U-Boris Anisimov, Umeluleki ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zesayensi nezemfundo - inhloko yesikhungo semfundo se-All-Russian Science Science Institute Institute of Science Science
Ngokokulinganisa kwe-FAO (2011), ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke kwamazambane nemikhiqizo yamazambane nge-capita ngayinye kungamakhilogremu angama-35 ngonyaka, kanti ngokwesilinganiso esifundeni saseYurophu sonke lesi sikhombiso sisezingeni lama-85 kg kumhlali ngamunye, naseRussia - 90 kg umuntu ngamunye.
E-Russian Federation, isilinganiso samanani amazambane asetshenziselwa izinjongo zokudla kulinganiselwa kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-13-14. Ukuze kusetshenzwe ngokujulile, cishe amathoni ayisigidi asetshenziswa kwimikhiqizo yamazambane (ama-fries ama-french, ama-chips, amazambane abunjiwe). Isidingo samazambane wembewu wezigaba zezinhlangano zezolimo (amabhizinisi ezolimo), amapulazi (amapulazi) amapulazi (amapulazi abampofu) kanye nosomabhizinisi abazimele (SP) nendawo yokutshala engaphezulu kwamahektare ayinkulungwane ilinganiselwa kumathani ayisigidi. Kunzima kakhulu ukuhlola umthamo wangempela wokusetshenziswa kwamazambane wezimbewu nefolishi esigabeni semizi, yize inani elilinganisiwe lapha lingaba amathani ayizigidi ezingama-1-300. Ukulahleka ngesikhathi sokulondolozwa emapulazini azo zonke izigaba kungalinganiselwa kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-1, ukuhanjiswa okuthunyelwa ngaphandle - amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-5-6.
Ngakho-ke, eRussia, izinga lokunikezwa kwamazambane asekhaya kufanele okungenani libe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-22. Ukwehla kwaleli zinga kungaholela ekuswelekeni kubhalansi ephelele yamazambane wezimpahla, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwanda kwesabelo sokungenisa ngaphakathi. Isabelo esingenisiwe sokungeniswa ekusetshenzisweni kwamazambane esiphelele silinganiselwa kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-300-350. Lokhu kuqala amazambane "asencane" wokuqala, okuthi okufunwayo nokuthengiswa emaketangeni okuthengisela kuvame ukukhuphuka ngesikhathi esingesona isikhathi, lapho impilo yamashalofu ezitokishini zezitshalo zangonyaka odlule icishe yaphela (ngoMeyi), futhi namanje azikabi namazambane amaningi akhona athengiswayo ngaphansi kwezinyanga ezimbili.
Izwe lamazambane yiNingizimu Melika, lapho leli “siko” laqala ukwaziwa ngo-12500 1565 BC. e. ogwini olusenyakatho nentshonalanga yePeru. Ukusuka eMelika kuye eYurophu (eSpain), amazambane atshaliwe alethwa, ngokusobala, ngo-XNUMX. Izambane likapondo lokuqala lathunyelwa eRussia livela eNetherlands nguPeter ⅰ phakathi nohambo lwakhe oluya e-Europe. Imizamo yokuqala yokusabalalisa amazambane eRussia imvamisa ayiphumelelanga ngenxa yokuthi amashubhu aqandelwa iqhwa ngenkathi kuhanjiswa. Ngalesi sizathu, ngonyaka we-1769, ikhomishini yezokwelapha yathunyelwa eSiberia imbewu eqoqwe engadini yamakhemisi eSt. E-Ilimsk, ihhovisi le-voivode ladlulisela imbewu engu-15 g ku-A. Berezovsky, okwazile ukukhulisa izithombo nokuthola nezilimo eziyisithupha. Ngokusho kweV.S. ULekhnovich, A. Berezovsky, engazi, wenza ukukhethwa kokuqala kwamazambane eSiberia, futhi mhlawumbe naseRussia.
