I-Federal Science Science and technical Programme for the Development of Ezolimo ka-2017 ukuya ku-2025 (ngemuva kwalokhu - i-FNTP) igxile kakhulu kuyo okwenziwayo ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobonhlobo ezincintisanayo kanye nzalo yokukhethwa kwasekhaya.
Ngaphandle kokusanhlamvu nezinhlobo zezinye izilimo, izinhlobo ezifuywayo zisalokhu zibuthakathaka noma zivame ukungasebenzi phambi kwezangaphandle. Abakhiqizi bezolimo abafuyayo bathanda umkhiqizo obizayo, kepha onokwethenjelwa kusuka kubakhiqizi abaziwayo - abaholi bomhlaba embonini. Yize kunjalo, iBha- yibheli lithi: “Lowo ohlwanyela kancane, uyovuna ingcosana, nalowo ohlwanyela kakhulu, uyovuna kakhulu.”
Futhi abaholi bomhlaba bemboni, okwamanje, bakha ngenkuthalo amandla abo asevele abonakalayo wezezimali nezobuchwepheshe ngokuhlangana okwaziwayo nokutholwa. Ngamandla angenamkhawulo wezezimali, baba nomthelela ngenkuthalo emakethe yezinhlobonhlobo kanye nenzalo eRussia. Futhi abazukuyishiya okwamanje.
Noma kunjalo, iRussia ingasebenza futhi kufanele isebenze njengomdlali osebenzayo emakethe yezimbewu yomhlaba wonke, ikhethe ukuthi yiziphi iimbewu ezizuzisayo ukukhiqiza (lapho sinofuzo oluhle, izinhlobo eziqinile nama-nzalo), futhi siyithengise emhlabeni, hhayi nje okusanhlamvu.
Igebe elibalulekile phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kanye nokuqaliswa kwempumelelo yesayensi yokuzalanisa yasekhaya ekukhiqizeni kwangempela kusalokhu kuyisithiyo esikhulu sokungena ezingeni lomhlaba. Amandla ezinsizakusebenza ze-FNTP amelwe yizikhungo zocwaningo ezingama-208 nezikhungo ezinkulu zocwaningo ezingama-21 zoMnyango Wezesayensi waseRussia, izinhlangano ezingama-29 ezisohlelweni loMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia, amanyuvesi angama-54 aqondene nomkhakha, izikhungo ezingama-22 zemfundo eyengeziwe yobungcweti. Kodwa-ke, njengamanje, izinhlangano zesayensi kanye namanyuvesi ezolimo avame ukusebenza ngaphandle kokubheka izidingo zangempela zemakethe, futhi izinhlobo zokuhlanganiswa kwazo ekukhiqizweni kwangempela azihambelani nezinselelo zanamuhla.
Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kwezimo zenhlangano nezomnotho zentuthuko eqhubekayo yemakethe yezimbewu yasekhaya kanye nokwenza ngcono izindlela zokulawulwa kwayo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwebhizinisi. Yebo, uhulumeni waseRussia unaka uxhaso oluhlosiwe kulo mkhakha okuhloswe ngalo ukuheha izimali ezizimele. Ngo-2016-2017, cishe ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-300 abelwe izikhungo zokuzalela imbewu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imixhaso yokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane, imbewu yemifino yasensimini evulekile, ummbila, isithombo sebhitrudi, nobhekilanga. Ama-ruble ayi-11,3 billion abelwe lezi zinhloso. Kepha ngabe lezi zimali zabelwe isabelozimali sikahulumeni uma ziqhathaniswa nezabelomali zezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke?
Isipiliyoni somhlaba sikhombisa ukuthi emnothweni wezimakethe akunangqondo ukuthembela kuphela ekuxhasweni kwemali kwesabelomali. Noma umbuso uthola okungenani ingxenye yezimali ezidingekayo, akunasiqiniseko ngokusetshenziswa kwazo ngempumelelo. Yinye kuphela indlela yokuphuma. Kuyadingeka ukuheha izimali ezizimele. Kuphela ngemuva kokuphuma enaliti yezimali zombuso, ukuzalanisa iRussia kuzoyeka ukusebenza kungenzi lutho.
