Ngokusho kwe-FAO (2011), ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke kwamazambane nemikhiqizo yamazambane umuntu ngamunye kungama-35 kg ngonyaka, kanti isilinganiso saso sonke isifunda sase-Europe singama-85 kg ngomuntu ngamunye. futhi eRussia - 90 kg umuntu ngamunye.
Boris Anisimov, umeluleki wokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zesayensi nezemfundo - inhloko yesikhungo semfundo seFederal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VNIIKH
E-Russian Federation, umthamo waminyaka yonke wamazambane asetshenziselwa izinjongo zokudla ulinganiselwa kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-13-14. Ukucubungula okujulile kwemikhiqizo yamazambane (amafriji aseFrance, ama-chips, amazambane awomile), kusetshenziswa amathani ayisigidi. Isidingo samazambane embewu yezigaba zezinhlangano zezolimo (ama-AHOs), amapulazi abalimi (PFHs) kanye nosomabhizinisi ngabanye (IEs) abanendawo ephelele yokutshala engaphezu kwamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-1 kulinganiselwa kumathani ayizigidi ezi-300. Kunzima kakhulu ukulinganisa inani langempela lokusetshenziswa kwamazambane kwimbewu nokudla kwemfuyo esigabeni semindeni yabantu, noma isibalo esilinganisiwe lapha singaba amathani ayizigidi ezi-1-5. Ukulahleka ngesikhathi sokugcinwa emapulazini azo zonke izigaba kungalinganiselwa ezingeni lamathani ayizigidi eziyi-6, izimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle - amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,5-150.
Ngakho-ke, eRussia, izinga lokuhlinzekwa kwamazambane akhiqizwa ekhaya kufanele libe okungenani amathani ayizigidi ezingama-22. Ukwehla kwaleli zinga kungafaka ukushoda kubhalansi jikelele yamazambane athengiswayo, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda kwesabelo sokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe. Isabelo esivelisiwe sokungenisa ezweni kumthamo ophelele wamazambane asetshenzisiwe kulinganiselwa kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-300-350. Lawa angamazambane asencane kakhulu, "amancane", adingeka kakhulu futhi akhuphula ukuthengiswa kumaketanga okudayisa ngenkathi engekho, lapho isikhathi sokugcina sezitoko zonyaka odlule sesicishe siphele (ngoMeyi), okungenani izinyanga ezimbili ngaphezulu.
Umthengi wanamuhla ngokuyinhloko unesithakazelo ekuthengeni amazambane anezilimo eziyizigaxa zekhwalithi enhle, ukubukeka okukhangayo futhi, njengomthetho, isikhumba esincane esibonakalayo. Kulokhu, ukwakheka nosayizi wezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukujula kwamehlo, umbala wesikhumba noginindela, ukungabikho kwamaphutha angaphandle nangaphakathi abangelwa ukuthambekela kwezinhlobo ezithile ekukhuleni kwesibili (ukukhula ngokweqile), ukwakheka kokuqhekeka kokukhula, ukungahambi kahle, ushintsho kumbala we-pulp (ukushintsha kombala) nokunye. ukukhubazeka kwangaphakathi okungavela kwizilimo eziyizigaxa ngenxa yazo zonke izinhlobo zamathonya emvelo nawesimo sezulu ngesikhathi sokukhula kwemifino noma ukulimala kwemishini, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuvuna, ukuthuthwa nokuhlungwa.
Ukuma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zezinhlobo zethebula kungahluka ukusuka kokuzungezile kuye kokunwetshiwe, usayizi ojwayelekile wobubanzi obunqamulelayo obungu-40-60 mm, ukujula kwamehlo kusuka kokuncane kuya kokuphakathi, umbala wekhasi usuka kokumhlophe kuye kobomvu, umbala wenyama umhlophe - ukhilimu - uphuzi. Ukuxakaniseka konke kwalezi zinkomba ikakhulu kunquma izimfanelo zabathengi zamazambane asetafuleni kanye namathuba okusetshenziswa kwawo okuhlosiwe ukulungiselela izitsha ezahlukahlukene futhi imvamisa inquma ukuthandwa kwezinhlobonhlobo kanye nokufunwa kwazo emakethe yasekhaya yamazambane ware, ikakhulukazi lapho kunikezwa ukuthengiswa kumaketanga anamuhla okuthengisa.