Umthengi wanamuhla unesifiso sokuthola amazambane anezinhlayiya zekhwalithi ezinhle ezinokubukeka okukhangayo futhi, njengomthetho, ikhasi elicacile elincane. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubukhulu nosayizi wezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukujula kwamehlo, umbala wephempa noshizi, ukungabi bikho kweziphambeko zangaphandle nezangaphakathi ngenxa yokuthambekela kwezinhlobo ngazinye ekukhuleni kwesibili (ukukhula), ukwakheka kokuqhekeka kokukhula, ukuqina kwendawo, kanye nombala wepulp (discoloration) nawo ubalulekile. ezinye iziphambeko zangaphakathi ezingenzeka ku-tubers ngenxa yamathonya wesimo sezulu esikhona ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo noma ukulimala kwemishini, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuvuna, i-transpor irovki nokuhlela.
Ukwakheka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zetafula lezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane kungahlukahluka ukusuka kwesinye kuya kwesinye, ubukhulu obujwayelekile besentimitha enkulu kakhulu edlulayo: 40-60 mm, ukujula kweso: okuncane kuya kokuphakathi, umbala wesikhumba: okumhlophe kuya kokubomvu, umbala we-pulp: omhlophe - ukhilimu - ophuzi.
Inkimbinkimbi yonke yalezi zinkomba ikakhulukazi inquma izimfanelo zabathengi zamazambane etafula namathuba wokusetshenziswa kwazo okuhlosiwe ukupheka izitsha ezahlukahlukene, futhi imvamisa inquma ukuthandwa kwezinhlobonhlobo kanye nesidingo sazo emakethe yasekhaya yamazambane okudla, ikakhulukazi lapho kuthengiswa ngentengo yamaketanga wezitolo.
Amaqiniso Okudla
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imibono mayelana nenani lokudla okunempilo lamazambane njengomkhiqizo obaluleke kakhulu ekunakekelweni kwesintu ishintshe kakhulu, okubangelwa ukukhula okuningana kokukhethwa ohlangothini lokukhulisa inani lokudla kwamazambane, kanye nezifundo ezijulile emkhakheni wokuqalwa kwawo we-biochemical.
Inani lokudla kwamazambane alibonakalanga ngokushesha. Amacala amaningi ahlekisayo axhunyiwe nalokhu. Isibonelo, ngo-1586, u-Admiral u-French Drake ongumNgisi waletha izithwathwa zamazambane eNgilandi futhi wayinika umgcini wegadi wakhe ukuba atyale emhlabeni ongcono kakhulu futhi anakekele izitshalo ngokucophelela. Umgcini wegadi wenza isabelo ngentshiseko enkulu. Ubhatata wahluma, waqhakaza, kwavela amajikijolo aluhlaza eziqongweni. Umphathi wegadi ubathathela izithelo, wazama. Ukuthola ukuthi bezingamnandi, wathi ngokucasulwa: "Yonke imisebenzi yami ibingachithwa." Umgcini wegadi wakhombisa lo mphathi amajikijolo, amyalela ukuthi akhiphe lesi sitshalo ngezimpande ukuze zingalimazi engadini. Okwamangaza ukuthi umlimi engaphansi kwesihlahla ngasinye wabona eziningi zezilimo eziyizigaxa ezifanayo azitshalile. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zazibilisiwe futhi zinikezwe umlimi ukunambitha. “Hawu! Wababaza, "isitshalo esiyigugu!" Emva kwalokho, umlimi engagcinanga ngokukhulisa amazambane ngokwakhe, kodwa futhi wasiza nokutshalalela abanye.
Eminyakeni engama-50-100 eyedlule, ulwazi lwethu lokuqalwa kwamakhemikhali kokudla kanye nenani lokuphilayo lezinto zalo (nezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi) likhule kakhulu. Konke lokhu kubalulekile ukukubheka ohlakeni lomqondo wanamuhla wokudla kwabantu, hhayi nje ukwanelisa indlala, kepha futhi kusuka endaweni yokubukwa kokudla okunempilo. Le ndlela yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi kuhlaziywe kabusha zonke izinto zokudla ezikhona kuma-tubers amazambane.
