Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yamazambane kungenye yezinto ekuxazululeni inkinga yokutholakala kokudla okwanele nokwanele kubantu, ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi emazweni amaningi athuthukile omhlaba kuncipha ukusetshenziswa kwamazambane kanye nokwanda kwenani labantu. ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo egayiwe.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukukhethwa kwamazambane kuye kwenziwa ngokunaka okukhethekile ezidingweni ezinjengokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kwesitshalo, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi kanye nenani lebhayoloji yezilimo eziyizigaxa, kucatshangelwa ithemba lokucutshungulwa kwezimboni zibe inkimbinkimbi yemikhiqizo yamazambane, phakathi kwazo. amazambane ama-crispy athatha isikhundla esiphambili ngokwevolumu yokukhiqiza. Emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke kunomkhuba obonakalayo wokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yamazambane elungiselelwe amabhizinisi akhethekile. Mayelana nalokhu, ukwakhiwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha kanye nama-hybrids amazambane afanele ukucutshungulwa kwezimboni kuyindawo yamanje yocwaningo lwesayensi.
Izinhlobonhlobo ziyisici esibaluleke kakhulu ekwandiseni umkhiqizo kanye nesici esiyinhloko sobuchwepheshe obusha ekukhuleni kwamazambane. Akuzona kuphela izakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezomnotho nezabathengi zomkhiqizo, kodwa futhi isiqondiso sokusetshenziswa nokumaketha kwesitshalo esikhulile sincike ezintweni eziwumthombo. Isikhathi ngasinye ekuthuthukisweni kwemboni sidinga isu lokukhetha elanele nelisebenzayo.
Umkhuba wokuzalanisa umhlaba wonke ukhombisa ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zamazambane ezinamandla amakhulu okuguquguquka kuqinisekisa inqubekelaphambili yangempela ekwandiseni umkhiqizo kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ekushintsheni izimo ezikhulayo ze-agro-climate ngenkathi kunciphisa umthamo wezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokwenza ngcono isimo semvelo semvelo.
Mayelana nalokhu, ukuthuthuka okusheshiswayo kanye nokudayiswa kwezinhlobo ezithembisayo zokukhethwa kwasekhaya, ezingekho ngaphansi kwama-analogue angaphandle angcono kakhulu, kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu sobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amazambane. Kodwa-ke, ukugqugquzelwa kwezimpumelelo zokuzalanisa ezintsha ezifakwe kuRejista Yombuso yeRussian Federation kwenziwa ngesivinini esincane kakhulu, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izimo zemvelo nezimo zezulu zezifunda eziningi zezwe lethu zisivumela ukuba sizibheke njengezithembisayo ukuhlela. ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abakhiqizi bezimpahla ezinkulu bayaqhubeka nokuthenga inani elikhulu lembewu yezinhlobo zakwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi ezinkampanini zokuzalanisa nembewu zaseYurophu, ukuze zikhiqize kabusha eRussia. Ukunqoba ukuthambekela okuqhubekayo kokunciphisa ingxenye yezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane asekhaya kanye nokuncika ekusetshenzisweni kwembewu evela kwamanye amazwe kungenzeka inqobo nje uma ukuncintisana kwezinhlobo ezisanda kwakhiwa kunyuswa kanye nevolumu yokukhiqizwa kwembewu eqinisekisiwe.
Ngokuthuthuka kokucutshungulwa kwezimboni, kwavela inkinga ngokuntuleka kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezinezakhiwo ezidingekayo - cishe azikho izinhlobo ezikhethekile, futhi lezo ezinconyelwe ukukhiqizwa kokudla azikafundwa ngokwanele. Indawo ekhulayo ibuye ibe nomthelela omkhulu, isibonelo, ikhwalithi yamazambane ama-crispy. Ngokwezinga elikhulu kakhulu, izici ezibalulekile zomnotho zamazambane zincike ezimweni zenkathi yokukhula.
Izidingo zekhwalithi zama-tubers ukuze zicutshungulwe ziyahlukahluka kuye ngomkhiqizo ohlosiwe. Izinkomba ze-anatomical, morphological, biochemical, ne-organoleptic zibaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezikhethekile ezifanele kakhulu ekudaleni imikhiqizo yokudla eseqedile futhi elungele ukudliwa, kanye nokusetshenziselwa izinjongo zobuchwepheshe, kufanelekile.