Izwe lamazambane liseNingizimu Melika, lapho kwaqhamuka khona "isiko" leli ngo-12 500 BC. e. ogwini olusenyakatho nentshonalanga yePeru. Ngokusobala, amazambane atshaliwe alethwa esuka eMelika ayiswa eYurophu (eSpain) ngo-1565. Ubhatata wokuqala wathunyelwa eRussia usuka eNetherlands nguPeter Omkhulu ngesikhathi sokuhambela kwakhe eYurophu. Imizamo yokuqala yokusabalalisa amazambane eRussia imvamisa ayiphumelelanga ngenxa yokuthi amashubhu aqandelwa iqhwa ngenkathi kuhanjiswa. Ngalesi sizathu, ngonyaka we-1769, ikhomishini yezokwelapha yathunyelwa eSiberia imbewu eqoqwe engadini yamakhemisi eSt. Petersburg ukuze isatshalaliswe "kubungxiwankulu abanolwazi 'kanye" nabakhi abakhethe izindlu ". E-Ilimsk, ihhovisi le-voivode ladlulisela imbewu engu-15 g ku-A. Berezovsky, okwazile ukukhulisa izithombo nokuthola nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ngokuya kweV.S.Lekhnovich, u-A. Berezovsky, engazi, wenza ukukhetha kokuqala kwamazambane eSiberia, mhlawumbe naseRussia.
INDLELA YOKUDLA
Namuhla, imibono mayelana nenani lokudla okunempilo lamazambane njengomkhiqizo obaluleke kakhulu ekudleni kwabantu kuyashintsha kakhulu, okubangelwa ukukhula okuningana kokukhethwa ohlangothini lokukhulisa inani lokudla kwamazambane, kanye nezifundo ezijulile emkhakheni wokuqalwa kwawo we-biochemical.
Eminyakeni engama-50-100 edlule, ulwazi lwethu ngokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali kokudla kanye nenani lomzimba lezinto zalo (kanye nezakhiwo) selikhule kakhulu. Konke lokhu kubalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe kuhlaka lomqondo wanamuhla wokudla komuntu, hhayi nje ukwanelisa umuzwa wendlala, kepha futhi kusukela ekubukeni kokudla okunempilo. Le ndlela iphoqa ukuthi iphinde ihlaziye zonke izinto ezisezilwaneni eziyizigaxa zezambane.
Inani lokudla kwamazambane lanqunywa kakhulu yisilinganiso esifanelekile sezakhi ezibaluleke kakhulu kuzilimo eziyizigaxa (isitashi, amaprotheni, amafutha, amavithamini, amaminerali, ama-antioxidants we-anthocyanin nemvelo ye-carotenoid nezinye izinto).
Ngasikhathi sinye, emhlabeni idatha yezincwadi ngokuqukethwe kwezakhamzimba eziyisisekelo kuzilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Iqiniso ngukuthi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kuncike ezintweni eziningi: ukuhlukahluka, izimo zenhlabathi nezulu, umanyolo, ubuchwepheshe obukhulayo, izinga lokuvuthwa, imibuso yokugcina, njll Isikhathi sokuhlaziywa (ekwindla noma entwasahlobo) naso siyayithinta imiphumela.
Ochwepheshe bamazwe omhlaba ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-Organisation for Cooperation and Development (OECD) bavumelana ngezinkomba ezijwayelekile zokuqukethwe kwezakhi eziyisisekelo kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezidingo zabo ngenxa yezici ezahlukahlukene (ithebula 1 ekhasini 22).
Ukubaluleka kwamazambane ekudleni komuntu nakho kungenxa yokuqukethwe kwezinto ezinjengevithamini, amaminerali, ama-organic acid (Ithebula 2).
Ukuba nekhono eliphezulu ngokwanele lokuqukethwe kwe-ascorbic acid kanye nezinto ezibalulekile ikakhulukazi - ama-antioxidants (anthocyanins, carotenoids), amazambane angadlala indima ebalulekile ekuvinjelweni kwezifo eziningana, futhi kulokhu okunye kokudla okubaluleke kakhulu ekudleni komuntu okunempilo.
Ngokukhanya kolwazi nemibono yanamuhla, ukubaluleka kwezakhi ngazinye zokwakheka kwamazambane kusuka endaweni yokubukwa kokudla komuntu okunempilo kuhlaziywa ngendlela ehlukile.