Inani lokudla kwamazambane lanqunywa ikakhulukazi yisilinganiso esifanelekile sezakhi ezibaluleke kakhulu (isitashi, amaprotheni, amafutha, amavithamini, amaminerali, ama-antioxidants we-anthocyanin kanye nemvelo ye-carotenoid nezinye izinto) ku-tubers.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ezincwadini zomhlaba, imininingwane ekuqukethwe kwezakhamzimba ezibalulekile kuma-tubers amazambane ihluka kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwakheka kwe-biochemical of the tubers kuncike ezintweni eziningi: izinhlobonhlobo, inhlabathi kanye nesimo sezulu, umanyolo, ubuchwepheshe obukhulayo, izinga lokuvuthwa, izimo zokugcina, njll. Isikhathi sokuhlaziywa (ekwindla noma kwentwasahlobo) sithinta kakhulu imiphumela.
Ochwepheshe bamazwe omhlaba ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-Organisation for Cooperation and Development (OECD) bavumelana ngezinkomba ezijwayelekile zokuqukethwe kwezakhi eziyisisekelo kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezidingo zabo ngenxa yezici ezahlukahlukene (ithebula 1).
Ukubaluleka kwamazambane ekudleni kwabantu nakho kungenxa yokuqukethwe kwezakhi ezifana namavithamini, amaminerali, ama-organic acid (ithebula 2).
Ukuba nekhono eliphezulu ngokwanele lokuqukethwe kwe-ascorbic acid kanye nezinto ezibalulekile ikakhulukazi - ama-antioxidants (anthocyanins, carotenoids), amazambane angadlala indima ebalulekile ekuvinjelweni kwezifo eziningi futhi kulokhu kungomunye wemikhiqizo ebaluleke kakhulu ekudleni komuntu okunempilo.
Ngokusho kwezazi zokudla okuvela e-UK, ekudleni komuntu wesimanje, isilinganiso esifanelekile sezindlela ezithile zemikhiqizo sibaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekudleni okunempilo okunempilo, isilinganiso esihle kunazo zonke sibhekwa lapho isabelo samazambane, isinkwa neminye imikhiqizo yokusanhlamvu okungenani sinama-33%, imifino nezithelo - 33%, ubisi nemikhiqizo yobisi - 15%, inyama, inhlanzi neminye imikhiqizo ehlukile - 12 %, imikhiqizo equkethe amafutha noshukela - 7%.
Iprotheni yamazambane iqukethe ama-8 ama-20 ama-amino acid abalulekile. Ingxenye ebalulekile yesidingo sansuku zonke sevithamini C ihlangana namazambane. Lapho kudliwa amazambane ayi-100 g, abilisiwe ku-peel futhi kuthwetshiwe ngaphambi kokuwusebenzisa, umzimba womuntu uthola cishe ama-20 g we-carbohydrate, 2 g wamaprotheni, u-0,1 g wamafutha no-2 g we-fiber, yize lezi zinkomba zingahluka futhi ngokuya ngezici ezihlukile, izimo ezikhulayo kanye ezinye izinto.
Ngokukhanya kolwazi nemibono yanamuhla, ukubaluleka kwezakhi ngazinye zokwakheka kwamazambane kusuka endaweni yokubukwa kokudla komuntu okunempilo kuhlaziywa ngendlela ehlukile.
Kwavela ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kubhagi yamazambane kunamanzi amaningi (75% noma ngaphezulu) kanye ne-energy concentration ngokwayo (isb. Ubungako bezakhamzimba ngo-100 kcal) bungaphansi. Kumazambane, lokhu kugxila kuhambelana cishe nalokho okufunwa ngumzimba womuntu inqubo yokugaya ukudla kanye nokutholwa kokudla. Ngokusho kwalesi sikhombisi, amazambane ahambisana kakhulu nezidingo zomuntu omdala kuqhathaniswa nokunye ukudla kwezitshalo nemvelaphi yezilwane.
Isitashi. Lesi yingxenye ebalulekile yamazambane nokudla kwayo okuyinhloko kanye nenzuzo yezomnotho (yezomnotho). Kwi-tuber entsha, ngokwesilinganiso, ingxenye yesitashi icishe ibe ngu-17,5% (ukuguquguquka kwebanga ngo-8,0-29%) noma ama-75-80% entweni eyomile.
