Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eside ukugcinwa kwamaqoqo amakhulu amazambane, ukomisa kancane nokupholisa, ukujiya kwemikhiqizo nezakhiwo zokugcina, ukulahlekelwa kwe-turgor, ukuhluma, ukubola komkhiqizo ngenxa yokukhula kwezifo nokuphazamiseka komzimba kungaphawulwa.. Ubunzima obuvelayo kufanele buvinjwe noma buqedwe ngokushesha nangekhono, ngaphandle kwalokho kukhona ukwehla okuphawulekayo kokuphepha kwemikhiqizo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezomnotho kokugcina isikhathi eside. Izigigaba ezingezinhle zihlala zinezizathu ezithile. Isibonelo, ukulahlekelwa isisindo kanye ne-turgor kuwumphumela wokungena komoya ngokweqile, ukuhluma kuwumphumela wokugcina emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Izinkinga zokugcina ezinzima kakhulu ukomisa kancane, ukujiya kanye nezifo.
Imiphumela emihle kakhulu yokugcina amazambane isikhathi eside itholakala lapho kuvunwa futhi kulayishwa izilimo eziyizigaxa ezomile, ezingenazifo endaweni yokushisa emazingeni okushisa ayi-10 kuye ku-15 ° C. Kodwa-ke, amaqiniso ekukhiqizeni okukhulu, enhlabathini nasezimeni zezulu zeRussian Federation, akuvamile ukuba zibe sezingeni eliphezulu. Izimo ezihlukahlukene zensimu nesimo sezulu ngesikhathi sokuvuna okuyinhloko, ekwindla ngokuvamile kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi izilimo eziyizigaxa zigcinwa endaweni ekude nesimo esihle. Zingase zibe manzi, zigule, futhi/noma zifudumale kakhulu noma zibande kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, ukushintshashintsha kwansuku zonke nehora lokushisa kanye nemvula kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi kuqoqo elilodwa lesitoreji kungase kube kokubili okufudumele kakhulu futhi kubanda kakhulu, kokubili izilimo eziyizigaxa ezomile nezimanzi. Ngenhlanhla, akuyona yonke into elahlekile esimweni esinjalo: ngokusetshenziswa okufika ngesikhathi futhi okufanelekile kwamakhono ezobuchwepheshe, ukunakekelwa okukhethekile nokunakwa, lezi zigaxa zingabuye zigcinwe ngempumelelo nangesikhathi eside. Ngenxa yalokho, umphumela wokugcina isikhathi eside unikezwa ngenyanga yokuqala ngemva kokulayisha endaweni yokugcina, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezinzima.
Ake sicabangele amathuba okuxazulula izinkinga zesitoreji hhayi ngayinye ngokwehlukana, kodwa ngokubekwa kwezimo ezingezinhle zangempela ezingabonwa esibonelweni sesizini ka-2022. Ngo-April - May kwakubanda futhi kunemvula, endaweni enkulu, ukutshala kwenziwa emhlabathini ongavuthiwe ngokwanele, okwaholela ekuqinisweni kwawo ngokweqile kanye nokwakheka kwamagawudi. Ezifundeni eziningi (i-Non-Chernozem zone, e-Urals) kwaba nesomiso sasehlobo eside, amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu abonwa ngoJulayi no-August. Ukuqala kokuvuna ngobuningi (izinsuku eziyishumi zokuqala zikaSepthemba) kwenzeka ngenhlabathi eyomile, eqinile. Eshumini lesibili leminyaka, isimo sekhwalithi yenhlabathi sathuthuka kancane. Iminyaka eyishumi yesithathu ka-September ilethe imvula ngokweqile, izinga lokushisa lomoya lingaphakathi kwe-10 оC, ukugcwala kwamanzi enhlabathini nezilimo eziyizigaxa kuhlanganisa kakhulu ukumba amazambane.