Kuvele ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi isigaxa samazambane siqukethe amanzi amaningi (ama-75% noma ngaphezulu) kanye nokuhlungwa kwamandla uqobo (okusho ukuthi ubukhulu bezakhamzimba nge-100 kcal) buphansi kakhulu. Kumazambane, lokhu kuhlushwa kucishe kufane nenkomba yamandla edingwa ngumzimba womuntu ngenkathi kugaywa futhi kufakwa ukudla. Ngokusho kwawo, amazambane ahlangabezana nezidingo zabantu abadala uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imikhiqizo yokudla yezitshalo nezilwane.
SESHA. Le yingxenye eyinhloko yamazambane nokudla kwayo okuyinhloko kanye nesithunzi somnotho (kwezomnotho). Esikhathini se-tuber esisha, ngokwesilinganiso, inani lesitashi lingaba ngu-17,5% (ibanga lokuguquguquka okungu-8,0-29%) noma u-75-80% endabeni eyomile.
Isitashi esingahluziwe asimuncwa ngabantu. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa (isibonelo, ukupheka), ukugaya kwayo kukhuphuka kakhulu - kuze kufike ku-90%. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi emgodini womuntu wokugaya emathunjini, isitashi (kancane kancane) sihlukaniswa ngama-enzyme e-amylolytic kuya ku-glucose, futhi okugcina kuphela okufakiwe kumjikelezo wokunciphisa umzimba womuntu.
Isitashi samazambane esiswini somuntu emathunjini asigayeki ngokuphelele kushukela olula; ingxenye yayo esefomini engagayeki ingena emathunjini amakhulu. Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi "isitashi esivikelwe". Ngokuya ngemininingwane emisha yezokwelapha, lesi sitashi siyisisekelo esibaluleke kakhulu se-colon yabantu.
Umphumela womzimba "wesitashi esivikelekile" ukuthi ukucwazimula kwawo yi-microflora yamathumbu kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwama-organic acid, wona, kanye nezinto okuthiwa yi-ballast, kuvimbela ukukhula kwamaseli we-carcinogenic koloni. Lesi sakamuva sibaluleke kakhulu ekuvimbeleni umdlavuza waleli mathumbu.
AMAPHrotheni (RAW PROTEIN).
Okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni ongahluziwe kumazambane kuncane futhi kufinyelela ku-2% (0,69-4,63%). Kodwa-ke, akukhona kuphela ngobungako, kodwa futhi nangekhwalithi yamaprotheni amazambane. Isilinganiso sama-amino acid abalulekile futhi angabalulekile kuwo sibaluleke kakhulu (sicishe sifane namaprotheni emvelaphi yezilwane), ngakho-ke, amaprotheni amazambane abhekwa njengabaluleke kakhulu, asondela ekubunjweni kwamaqhezu ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-80% kuya kumaprotheni eqanda lenkukhu. Ukugayeka kwamaprotheni amazambane emgodini wamathumbu womuntu kungaphezu kwama-90%. Phakathi kwamaprotheni emifino avela ezitshalweni ezilinyiwe, amaprotheni amazambane anenani eliphakeme kakhulu lebhayoloji; ngokwenani lokudla okunomsoco ingeyesibili kuphela kumaprotheni ezilwane (inyama, ubisi, amaqanda enkukhu). Manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi amaprotheni amazambane acebile ku-lysine ne-sulfur equkethe ama-amino acid abalulekile.
Ngokusho kwezazi zezempilo ezivela e-UK, ekudleni okondlayo komuntu wesimanjeOkubaluleke kakhulu isilinganiso esilinganiselwe esifanele sezinhlobo ezithile zemikhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekudleni okunempilo okunempilo, isilinganiso esihle kunazo zonke sibhekwa lapho isabelo samazambane, isinkwa neminye imikhiqizo yokusanhlamvu okungenani sinama-33%, imifino nezithelo - 33%, ubisi nemikhiqizo yobisi - 15%, inyama, inhlanzi neminye imikhiqizo ehlukile - 12 %, imikhiqizo equkethe amafutha noshukela - 7%.