Isitashi esisebisi asigayeki kalula ngabantu. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokulashwa okushisa (ngokwesibonelo, ukupheka), ukugaya kwayo ukudla kukhuphuka kakhulu - kufinyelela cishe ku-90%. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi epheshaneni lesisu somuntu, isitashi kancane kancane (sinyathelo) sidilizwa ama-enzyme e-amylolytic kuya kushukela, futhi ukuphela kwalokho kufakwa kumjikelezo we-metabolic womzimba womuntu.
Isitashi samazambane emgodini wesisu somuntu asigaywa ngokuphelele ushukela olula; ingxenye yalo ifomu elingalungisiwe ingena emathunjini amakhulu. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "isitashi esivikelwe." Ngokusho kwedatha entsha yezokwelapha, lesi sitashi siyisigatshana esibaluleke kakhulu se-microbiota yekholoni yomuntu.
Maphakathi XVIII c. amazambane ayesekugcwele eYurophu, naphakathi nokubusa kukaCatherine II Yaqala ukukhula e-Russia ezindaweni ezinkulu ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zezwe.
AbaseYurophu bafunda kancane kancane ukutshala izilimo zamazambane aphezulu, ikakhulukazi enyakatho yezwekazi. Lokhu kwakubaluleke kakhulu kubalimi abangaphansi komhlaba nabahlala emadolobheni, ababengahlala, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yokwehluleka kwezilimo, bazenzele nemindeni yabo ukudla. EYurophu, futhi ngandlela thile eRussia, amazambane abe uhlobo lokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokudla. Umlobi omkhulu waseRussia uLNN. unake lesi simo emisebenzini yakhe yobuntatheli. UTolstoy, lapho efunda izimbangela zendlala eRussia ekugcineni XIX c. Wayekholelwa ukuthi amazambane asezingeni lokudla kwabalimi baseRussia ngezinga elithile asusa isinkwa futhi abasiza ukuba baphile eminyakeni yendlala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi eziningi zedemokhrasi zithi ukwanda kwesibalo okusheshayo kwabantu eYurophu naseRussia kuya XVIII-XIX emakhulwini eminyaka namazambane. Lesi siko, ngokubona kwabo, futhi sisindise izigidi zabantu hhayi nje kuphela eminyakeni yokwehluleka kwezitshalo, kodwa futhi nangezimpi zaseYurophu eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule.
Umphumela womzimba "wesitashi esivikelekile" ukuthi ukucwazimula kwawo yi-microflora yamathumbu kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwama-organic acid, wona, kanye nezinto okuthiwa yi-ballast, kuvimbela ukukhula kwamaseli we-carcinogenic koloni. Lesi sakamuva sibaluleke kakhulu ekuvimbeleni umdlavuza waleli mathumbu.
Amaphrotheni (amaprotheni ongahluziwe). Okuqukethwe okungamaprotheni okuluhlaza kumazambane kuphansi futhi kufinyelela ku-2% (0,69-4,63%). Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuyona nje kuphela ubukhulu, kepha futhi neprotheni yamazambane. Ukulinganiselwa kwama-amino acid angabalulekile futhi angabalulekile kuwo kubaluleke kakhulu (kucishe kufane njengamaprotheni ezilwane), ngakho-ke, amaprotheni amazambane abhekwa njengabaluleke kakhulu, esondela ngaphezu kwe-80% yeprotheni yeqanda ekwakhekeni kwezingxenyana. I-Digestibility yamaprotheni amazambane emgodini wesisu somuntu ingaphezu kwama-90%. Phakathi kwamaprotheni ezitshalo avela ezitshalweni ezitshaliwe, amaprotheni amazambane anenani eliphakeme kakhulu lokuzalwa, ngokubaluleka kokudla komzimba kungokwesibili kuphela kumaphrotheni ezilwane (inyama, ubisi, iqanda lenkukhu). Namuhla kuyaziwa ukuthi amaprotheni amazambane acebile e-lysine nesibabule-aqukethe ama-amino acid abalulekile.
Ngempumelelo sekuyisikhathi eside kunqunywa ukuthi ukuqhuma kwenani labantu eYurophu emakhulwini eminyaka e-XVIII-XIX. kwakungenxa yokuthi kuleyo minyaka ekudleni kwabaseYurophu kwakukhona ama-400 kg amazambane (ngomuntu ngamunye ngonyaka) nobisi olwanele nemikhiqizo yobisi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwale mikhiqizo emibili kuqinisekise ukondleka kwabantu.