Lapho ukhetha izinhlobo ezikhethekile zokucutshungulwa emikhiqizweni yamazambane, izidingo ezikhethekile zibekwe kokuqukethwe kwezinto ezomile (20-25%) kanye nokunciphisa ushukela (0,2-0,5%), okunquma ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo oqediwe.
Ngokucutshungulwa kwezimboni, ezifanele kakhulu izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinomumo oyindilinga, oyindilinga futhi oyindilinga kuze kube yi-oval-oval shape, ngoba lokhu kusiza ukuhlungwa kwamazambane, kunciphisa imfucuza ngesikhathi sokuhlanza nokulimala kwemishini, futhi kwandisa isivuno semikhiqizo ejwayelekile. Ukuze ukhiqize amazambane ama-crispy (ama-chips), udinga amazambane avuthiwe anento eyomile okungenani engu-17% kusukela ngo-Agasti kuya kuSeptemba, phakathi nonyaka wonke okungenani ama-20 ... 24%, ukuminyana - 720 kg / m3 . Okuqukethwe kokunciphisa ushukela akukho ngaphezu kwe-0,25%, ukusatshalaliswa kwawo okufanayo kuwo wonke umthamo we-tuber. Amazambane akufanele aqongelele ngokuphawulekayo ukunciphisa ushukela ngesikhathi sokugcina futhi kufanele anciphise ngokushesha izinga lokunciphisa ushukela emazingeni amukelekayo ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kabusha ngemva kokugcinwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi. Ukuze ukhiqize amafrimu aseFrance, udinga amazambane avuthiwe. Ukuma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kuyi-oblong, i-oval-oval, ihlelwe ngamehlo angajulile. Ubude - 50 mm noma ngaphezulu. Okuqukethwe okomile - kusuka ku-20 kuye ku-24%, ukunciphisa ushukela - okufana namazambane a-crispy, ukuminyana - 720 kg/m3. Kusetshenziswa izinhlobo zamazambane okunezilimo eziyizigaxa ezingenawo ubumnyama obungeyona i-enzymatic ye-pulp ngemuva kokucwecwa, ukuthosa, ngesikhathi sokuqandisa nangemva kokuncibilika. Amazambane akufanele aqongelele ngokuphawulekayo ukunciphisa ushukela ngesikhathi sokugcinwa futhi kufanele ehlise ngokushesha izinga lawo kumanani amukelekayo ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kabusha ngemva kokugcinwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yamazambane okuqukethwe kokunciphisa ushukela kuma-tubers, okungama-oxidizing agents aqinile futhi, lapho kuhlangana nama-amino compounds, i-ammonia noma ama-peptide alula, yakha ama-melanoidin ansundu omnyama nge-ruby tint, ethinta izinga lomkhiqizo owumphumela. Okuqukethwe kokunciphisa ushukela kuma-tubers kuyisici se-varietal, kodwa le nkomba ayihlali njalo futhi iyahlukahluka kuye ngezimo ezikhulayo, ukugcinwa nokuvuthwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Uhlu lwezithenjwa ezisetshenzisiwe:
1. Zhevora, S.V. Amazambane: izinkinga namathemba / S.V. Zhevora, B.V. Anisimov, E. A. Simakov, E. V. Oats, S.N. I-Zebrin // Amazambane nemifino. - 2019. -No. 7. - p. 13-17.
2. Zemtsova, M.A. Ukuhlolwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwezinhlobo zamazambane zokufaneleka kokucubungula zibe amazambane ama-crispy namafrimu aseFrance / M.A. Zemtsova, I. I. Timofeeva // Ukuvikelwa kwamazambane. - 2011. - No. 1. - P. 17-20.
3. Pshechenkov, K.A. Izimfanelo zabathengi bezilimo eziyizigaxa namazambane acwebile ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo, izimo zokukhula nokugcina / K.A. Pshechenkov, O. N. Davydenkova // Izinkinga zokukhula kwamazambane. Okwesayensi tr. VNIIKH. - M., 2003. - P. 90-99.