Iprotheni yamazambane iqukethe ama-8 ama-20 ama-amino acid abalulekile. Ingxenye ebalulekile yesidingo sansuku zonke sevithamini C ihlangana namazambane. Lapho kudliwa amazambane ayi-100 g abilisiwe ku-peel futhi kuhlolwe ngaphambi kokuwusebenzisa, umzimba womuntu uthola cishe ama-20 g ama-carbohydrate, 2 g wamaprotheni, 0,1 g wamafutha no 2 g we-fiber, yize lezi zibalo zingahluka futhi ngokuya ngezinto ezahlukahlukene.
Maphakathi nekhulu le-XVIII. amazambane ayesekugcwele eYurophu, kwathi ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaCatherine II, kwaqala ukuvuthwa eRussia ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwe.
AbaseYurophu bafunda kancane kancane ukuthola izitshalo ezinkulu zamazambane. Lokhu kwakubaluleke kakhulu kubalimi abangaphansi komhlaba nabasemalokishini, ababengahlala njalo, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yokwehluleka kwezitshalo, bazenzele bona nemindeni yabo ukudla. Ngakho-ke, amazambane aba uhlobo lokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokudla. Umlobi omkhulu waseRussia uLNN. Tolstoy waqagela lesi simo ezincwadini zakhe zobuntatheli lapho efunda izimbangela zendlala eRussia ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Wayekholelwa ukuthi amazambane atholakala ekudleni kwabafuyi baseRussia ngezinga elithile asusa isinkwa futhi abasiza ukuba baphile eminyakeni yendlala.
Leli siko liphinde lasindisa izimpilo zezigidi hhayi kuphela eminyakeni yokwehluleka kwezitshalo, kodwa futhi nangezimpi eziseYurophu eminyakeni engamakhulu amathathu edlule.
Kwanqunywa ngamandla isikhathi eside ukuthi ukuqhuma kwabantu eYurophu ngekhulu le-XVIII-XIX. yayihlotshaniswa neqiniso lokuthi kuleyo minyaka ekudleni kwabaseYurophu kwakukhona ama-400 kg amazambane (umuntu ngamunye omdala ngonyaka), kanye nobisi olwanele nemikhiqizo yobisi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwale mikhiqizo kwaqinisekisa inani lokudla okunempilo labantu.
FATS. Okuqukethwe kwamafutha kumazambane akubalulekile, okuyinto ebaluleke ngayo ohlelweni lokudla ekwenzeni izitsha ezahlukahlukene nokulungiswa kwezidlo. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwamafutha acid kubaluleke kakhulu - ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yezakhi ezibalulekile ezinjenge-linoleic ephindwe kabili (cishe i-50% yamazambane e-potato) kanye ne-linolenic ephindwe kathathu (cishe i-20%).
IZIMPAHLA ZEBHOLA.
Isikhathi eside, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yimicu yezitshalo bekubukelwa phansi ngongoti bokudla. Izinto ze-Ballast zisho, okokuqala, izinto ezingagayeki zezindonga zamaseli ezitshalo ezinjenge-carbohydrate (i-cellulose, i-pectins, i-hemicellulose, i-lignin), eyenza imisebenzi ebalulekile, ngokwengxenye ehluke kakhulu kunqubo yokugaya ukudla, ethonya imetabolism. Badlala indima enkulu ekudleni okunempilo. Kufakazelwe ukuthi lezi zinto ziyisakhi esinezakhi ze-microbiota zamathumbu amakhulu omuntu. Lokhu empeleni "isisu sesibili"; ama-organic organic akhiwa ngenxa yezinqubo ze-microbiological athinta kakhulu imetabolism yomuntu.
Imicu yezitshalo engasetshenziswanga isebenza njenge-adsorbent yamanzi, amagesi nezinye izinto ezingadingekile, isiza ukuyisusa emzimbeni. Yize inani lalezi zinto ezifweni eziyizigaxa liphansi (2,5%), ingxenye engama-200 g yamazambane yanelisa cishe ikota yesidingo sansuku zonke salezi zingxenye umuntu azidingayo.
IZIMINI.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane ziqukethe inani elikhulu lama-macro- nama-microelements, adlala indima ebalulekile ekuguqulweni komzimba. Ngokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwama-200 g amazambane, isidingo sansuku zonke somuntu sinelisekile: ku-potassium - ngo-30%, i-magnesium - 15-20%, i-phosphorus - 17%, ithusi - 15%, i-iron - 14%, i-manganese - 13%, iodine - 6% kanye ku-fluorine - ngo-3%.