EJalimane, umbuso uxhasa isayensi eyisisekelo kuphela, futhi ucwaningo olusetshenzisiwe luxhaswe ngasese. Ukuzala, ekuhlanganisweni kwesayensi eyisisekelo futhi esetshenzisiwe, kuyimali enenzuzo enkulu, onentshisekelo yokuqalisa ngokushesha ucwaningo lwesayensi oluyisisekelo. Kepha lokhu bekungasikhona njalo futhi hhayi kuyo yonke indawo eJalimane. Abaholi be-GDR bazame ukukopisha ngokucophelela isipiliyoni se-USSR, kufaka phakathi ukuhlela inqubo yokukhetha kanye nokukhiqiza imbewu. Ngemuva kobumbano lwelizwe, izikhungo zikazwelonke zokuzalela umphakathi zaziswa emphakathini, futhi amandla abo okuhlukahluka ahlaziywa kabusha. Yize kunjalo, yonke inhlobonhlobo engafunwanga yimali elahliweyo, yona uqobo iyinto yokunethezeka engenakufinyeleleka kumaJalimane ashisekayo. Ezinye izinhlobo zazishiywe "ziphile impilo yazo" kanye "nabalimi abahlangene" ababejwayele. Futhi izinhlobo ezithembisa kakhulu emakethe entsha zaqala ukwenziwa ngenkuthalo ekukhiqizweni esevele ngokuya ngamazinga "asentshonalanga".
Ukufinyelela ezingeni lomhlaba, izinkinga ezifanayo ngandlela-thile kuzodingeka zibhekwe ngokukhethwa kweRussia. Emhlabeni wonke, ukudalwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha kuyakhokha ngokuqoqa imali esetshenziselwe ukubusa. Uma izinhlobonhlobo ezidaliwe zingasetshenziswa, abukho ubukhosi. Akukho lutho ukudala izinhlobo ezintsha. Ubukhosi bungamoya ngaphandle kokukhethwa okuzovele kukhulise, isisekelo sempumelelo futhi ngokuqinile (ngingasho ngisho - ngokungqongqo) okwakhelwe ekukhiqizeni okungokoqobo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi eJalimane Federal Breeders Union (BDP), ngabantu abangama-20 kuphela abaqoqa ngenhloso yokusebenzisa imbewu eqinisekisiwe futhi "esepulazini", ehlanganiswe ngesakhiwo esakhiwe ngokukhethekile ngalezi zinhloso - i-STV ngesabelomali sonyaka sama-3, 1 million ama-euro. % ejensi). Lokhu kubizwa njengendlela efanelekile yokwenziwa kabusha kokuzala nokwazisa izinhlobo ngokujikeleza kwezentengiso.
I-FNTP ihlinzeka ngokwakhiwa kwezindlela zokukhuthaza ababambiqhaza bayo, okufanele bakwazi ukwenza inguquko ehamba kancane yabakhiqizi bezolimo ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe bemikhiqizo yasekhaya nemikhiqizo. Kuhlelwa ukuthi kusetshenziswe izindlela okuhloswe ngazo ukudlulisela imiphumela yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ekusebenzeni okusebenzayo. Kepha lokhu kudluliselwa ekusebenziseni okusebenzayo kuzokwenzeka kanjani? Futhi kungani bengakudluliseli ngaphambili? Ngempela kwakungekho amamaki afanele? Bekukhona! Futhi hhayi okuncane! Kepha bakhule ikakhulukazi eRegital State, hhayi emasimini. Kunokukhathazeka okukhulu ukuthi lesi simo sizophinde senzeke.
Kungani? Okokuqala, ngoba ezweni alukho neze uhlaka lwesimanje lomthetho nolokulawula lokukhethwa nokukhiqizwa kwembewu. Indlela yokuhlola ishubhu kuya esikhwameni igcwele izithiyo okunzima ukuzinqoba ngisho nakubatshalizimali ababucayi. Izimbobo ezisenkambu yezomthetho kumele zilungiswe ngokushesha. Ngaphandle kwalokho, konke ukutshalwa kwezimali (kanye ne-FNTP kusho ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwamaphrojekthi ezinhlelo ezingaphansi kwezilimo ngebhizinisi nakwisabelomali sikahulumeni ngamasheya alinganayo) ngeke kunikeze umphumela olindelekile.