Amafutha. Okuqukethwe kwamafutha kumazambane akubalulekile, okuyinto ebaluleke ngayo ohlelweni lokudla ekwenzeni izitsha ezahlukahlukene nokulungiswa kokudla. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwama-acid acids kubaluleke kakhulu - okokuqala, ngenxa yezakhi ezibalulekile ezinjenge-linoleic ephindwe kabili (cishe i-50% yamazambane e-potato) kanye ne-linolenic ephindwe kathathu (cishe i-20%).
Ngo-1902, udokotela wezomzimba kanye nohlanzeko waseJalimane uM. Rubner wasungula ukuthi amaprotheni amazambane asezingeni eliphakeme, kufaka phakathi okuqukethwe ama-amino acid abalulekile. Kamuva, lokhu okutholakele kwaqinisekiswa kaningi. Ubufakazi obuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu ekwamukeleni kwabo banikezwa ngo-1965 ngabezazi zomzimba baseJalimane u-E Kofrani noF. Jackat, abathola ukuthi amazambane namaqanda aphelele alingana ngekhwalithi namaprotheni, nasezivivinyweni zabo zokulinganisela kubantu, inani eliphakeme kakhulu le-biological protein lakhonjiswa ukusetshenziswa kwengxube yamazambane neqanda leqanda ekudleni (isilinganiso 65: 35, i.e. ingxube yama-amazambane angama-500 g neqanda elilodwa. Umcwaningi waseNgilandi u-A.A. uJ.A. waphawula ukuthi okuqukethwe kweprotheni ku izitsha zamazambane zihlukahluka ngokuya ngendlela abalungiselela ngayo: kumazambane abilisiwe ajwayelekile - 1,5%, othosiwe - 2,8, othosiwe - 3,8, nakuma-flakes amazambane athosiwe - afinyelela ku-6%.
Izinto ze-Ballast. Isikhathi eside, le micimbi yezitshalo ebizwa ngokuthi izitshalo yayinganakwa ngabezempilo. Izinto ze-Ballast ziyaqondakala, okokuqala, njengezindawo ezingenakuphikwa zezakhi zamangqamuzana ezitshalo ezinjenge-carbohydrate (cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, lignin), ezenza imisebenzi ebalulekile, engafani kakhulu nenqubo yokugaya ukudla, ethinta umetabolism. Badlala indima enkulu ekudleni okunempilo. Kuyafakazelwa ukuthi lezi zinto ziyingxenye yesakhi somzimba se-microbiota yekholoni yomuntu. Empeleni "isisu sesibili"; ama-organic acid akhiwa ngenxa yezinqubo ze-microbiological athinta ukusebenza kwe-metabolism kubantu. Imicu yezitshalo engafakwanga isebenza njenge-adsorbent yamanzi, amagesi nezinye izinto ezingadingekile, isiza ukuzikhipha emzimbeni. Noma ingxenye yalezi zinto ezakhiqandeni isezingeni eliphansi (2,5%), ingxenye yamazambane angama-200 g yanelisa cishe ikota yemfuneko yansuku zonke yabantu yalezi zinto.
Izinto ezinamaminerali. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane aqukethe inani elikhulu lama-macro- kanye nama-microelements, adlala indima ebalulekile kumetabolism. Ngokusetshenziswa nsuku zonke kwama-200 g amazambane, isidingo sansuku zonke saneliswa: ku-potassium - ngu-30, i-magnesium - 15-20, i-phosphorus - 17, ithusi - 15, i-iron - 14, i-manganese - 13, iodine - 6 futhi ku-fluorine - 3%.
Amavithamini. Amazambane aqukethe iqoqo lonke lamavithamini alusizo kubantu, ikakhulukazi lawo ancibilikiswa amanzi, kepha inani labo kumashubhu lishintsha ukuguquguquka okukhulu. Okubaluleke kakhulu okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Vitamin C (isisindo esingu-10-20 mg / 100g), esiphakeme kancane kunakwama-apula (isisindo esimanzi esingu-10mg / 100g). Lapho upheka, ama-10-20% ale vithamini alahlekile. Ngokusetshenziswa nsuku zonke kwamazambane angama-300 g, isidingo sansuku zonke singaneliswa: i-Vitamin C - ngama-70, B6 - 36, B1 - 20, i-pantothenic acid - 16, ku-B2 - ngo-8%.