IVITAMINS... Amazambane aqukethe lonke uhla lwamavithamini awusizo kubantu, ikakhulukazi lawo ancibilikiswa ngamanzi, kepha inani lawo kwizilimo eziyizigaxa lingaphansi kokuguquguquka okukhulu. Okubaluleke kakhulu okuqukethwe uvithamini C ophakeme kakhulu (10-20 mg / 100 g fr wt), ophakeme kancane kunowama-aphula (10 mg / 100 g fr wt). Ngesikhathi sokupheka, u-10-20% wale vithamini ulahlekile.
Ngo-1902, udokotela wezokwelapha nodokotela wezempilo waseJalimane uM.Rubner wasungula ukuthi amaprotheni amazambane asezingeni eliphakeme, kufaka phakathi okuqukethwe ama-amino acid abalulekile. Kamuva, lokhu okutholakele kwaqinisekiswa kaningi. Ubufakazi obuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu ekwamukeleni kwabo banikezwa ngo-1965 yisazi sokuzivocavoca komzimba saseJalimane u-E Kofrani noF. Jekat, abathola ukuthi amazambane kanye namaqanda enkukhu ayalingana kwikhwalithi yamaprotheni, kanti nokuhlolwa kwabo kokulinganisela kufakazele ukuthi inani eliphakeme kakhulu lezinto eziphilayo eziqukethe amaprotheni ekudleni ingxube yamazambane neqanda leqanda (isilinganiso 65: 35, isb. ingxube ka-500 g yamazambane neqanda elilodwa). Umcwaningi waseNgilandi u-A. Jones uphawule ukuthi okuqukethwe ngamaprotheni ezitsheni zamazambane kuyehluka kakhulu ngokuya ngendlela yokulungiselela: kumazambane abilisiwe ajwayelekile - 1,5%, kuthosiwe - 2,8%, kuthosiwe - 3,8%, naku- okuthosiwe amazambane - okuthosiwe kuze kufike ku-6%.
Ngokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwamazambane angama-300 g, izidingo zansuku zonke zingagculiswa: i-vitamin C ngama-70%, B6 ngama-36%, B1 ngama-20%, i-pantothenic acid ngo-16%, ne-B2 ngama-8%.
I-ANTHOCIANS NECAROTINOIDS.
Ngokubona imibono emisha mayelana neqhaza lokudla kokudla ekuthuthukiseni izinga lempilo yabantu, amazambane abhekwa njengenye yezilimo ezibalulekile ezinamandla amakhulu kokuqukethwe kwama-antioxidants, ngokuyinhloko ama-anthocyanins nama-carotenoids, aqinisa amasosha omzimba omuntu.
Kumazambane, lawa ma-flavonoid abhekene nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, onsomi, obomvu, owolintshi, umbala ophuzi okhanyayo wesikhumba nenyama yezilimo eziyizigaxa. Yilezi zingulube ezinenani elikhulu njengemithombo yama-antioxidants ngenxa yekhono lazo lokukhulula ama-radical oksijini wamahhala emzimbeni womuntu. Manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi izidlo ezinothe ngama-antioxidants zinganciphisa ubungozi be-atherosclerosis, izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza, izinguquko ezihlobene nobudala esikhunjeni sombala, i-cataract, njll.
Ukuhlola okuqhathaniswayo kubonise ukuthi izinhlobo ezinephuzi elikhanyayo ephuzi, owolintshi, obomvu ne-violet zedlula kakhulu izinhlobonhlobo nge-pulp emhlophe ye-tubers ngokuya okuqukethwe ama-anthocyanins nama-carotenoids (ithebula 3).
Ububanzi bokushintshashintsha kokuqukethwe kwama-anthocyanins kumazambane afakwe ngotshani asebangeni le-9,5-37,8 mg nge-100 g yesisindo esingavuthiwe sama-tubers. Amathemba wokwenza ngcono okuthe xaxa kwezimpawu kule ndlela avumela ukubeka amazambane nge-pulp enemibala epanini ngezilimo ezifana nemifino ebilisiwe, i-broccoli, i-red bell pepper nesipinashi, ezaziwa ngezakhiwo zazo ze-antioxidant. Amazambane anenyama ephuzi kudala athandwa emazweni amaningi omhlaba ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphakeme kwama-carotenoids.