IBhayi- bheli lithi: “… futhi akekho othulula iwayini elisha ezingubeni zewayini ezindala; uma kungenjalo, iwayini elisha liyodabula phakathi kwensimbi, lize liphume, namabhele aphulwe; kodwa iwayini elitsha kufanele lithululwe ezingubeni ezintsha zewayini; khona-ke bobabili bazosindiswa. ”
Ukubuza ukuthi umthetho omusha wokukhiqizwa kwembewu uzokwamukelwa nini sekuvele ngandlela thile. Kepha noma kungaphelelwa isikhathi ngesikhathi sokutholwa, ngeke kuxazulule zonke izinkinga. Sidinga iphakethe lonke lemithetho ehambisana nayo kanye nemigomo elawula ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo okushicilela ekufezeni impumelelo, ukulwa nokulwa mbumbulu, ukudalwa kwezindawo ezikhethekile zokukhiqiza imbewu, ukufezekiswa kokuhlolwa nokubhaliswa kwezinhlobonhlobo, ukwenziwa ngcono kohlelo lokuqinisekisa Okuqukethwe kwe-GMO, ukubhekwa kwe-phytosanitary, njll.
UMnyango Wezolimo ukuqonda kahle lokhu, futhi uhlu lwezinguquko ezidingekayo, izengezo kanye nokuqedwa sekuvele kwenziwe. Kepha lolu uhla nje, nokuthi kungakanani isikhathi esingeziwe esizodingeka ukulungiselela wonke lawa madokhumenti, ingxoxo yawo, ukwenqatshwa, ukubuyekezwa, "ukulenga", njll. njll.? Lokhu kuzokwenziwa ngobani, nini futhi kanjani?
Emhlabeni wonke, izinyunyana zezimboni ziyabandakanyeka ekwakheni nasekukhuthazeni imithetho nemithetho esalungiswa ngokubandakanyeka kochwepheshe abakhokhelwa kakhulu kanye nama-lobbyists. Kuyaphuthuma ukuthola izimali ezidingekayo futhi "uhlanganise" lo msebenzi! Asikho isikhathi esisele sokwakhiwa, futhi awekho ama "knights" alungele ukulinda ngesibindi "intokazi enhle" - ukukhethwa kweRussia, ekugcineni, ukuzibonakalisa emhlabeni kuyo yonke inkazimulo yayo, phakathi kwabancintisana bethu emakethe yembewu yomhlaba, maye, azikho.
Ngendlela, ngo-1945, lapho iBDP idalwa eHannover ehlala abalingani bayo, bekungeke kube khona ukubuza nganoma iyiphi into ecebile kanye nesisekelo sobuchwepheshe, amandla wezezimali nokuncintisana kokukhethwa kwamaJalimane. Abalimi baseJalimane babe ke bengahambisani nezimbewu zamazwe anqobile, kodwa ukuze ngokuhlanganyela bakhe uhlaka lwezimfuneko zomthetho zokwakhiwa okusheshayo nokwethulwa ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo ezikhiqiza kakhulu. Bobabili bayisungula futhi bayisebenzisa ngaphandle kokucela umbuso nganoma yikuphi ukuphoqwa futhi ngaphandle kokukhononda ngeze kohlelo olonakele lokukhethwa nokukhiqizwa kwembewu. Izinkampani ezincane (ezijwayele umndeni) nezisemaphakathi - isisekelo sokuzalisa amaJalimane, zikwazile ukuvuka emlotheni wangemva kwempi zaya ezingeni lomhlaba ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu.
Imizamo eyenziwe yizinyunyana zezimboni zaseRussia ezizimele zokwakha inkambu yezomthetho abayidingayo iqondile futhi ihlukanisiwe, futhi ngenxa yalokho ayisebenzi. Kubukeka kufanelekile ukuhlanganisa imizamo ngaphansi kwe-auspices yesinye sezinyunyana ("i-toothy" enkulu kakhulu) noma ngaphakathi kohlaka lweqembu elisebenzayo. Umphumela wokugcina ubaluleke ukwedlula isifiso sokuvelela. Ngicabanga nokuthi leso sinyathelo sizothola ukuqonda phakathi kongqongqoshe abasebasha (ezolimo kanye nesayensi) kanye nophini likandunankulu onolwazi.
Ukuqaliswa kwe-FNTP ngo-2025 kufanele kunciphise ubungozi emkhakheni wezokuphepha kokudla ngokunciphisa isabelo semikhiqizo ekhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bangaphandle obuvela kwimbewu engenisiwe nezinto zokuzalanisa. Ake ngikukhumbuze ukuthi i-FNTP yasungulwa ngokulandela Isinqumo sikaMongameli No. 350 "Ngezinyathelo zokuqalisa inqubomgomo yombuso wesayensi nobuchwepheshe ngenhloso yokuthuthukiswa kwezolimo." Futhi, njengoba nazi, uMongameli wethu ulawula ngokuqinile nangempumelelo ukwenziwa kwezinqumo zakhe. Ngakho-ke, akungabazeki ukuthi izinkomba zokugcina ezihlosiwe ze-FNTP zizohlangatshezwa.