Ama-Anthocyanins nama-carotenoids. Ngokukhanya kwemibono emisha mayelana neqhaza lokudla kokudla ekuthuthukiseni izinga lempilo yabantu, amazambane abhekwa njengenye yezilimo ezibalulekile ezinamandla amakhulu kokuqukethwe kwama-antioxidants, ngokuyinhloko ama-anthocyanins nama-carotenoids, aqinisa amasosha omzimba womuntu (Anisimov 2006, Simakov 2012).
Emazambane, la ma-flavonoid abhekele umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-violet, obomvu, o-orange, umbala ophuzi okhanyayo we-peel kanye ne-pulp ye-tubers. Yilezi zimbotshana ezibaluleke kakhulu njengemithombo yama-antioxidants, ngenxa yekhono lazo lokukhipha i-oksijini yama-oksijini yamahhala emzimbeni womuntu. Manje sekuyaziwa kahle ukuthi ukudla okudla ngokudla okune-antioxidant kusiza ukunciphisa ingozi ye-atherossteosis, izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza, ushintsho oluhlobene nobudala ekugcotshweni kwesikhumba, ikati, njll.
Ukuhlola okuqhathanisiwe kubonise ukuthi izinhlobo ezinephuzi elikhanyayo eliphuzi, leorenji, elibomvu, nelinsomi ziveliswa kakhulu nge-pulp emhlophe ye-tubers kokuqukethwe kwama-anthocyanins nama-carotenoids (Ithebula 3).
Ububanzi bokushintshashintsha kokuqukethwe kwama-anthocyanins kumazambane afakwe ngotshani asebangeni le-9,5-37,8 mg nge-100 g yesisindo esingavuthiwe sama-tubers. Amathemba wokwenza ngcono okuthe xaxa kwezimpawu kule ndlela avumela ukubeka amazambane nge-pulp enemibala epanini ngezilimo ezifana nemifino ebilisiwe, i-broccoli, i-red bell pepper nesipinashi, ezaziwa ngezakhiwo zazo ze-antioxidant. Amazambane anenyama ephuzi kudala athandwa emazweni amaningi omhlaba ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphakeme kwama-carotenoids.
Izifundo zanamuhla ziqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka okunye ukuthuthuka okuphambili kwalezi zinkomba kususelwa ekwakhiweni kwezinhlobo nge-ephuzi eliphuzi, lewolintshi nelibomvu, ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-carotenoids (500-800 mg nge-100 g yesisindo esisha). Ngisho nempumelelo eyisizotha yokukhethwa kule nkomba ingabaluleka kakhulu ekudleni kokudla kwabantu futhi inikeze umfutho omusha ekuthuthukisweni kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane njengesitshalo esibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngamafuphi, singakulindela lokho izinhlobonhlobo ezine-pulp ephuzi, owolintshi, obomvu ne-onsomi zizoba zithandwa kakhulu, futhi umnikelo wazo ekudla kokudla kwabantu uzokhula.
Ngakho-ke, ukuhlola indima yamazambane ekunikezelweni kokudla komuntu wesimanje, kungashiwo ngaphandle kwehaba ukuthi nezilimo eziyizigaxa zokudla amazambane akuzona nje ukudla, kodwa futhi kungumuthi. Zigaywe kahle futhi zimuntshisiwe, zingama-allergen kuphela, zingasetshenziswa ekudleni okukhethekile kweprotheni, ekudleni lapho kudingeka ukunciphisa i-acidity, njll.
Kodwa-ke, akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi amazambane angawomndeni wama-nightshade, abonakala ngokuqukethwe kwama-alkaloid athile athinta kabi impilo yabantu. Amazambane aqukethe nitrate, izinsimbi ezisindayo kanye acrylamide. Konke lokhu kumele kubhekwe lapho kusetshenziswa amabhulashi amazambane ukudla.