Izifundo zanamuhla ziqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka okunye ukuthuthuka okuphambili kwalezi zinkomba kususelwa ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobo nge-ephuzi eliphuzi, lewolintshi nelibomvu, ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-carotenoids (500-800 mg nge-100 g yesisindo esisha). Ngisho nempumelelo eyisizotha yokukhethwa kule nkomba ingabaluleka kakhulu ekudleni kokudla kwabantu futhi inikeze umfutho omusha ekuthuthukisweni kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane njengesitshalo esibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngamafuphi, singakulindela lokho izinhlobonhlobo ezine-pulp ephuzi, owolintshi, obomvu ne-onsomi zizoba zithandwa kakhulu, futhi umnikelo wazo ekudla kokudla kwabantu uzokhula.
Ngakho-ke, ukuhlola indima yamazambane ekudleni kwabantu banamuhla, kungashiwo ngaphandle kwehaba ukuthi izilimo eziyizigaxa zezambane akuzona ukudla nje kuphela, kodwa futhi ziyimithi. Zigaywe kahle futhi zimunceke, zikhululekile ngokuphelele kuma-allergener, zingasetshenziswa ekudleni okukhethekile kwamaprotheni, ekudleni lapho kudingeka khona ukunciphisa i-asidi, njll.
Kodwa-ke, akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi amazambane angawomndeni wama-nightshade, abonakala ngokuqukethwe kwama-alkaloid athile athinta kabi impilo yabantu. Amazambane aqukethe nitrate, izinsimbi ezisindayo kanye acrylamide. Konke lokhu kumele kubhekwe lapho kusetshenziswa amabhulashi amazambane ukudla.
Izici zokwelapha zamazambane kudala zaziwa. Ngokuyikho ngemuva ukusakazeka kwamazambane eYurophu kuye kwanyamalala ubhubhane lwe-scurvy. Ijusi yamazambane eluhlaza isetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-gastric ulcer kanye ne-duodenal ulcer. Ubhatata kungenye yokudla kokudla kweziguli ezinezifo zezinso nezinhliziyo. Ezimbali naseziqandisini zamazambane, kutholwa umenzeli oqinisa izidakamizwa.
Utamatisi we-glycoalkaloid oqukethwe kumazambane unemisebenzi yokulwa namagciwane ngokumelene nesikhunta esithile se-pathogenic namagciwane, kanye umsebenzi we-antihistamine, obalulekile ekwelapheni ukungahambi kahle komzimba.
Emithini yesintu, amazambane aluhlaza asetshenzisiwe asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezithintekile ngokushisa, i-eczema nezinye izifo zesikhumba. Ngokuphefumula umusi wamazambane, kubhekwa ukwelashwa kwendlela ephezulu yokuphefumula.
NITRATES. Njengoba wazi, ama-tubers amazambane aqukethe inani elincane lama-nitrate. Eminyakeni yamuva, isayensi iqoqe idatha eyanele yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokulingana kwama-nitrate ngokudla kuyasiza ngisho nasempilweni yabantu. Emzimbeni womuntu, ama-nitrate ahlephuka abe ama-nitrites, bese kuthi lawo magciwane agqoke i-cavity yomlomo kanye ne-gastrointestinal.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwenzeka ngokuqukethwe okuphakathi kwe-nitrate. Ngokwenzayo, izinga lenyuka lama-nitrate kumazambane livame ukurekhodwa. Kuya ngezici eziningi: ukuhlukahluka, isimo sezulu kanye nezimo zenhlabathi zokutshalwa, imithamo ephezulu yomanyolo, izimo zokugcina, njll. Okuqukethwe kwama-nitrate kumazambane kuyehla ngenkathi kubiliswa, kuhluthwa, nasekucubungulweni kwezimboni (ukuthosa, ukumisa, ama-chips).