Ukomisa kancane. Ukomiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kwemikhiqizo etholwe endaweni yokugcina kuyisimo esibalulekile sokuphumelela kokugcinwa. Kungakhathalekile umswakama wokuqala, ukomiswa okuphelele kwamaqoqo wezilimo eziyizigaxa akufanele kwenziwe ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbili. Uma ukomisa kuthatha isikhathi eside, khona-ke lokhu kuholela ekuncipheni komswakama, ukuqunjelwa kanye nokusabalala kwezifo kuma-tubers. Imvamisa isizathu sokumisa kancane ukwakheka kwekhwalithi ende noma empofu - ezindaweni eziphakeme, kunzima kakhulu ukomisa izindawo ezinobude obuphakeme. Uma i-embankment kwakhiwa ngokushesha nangendlela efanele, khona-ke isizathu sokumisa kancane siwukuba khona kwezindawo ezingenakufinyeleleka, nge-admixture enkulu yenhlabathi, noma amandla anganele wabalandeli ngokwengcindezi yokugeleza komoya. Izinhlelo zokungenisa umoya ezisebenzayo zokugcina amazambane kufanele zibe nomthamo okungenani wama-50-70 m3 ngethani ngehora ngengcindezi ye-350-450 Pa, kuye ngezinsiza zezulu, indlela yokugcina, ukwakheka kwesitoreji kanye nesistimu yokusabalalisa umoya. Lona umbandela osuselwe ngokwesayensi wokwanela kokungena komoya ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kwamazambane. Kusabalele emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ngokusikisela kwabahlinzeki bemishini baseYurophu, izinga lokungenisa umoya ngenani lika-100-125 m.3 ngethani ngehora ngaphandle kokubhekisela esidingweni sokuhlinzeka ngomfutho owanele wokugeleza komoya kuyindlela eyimfundamakhwela. Uma ukucindezela okudalwe ngabalandeli kunganele, umoya awukwazi ukunqoba ukumelana kwesistimu yokusabalalisa umoya kanye ne-embankment yomkhiqizo, ngenxa yalokho inqubo yokumisa ihamba kancane kakhulu nayo yonke imiphumela emibi elandelayo. Uma ukomisa kuthatha izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezintathu, lokhu kubonisa amandla efeni anganele noma ukuvuza komoya okukhulu ohlelweni lokusabalalisa umoya. Lokhu kuyiqiniso nasekumisweni ezitsheni. Ukomisa okungalungile kuyinkinga yendabuko kanye nembangela eyinhloko yokonakala komkhiqizo kusukela ekuthuthukisweni okulandelayo kwezifo, naseziqandisini ezingenawo umoya okwanele noma onganele. Ukugcinwa okubandayo komshini wemifino kusebenza kuphela ngokuhambisana namandla anele okungena komoya okusebenzayo.
Amazambane kufanele avunwe ngokufanelekile ngaphansi kwezimo ezilandelayo: ukwakheka kahle kwesikhumba, umoya opholile ebusuku, umswakama owanele wenhlabathi ukuze uhambe ngaphandle kwamagaqa, izinga lokushisa lenyama ye-tuber liba ngu-15 noma cishe. оC. Ngokushesha ngemva kokulayisha ikamelo noma ingxenye yegumbi, kungena umoya oqhubekayo onomoya othize obandayo. Ezimweni eziningi, izimo zenhlabathi kanye namazinga okushisa angaba ngaphansi kokuhle, okudinga ukulungiswa kwezimo zokuqala zokugcina. Imithetho yokomisa kufanele ilungiswe kucatshangelwa izimo zezulu ezikhona. Kafushane, ukulungiswa kumi kanje:
1. Uma izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi nezilimo eziyizigaxa lingaphezu kwama-25 оC futhi inhlabathi yomile ngesikhathi sokuvuna: ngenkathi isitoreji silayishwa, vula abalandeli ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yilapho izinga lokushisa lezilimo eziyizigaxa lifinyelela ku-15 °C (umswakama ohlobene kufanele ube ngu-95%); Izinga lokushisa lomoya ngesikhathi sokupholisa kufanele libe yi-1-2 оC ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lezilimo eziyizigaxa.