AmaNitrate. Njengoba wazi, ama-tubers amazambane aqukethe inani elincane lama-nitrate. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, isayensi iqoqe imininingwane eminingi eqinisekisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokulingana kwama-nitrate ngokudla kunenzuzo ngisho nasempilweni yabantu. Ngasikhathi sinye, emzimbeni womuntu, ama-nitrate ahlephuka abe ama-nitrites, bese kuthi lawo magciwane abulale amagciwane omlomo wesibeletho kanye nomgudu wesisu.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwenzeka ngokuqukethwe okulinganiselwe kwe-nitrate. Kepha ekusebenzeni, kaningi, izinga eliphakeme lama-nitrate kumazambane nalo liyaqoshwa. Kuya ngezici ezimbalwa: izinhlobonhlobo, isimo sezulu sokutshala kanye nenhlabathi yokulima, imithamo ephezulu yomanyolo, izimo zokugcina, njll. Okuqukethwe kwe-nitrate kumazambane kuyancipha ngesikhathi sokupheka, ukukhonkotha, nokucutshungulwa kwezimboni (ukuthosa, ukomisa, ama-chip).
Izici zokwelapha zamazambane kudala zaziwa. Empeleni, ngemuva kokusabalala kwamazambane eYurophu, isifo esiwumshayabhuqe sanyamalala. Ijusi yamazambane eluhlaza isetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-gastric ulcer kanye ne-duodenal ulcer. Ubhatata kungenye yokudla kokudla kweziguli ezinezifo zezinso nezinhliziyo. Ezimbali naseziqandisini zamazambane, kutholakala umenzeli oqinisa umoya onamandla.
Utamatisi we-glycoalkaloid oqukethwe kumazambane unemisebenzi yokulwa namagciwane ngokumelene nesikhunta esithile se-pathogenic namagciwane, kanye nomsebenzi we-antihistamine, obalulekile ekwelapheni i-allergies.
Emithini yesintu, amazambane aluhlaza afakiwe asetshenziswa ezindaweni ezithintekile kwesikhumba ngokushiswa, i-eczema nezinye izifo zesikhumba. Ngokuphefumula umusi wamazambane, kubangwa ukwelashwa kwendlela ephezulu yokuphefumula.
Solanin. Kuzo zonke izitho zesitshalo samazambane, kufaka phakathi kuma-tubers, iqukethe i-solidine enobuthi glycoalkaloid solanine, equkethe i-solanine ne-mooin. Kepha ukuqoqwa kwale alkaloid kuphansi: 2-60 mg / kg yesisindo samazambane entsha. Ukugcotshwa kwe-solanine esezingeni lama-300-500 mg nge-1 kg yamazambane eluhlaza kubhekwe kuyingozi empilweni yomuntu. Njengoba i-solanine ibalulekile kulesi sitshalo uqobo njengokuvikelwa ezitheni zemvelo, igxiliswa ikakhulu ekhasini. Izinga lokuhlushwa lihlukile ngezinhlobo ezihlukile. Ngesikhathi sokugcina kanye nokulimala kwama-nezilimo eziyizigaxa, i-solanine ikhuphuka kancane. Kepha umuntu kufanele aqaphele izilimo eziyizigaxa eziye zajika zaba luhlaza futhi zahluma ebumnyameni. Kuzo, ukugcotshwa kwe-solanine iba yingozi empilweni yabantu. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lapho upheka, i-solanine ayibhujiswa.
I-enzyme (enzyme) inhibitors - Njenge-solanine, zisebenza njengesivikelo kuma-tubers amazambane. Kubantu, abayingozi, ngoba babhujiswa kalula ukuvezwa kwezinga lokushisa.
Izinsimbi ezisindayo. Izingozi zezempilo ngokuyinhloko ziyi-cadmium nomthofu. Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe kwabo kumazambane kuphansi kakhulu kunemikhawulo yemithamo eyamukelekile. Lapho uhlanza, okuqukethwe okuholayo kumazambane kuncipha ngo-80-90%, cadmium - ngo-20%. Lapho upheka, izinga le-cadmium lehla ngomunye u-25-30%; okuqukethwe okuholayo ngesikhathi sokupheka akunciphi.
