwane ukugula kancane. Iziqu namaqabunga e-artichoke yaseJerusalema aphethwe kahle.
Izigaxa ze-artichoke zaseJerusalema zisetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ezindaweni zokuzingela futhi zisebenza njengokudla konogwaja, ama-elks, izingulube zasendle.
I-Jerusalem artichoke iyisitshalo se-biomeliorant, itshalwa ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuvunda kwamasimu aqedwe izitshalo eziqinile. Kukhona ngisho nenqubo yokusebenzisa i-artichoke yaseJerusalema ekulweni ne-hogweed kaSosnovsky. Ubuchwepheshe bathuthukiswa futhi banelungelo lobunikazi nguNatalya Anushkevich eminyakeni embalwa edlule.
«Ngicabanga ukuthi zonke izici ezinhle ze-artichoke yaseJerusalema azikahlolisiswa okwamanje, - UDenis Kozykin uyafingqa, - futhi unamathemba amakhulu kakhulu ezweni lakithi. Isidingo semikhiqizo ye-artichoke yaseJerusalema sikhula minyaka yonke, okusho ukuthi kuzovulwa amabhizinisi amasha okukhiqizwa kwawo.".
«Yiqiniso, lokhu akulona isiko lendabuko laseRussia, - kuqhubeka uNatalya Anushkevich, - futhi asikakayikhi imboni yokukhiqiza nokucutshungulwa kwayo, kodwa sisebenza ngenkuthalo kulokhu".
AMAZWI AMAMBALWA MAYELANA IMIBI
Ingabe zikhona izithiyo esikweni elinezinto eziningi ezinhle?
Njengoba sibhale ngenhla, i-artichoke yaseJerusalema inempilo yeshalofu elinganiselwe. Inama-tubers angalingani, okwenza umsebenzi wabaprosesa ube nzima. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, kunombono oqinile phakathi kwabakhiqizi bezolimo ukuthi i-artichoke yaseJerusalema, njengesitshalo esafika ezweni lakithi sivela kwelinye izwekazi futhi asinazo izitha zemvelo kule ndawo, siyakwazi ukukhiqiza okungalawulwa. Ingabe ngempela?
U-Natalya Anushkevich uyaqiniseka ukuthi uma usebenzisa imbewu ye-varietal, abalimi abasoze babhekana nezinkinga ezinjalo. "Ukuthunjwa kwezindawo izinhlobo zasendle zezitshalo kuphelakusho uchwepheshe sisebenza ngezinhlobonhlobo: uma uyeka ukuzinakekela, ziyayeka ukuzala".
USolwazi Starovoitov uyavumelana naye: “I-artichoke yaseJerusalema imelana kakhulu nezinguquko zangaphandle. Ngenxa yalokhu, abaningi abangazange bahileleke ekulimeni kwayo banombono wokuthi lokhu "i-hog parsnip inombolo yesibili", nakuba lokhu akunjalo. I-artichoke yaseJerusalema, ngokungafani ne-hogweed, ayisakazwa ngembewu emabangeni amade. Ngama-30s, i-artichoke yaseJerusalema yalinywa cishe wonke amapulazi ahlangene, kodwa ayikho imiphumela emibi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela ezisebenzayo zokususa i-artichoke yaseJerusalema ekujikelezweni kwezitshalo ziyaziwa.".
Uma abafundi bethu benemibono yabo ngalolu daba, sizoyibonga indaba emayelana nolwazi lomuntu siqu.