SOLANIN... Kuzo zonke izitho zesitshalo samazambane, kuhl. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ziqukethe i-steroid glycoalkaloid solanine enobuthi, equkethe i-solanine ne-hacoin. Kepha ukugxila kwale alkaloid kuphansi: 2-60 mg / kg yamazambane ahlanzekile. Ukuhlushwa kweSolanine ezingeni lika-300-500 mg nge-1 kg kubhekwa njengengozi empilweni yomuntu. Njengoba i-solanine ibalulekile esitshalweni uqobo njengesivikelo ezitheni zemvelo, sigxile kakhulu esikhunjeni. Izinga lokuhlushwa lihlukile ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene. Ngesikhathi sokugcina nokulimala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukugxila kwe-solanine kukhuphuka kancane. Kepha umuntu kufanele aqaphele izilimo eziyizigaxa eziphenduke zaba luhlaza zahluma ebumnyameni. Ukuhlushwa kwe-solanine kuzo kuba yingozi empilweni yomuntu. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-solanine ayibhujiswa ngesikhathi sokupheka.
I-ENZYME (ENZYME) INHIBITORS - Njenge-solanine, zisebenza njengesivikelo kuma-tubers amazambane. Kubantu, abayingozi, ngoba babhujiswa kalula ukuvezwa kwezinga lokushisa.
IZIMPAWU ZEMPILO. Izingozi zezempilo ngokuyinhloko ziyi-cadmium nomthofu. Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe kwabo kumazambane kungaphansi kakhulu kunemikhawulo yemithamo eyamukelekayo. Lapho uhlanza, okuqukethwe okuholayo kumazambane kuncipha ngo-80-90%, cadmium - ngo-20%. Lapho upheka, izinga le-cadmium lehla ngomunye u-25-30%; okuqukethwe okuholayo akushintshi ngenkathi kuphekwa.
I-ACRYLAMIDE emikhiqizweni yamazambane yakhiwa kusuka kuma-amino acid wamahhala nasoshukela olulula (ushukela, ifructose) ngesikhathi sokwelashwa okushisa (ngenhla kwe- + 1200 XNUMX) ngokuqukethwe kwamanzi aphansi. Ngokushisa okuphezulu ngesikhathi sokucubungulwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane, inani le-acrylamide liyanda.
Amaprosesa ayakwazi lokhu, ngakho-ke enza i-blanching eyengeziwe futhi asebenzise ezinye izindlela zobuchwepheshe ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-acrylamide kumkhiqizo wokugcina wamazambane (ama-chips, amafriji aseFrance).
Phakathi kwezimpawu zokudla ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinquma uhlobo lwezinhlobo zamazambane, ubungako bokugaya ukudla, ukuqina kwesiga, ukuqina kanye nokuqukethwe kwamanzi kwe-tubers kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokusho kwale mikhakha, izinhlobo zamazambane zihlukaniswe Izinhlobo ezi-4 zokubukeka: isaladi engagugi (uhlobo lwe-Culic A) iya ezinhlotsheni zokugaya ezingaphezulu futhi eziqhekekile (B, C, D) okuhloswe ukuthi isetshenziswe lapho kulungiswa izitsha ezithile zamazambane.
Thayipha u-A - amazambane wesaladi, angabiliki, nezilimo eziyizigaxa zihlala ziqinile ngenkathi kuphekwa, uginindela awubisi, awunamakha, awunamanzi.
Thayipha B - kugaywe kancane, uginindela ulingene ngokulinganayo, ummbila omncane, unamanzi kancane. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ziphelele ngokwanele ukunambitha okuhle. Kuyinto efanelekayo ukusetshenziswa ekudleni kwasekhaya ukulungiselela amasobho nezitsha eziseceleni (abilisiwe emanzini noma abilayo, abilisiwe noma abhakwe ngopelepele, amazambane abunjiwe noma ama-fries enziwe ekhaya, njll.).
Thayipha uC. -Ibilisa kahle, inyama inesizotha ngokulingana, ithenda (ithambile), yomile, imifantu ye-tuber, kepha ayihlukani ngesikhathi sokupheka. Kusetshenziswa ikakhulukazi embonini yokudla.
Uhlobo D - amazambane abiliswe kanzima kakhulu, ama-mealy kakhulu, awekho amanzi futhi asetshenziselwa ukwenza amazambane acubuziwe nokwenza isitashi.
Inani eliphawuleka kahle lezinhlobo zamazambane libonisa izici eziphakathi phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili ze-Culinary (AB kanye ne-BC). Kulokhu, incwadi yokuqala ikhombisa uhlobo lwe-Culinary olukhona.