Acrylamide. I-acrylamide emikhiqizweni yamazambane yakhiwa kusuka kuma-amino acid amahhala nakushukela olulula (ushukela, i-fructose) ngesikhathi sokwelashwa okushisa (ngenhla kwe- +1200C) ngokuqukethwe kwamanzi aphansi. Ngokushisa okuphezulu ngesikhathi sokucubungulwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane, inani le-acrylamide liyanda.
Ama-processors ayakwazi lokhu, futhi ngenxa yalokho enza i-blanching eyengeziwe futhi asebenzise ezinye izindlela zobuchwepheshe ukunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-acrylamide kumkhiqizo wamazambane wokugcina (ama-chips, ama-fries ama-french).
Izinhlobo zemvelo zamazambane
Phakathi kwezimpawu zokudla ezibaluleke kakhulu ezinquma uhlobo lwezinhlobo zamazambane, ubungako be-digestibility, ukuqina kwamapulangwe, okuqukethwe kwe-mealy nokuqukethwe kwamanzi we-tubers kubaluleke kakhulu (Bukasov, 1975; Anisimov et al., 2012). Ngokusho kwale mikhakha, izinhlobo zamazambane zihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezi-4 zokuphenya: isaladi engagugi (uhlobo lwe-Culic A) ukuya ezinhlobonhlobo zokugaya nokugaya (B, C, D), okuhloswe ukuthi isetshenziswe lapho kulungiswa izitsha ezithile zamazambane (izibalo 1,2).
Thayipha u-A - amazambane wesaladi, angagaywa, ama-tubers ahlala eqinile ngesikhathi sokupheka, uginindela awunamafutha, awuphuthi, unamanzi.
Uhlobo B - lubilisiwe kancane, uginindela mkhulu kakhulu, u-mealy, unamanzi amancane. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ziphelele, ziyajabulisa ukunambitheka. Kukulungele ukusetshenziswa ekudleni okwenziwe ekhaya ukwenza amasobho nezitsha eziseceleni zezifundo ezishisayo zesibili (amazambane abilisiwe emanzini noma nge-steamed, amazambane abilisiwe noma abhakwe ekhasini, amazambane acubuziwe noma othosi bokuzenzela, njll.).
Thayipha C - kugaywe kahle, inyama iyakhula ngokulingana, ithenda (ithambile), yomile, imifantu ye-tuber, kepha ayihlukani lapho kuphekwa. Kusetshenziswa ikakhulukazi embonini yokudla.
Uhlobo D - amazambane abilisiwe kakhulu, ayimilwelwe kakhulu, hhayi anamanzi futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni amazambane abunjiwe nasekusebenzeni isitashi.
Inani eliphawuleka kahle lezinhlobo zamazambane libonisa izici eziphakathi phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili ze-Culinary (AB kanye ne-BC). Kulokhu, incwadi yokuqala ikhombisa uhlobo lwe-Culinary olukhona.
Indlela yasekuqaleni yokusakaza amazambane isetshenziswe yiDemantier edumile yaseFrance. Watshala amazambane emaphethelweni eParis futhi waqapha engadini. Ekupheleni kwehlobo, lapho amazambane esevuthiwe, onogada baqala ukushiya ngamabomu ukuthunyelwa kwabo ebusuku. Ngaphansi kobumnyama, abampofu, bebheka ngokuzungeza, bathulula imibhede baphathe namazambane. Usosayensi wehlula kusukela ekusungulweni kwakhe - umfanekiso ophilayo ku-dictum: "Isithelo esenqatshelwe simnandi."
U-Permantier uphinde wakholisa inkosi yaseFrance uLouis XVI phina esifubeni sakho isixha sezimbali zokuqala ezivele emithini yamazambane. Lokhu kwenza ukugqashuka enkantolo yasebukhosini, kwagqoka izimbali zamazambane ezinhlwathi zempi kwaba yimfashini. Abalimi abahlala eduze neParis baqala ukulima amazambane ukuze bathengise izimbali.
Inkosi yasePrussia uFrederick William I ukhiphe isimemezelo esikhethekile sokunquma amakhala nezindlebe zalabo abangatshali amazambane.
Ukungaziwa kwamazambane njengomkhiqizo wokudla kuhlotshaniswa nokuvukelwa “kwamazambane” eRussia.