Kunesilingo esikhulu sokufeza lokhu ngezindlela zokuphatha kuphela. Isibonelo, ngokulawulwa okunemibandela kwesilinganiso sezinhlobo zangaphandle nezasekhaya kwiRejista Yombuso. Kepha akunakwenzeka ukuthi izinkampani ezinkulu zezolimo zaseRussia zivumelane nokubekwa kwenqubomgomo yezinhlobonhlobo "ezifanele", kubancishe ithuba lokuzikhethela ngokukhululekile nangokuzibophezela ezimweni, kubonga uNkulunkulu, ngomnotho osuvele umisiwe. Inhloso yebhizinisi ukwenza inzuzo, hhayi ukunquma “ubuzwe” bempumelelo yokukhetha. Umbandela "womngani noma wesitha", olandelwa kude emahhovisi aphezulu, awunantshisekelo kunoma ngubani emikhakheni lapho isilinganiso senani nekhwalithi kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, leyo ndlela enombono omfushane izokuholela ekunciphiseni ukubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba emkhakheni okhethiwe, kuwo wonke umhlaba sekuyisikhathi eside uthola umlingiswa ophakeme. Futhi lokhu bekuyinto efanelekile ekuthuthukisweni kwayo okusheshayo.
Yebo, ukwenyuka kwezinga lokudonswa kwezimali kanye nemikhawulo yokulwa nayo akunikeleli ekuthuthukiseni ukubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba, kufaka phakathi emkhakheni okhethiwe. Muva nje, umuntu uvame ukuzwa izinsolo ezibhekiswe kubalingani beNtshonalanga ngendlela eyodwa yokubambisana, okuhlose kuphela ukuthumela imbewu nobuchwepheshe obuhlobene neRussia. Futhi izinhlobo zokuncintisana zaseRussia kanye nzalo, okusolwa ukuthi, azivunyelwe ezimakethe zaseYurophu, maqondana nokuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpendulo zesibuko kuhlongozwe ngokungenangqondo. Kukhona futhi ukukhathazeka mayelana nokunqamuka okungenzeka (ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela ngaphesheya kolwandle) kokuthenga okuvela eYurophu kuye eRussia ngembewu yezilimo ezincike kakhulu ezweni.
Kepha ngiyaxolisa, yiRussia evimbela ukungeniswa kwemikhiqizo yezolimo yaseNtshonalanga, hhayi okuphambene nalokho. IYurophu isivele ibubula ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kokudla kwaseRussia (ukulahlekelwa minyaka yonke - kuze kufike ku- $ 8,3 billion!) Ukuyeka nemakethe yezimbewu. IJalimane ayizange ivume ku- "Nord Stream - 2", ngaphandle kwengcindezi enkulu evela phesheya kwezilwandle. Futhi-ke, akekho ezweni lethu oseke wazama ukungena ezimakethe zase-Europe ngokulandela izinqubo ezidingekayo nezilinganayo zawo wonke amazwe angewona awe-EU ukuthola isimo sokulingana kwezinhlobonhlobo zokuhlola nezitifiketi zezitifiketi.
Inqubo yokuthola isimo sokulingana yethulwe nguMnyango Wezinto Ezihlangene waseJalimane (ngosizo lweProjekthi Yokubambisana YaseJalimane yaseRussia-Yezwe Yezepolitiki Yezwe Nezepolitiki) ngosuku lokuqala lwensimu ye-All-Russian e-Altai Krai ngonyaka we-2016. Kodwa-ke, "izinto zisekhona." Okwamanje, ikhomishini efanelekile ye-EU isivele icubungula izicelo zesimo sokulingana ngamasiko kusuka e-Ukraine, Moldova nakwamanye amazwe ambalwa.
Lapho ithatha isinqumo sokugcina ngokunikezwa kwesimo sokulingana, iKhomishini kufanele icele ngokusemthethweni umbono ngezwe elifaka isicelo kwi-European Seed Association (i-ESA). I-BDP iyilungu elibalulekile le-ESA futhi ibamba iqhaza elibonakalayo ekwakhiweni kweziphakamiso ezifanele ezifakwe yi-ESA kwiKhomishini ye-EU. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubambisana kwamazwe amabili emkhakheni wokuzalanisa nokukhiqiza imbewu, futhi kuqondiswe nomoya wobambiswano, i-BDP izwakalisa ukulungela kwayo ukuxhasa isicelo esihambisanayo saseRussia kwi-EU. Abafuyi baseJalimane banesifiso sokwakha uhlelo lokuncintisana lomhlaba wonke lokukhiqiza nokukhiqiza imbewu eRussia. Vumelana, kungcono ukuncintisana ngemigomo elinganayo kunokwesaba ukuthi umuntu oncintisana naye obuthakathaka uzosebenzisa izindlela ezingezona ezemakethe futhi anxenxe ukwethulwa kwezinyathelo zokuvikela ezingeni likahulumeni.
I-BDP kanye neNational Union of Breeders kanye neMbewu Breeders (NSSiS) yathuthukisa iziphakamiso zokuthuthukisa ukubambisana kweJalimane neRussia emkhakheni wokuzalela izitshalo nokukhiqiza imbewu. Kubandakanya izindlela eziza kuqala, ngaphandle kwalapho ukungenzeki kokuqokwa kwe-Russian ikusasa eliqhakazile akunakwenzeka. Okungukuthi:
- Kutfutfukisa kanye nekusetjentiswa kwetindlela letengetiwekako tekwenyusa kukhangiswa kwekutshala kwemali kwentela kutfutfukisa ngesisekelo sekubambisana kwemphakatsi kanye nekwemfihlo.
- Ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwe-copyright okuthembekile kokufezekiswa kokufuya;
- Ukwenza ngcono uhlelo lokuhlola izinhlobo zezwe nokubhaliswa kwezinhlobo;
- Ukwenza ngcono inqubo yokungenisa imbewu ngezinhloso zocwaningo;
- Ukunikeza i-Russian Federation isimo sokulingana kuhlelo lokuhlola izwe le-EU ehlukahlukene;
- ukuhlanganiswa okuqhubekayo kweRussian Federation ohlelweni lokuqinisekiswa kwembewu lwamanye amazwe;
- Ukwenza lula ukungena kwezinyunyana zezimboni zaseRussia ezinhlanganweni zamazwe abazalanayo nabatshali bembewu;
- Ukwenza ngcono indlela yokusebenzisana phakathi kwamaNPPO womhlaba womabili;
- ukusetshenziswa kwesipiliyoni esihle sangaphandle ekuthuthukisweni kwezinqubo ezifuywayo ezidingekayo ukuze kuqaliswe iSivumelwano Samazwe Amalungu Esikhungo Somnotho sase-Yurobhu ekusakazweni kwembewu yezitshalo zezolimo;
- Ukuqaliswa kokusebenza okuhlanganisiwe kokuzala kanye nemiklamo yembewu ngokususelwa kwiziphakamiso ezikhona zamahhovisi amele ezifunda ama-NSSiS kanye nezikhungo zokucwaninga zombuso waseRussia.
Ngeshwa, kuze kube manje, imizamo yokubandakanya oNgqongqoshe kanye neminyango ya mazwe womabili ekusetshenzisweni kwalezi ziphakamiso ngohlelo oluvunyiwe noma ukwakhiwa komgwaqo kwehlulekile. Ngokusobala, wonke umuntu wanelisekile ngohlaka olukhona lokulawula ukubambisana - isitatimende esihlanganyelwe songqongqoshe ababili bezinhloso emkhakheni wokukhetha nokukhiqiza imbewu kusuka ngo-2013.
Lo mbhalo wohlaka ngokungangabazeki ubambe iqhaza elikhulu. Ngaphansi kwesisekelo sePhrojekthi Yokubambisana "Ingxoxo Yezwe YaseJalimane-YasePolitiki YaseJalimane" umcimbi othile wabanjwa ngokubamba iqhaza kwabamele abaphathi bezomthetho nabaphethe kulawo mazwe womabili, izinyunyana zezimboni. Izivumelwano ezibalulekile zafinyelelwa ezindaweni ezisemqoka zomsebenzi ukuze kusizakale abafuyi nabatshali bezimbewu eRussia naseJalimane. Ngasikhathi sinye, umkhuba wokusebenza ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-Joint Statement of Intent ukhombisile ukuthi izinhloso eziningi zahlala zinjalo. Ngakho-ke, sidinga okuqakathekileko okuqinileko okukhombisa abaphathi abanomthwalo wemfanelo, imigomo nezindlela zokubulawa.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, kunomsebenzi omningi onzima kepha onentshisekelo phambili! Ngifuna ukufisela sonke impumelelo kukho!
USergey Platonov, http://agro-max.ru