2. Uma izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi nezilimo eziyizigaxa lingaphezu kwama-25 оC nomhlabathi oswakeme ngesikhathi sokuvuna: vula abalandeli ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yilapho wonke umswakama wamahhala ukhishwa kuma-tubers; izinga lokushisa lomoya kufanele libe ngama-1-2 оC ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa le-tuber lize lifinyelele ku-15 оC.3. Uma izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi nezilimo eziyizigaxa lingu-10 - 15 оC, futhi inhlabathi yomile ngesikhathi sokuvuna: vula abalandeli ngezikhathi ezithile (umswakama ohlobene kufanele ube ngu-95%); nikeza izinga lokushisa lomoya - ngo-0,5-1 оC ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lezilimo eziyizigaxa.
4. Uma izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi nezilimo eziyizigaxa lingu-10 - 15 оC, futhi inhlabathi iba manzi ngesikhathi sokuvuna: vula abalandeli ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yilapho izilimo eziyizigaxa zomile; nikeza izinga lokushisa lomoya - ngo-0,5-1 оC ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lezilimo eziyizigaxa.
5. Uma izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi nezilimo eziyizigaxa lingaphansi kuka-10 оC futhi inhlabathi yomile ngesikhathi sokuvuna: vula ifeni ngezikhathi ezithile (uhlose umswakama ohlobene wama-95%); nikeza izinga lokushisa lomoya - ngo-0,5-1 оC ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kuze kube nezilimo eziyizigaxa ziyi-10-13 оС
6. Uma izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi nezilimo eziyizigaxa lingaphansi kuka-10 оC nomhlabathi oswakeme ngesikhathi sokuvuna: gijimisa abalandeli ngokuqhubekayo kuze kube yilapho izilimo eziyizigaxa zomile; nikeza izinga lokushisa lomoya - ngo-0,5-1 оC ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kuze kube nezilimo eziyizigaxa ziyi-10-13 оС
Isidingo sokunciphisa noma ukwandisa izinga lokushisa ngesikhathi senqubo yokomisa, ngokulandelana, amazambane "ashisayo" nabandayo ezingeni lika-10-15. оC kungenxa yokuthi leli zinga lilungele isikhathi sokugcina sokwelapha esisheshayo, esilandela ngokushesha ukomiswa kwemikhiqizo. Ukufakwa ngaphansi kwezilonda zesikhumba kwenzeka ekushiseni okuphezulu ezinsukwini eziyi-7-14 (Ithebula 1).
Ithebula 1. Ubude bezigaba ezihlukahlukene zokuphulukiswa kwezilonda zesikhumba (i-suberization)
Izinga lokushisa, оC | I-suberization elula | I-suberization ephelele | Ukuqala kokubunjwa kwe-periderm | Ukwakhiwa kwezingqimba ezimbili ze-periderm yesilonda |
2,5 0 5,0 | 7-14 | 21-52 | 28 | 28-63 |
10 | 4 | 7-14 | 7-14 | 9-16 |
20 | 1-2 | 3-6 | 3-5 | 5-7 |
Izincomo zaphesheya kwezilwandle ngemithetho yokomisa amazambane zibonisa isidingo sokuvula ama-humidifiers enhlabathini eyomile nanoma ikuphi izinga lokushisa. Ukwenza kanjalo ezimweni zezulu zeRussian Federation akusizi ngalutho, uma kungenjalo kuyingozi. Phela, ukomiswa kwenziwa ngomoya, futhi umoya kufanele ukwazi ukubopha umswakama owedlulele wezilimo eziyizigaxa, okuthi kulesi sigaba uphefumule kakhulu futhi uhwamulise umswakama omningi, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene nesizinda somonakalo ongenakugwenywa esikhumbeni lapho ukuvuna ezimeni ezomile. I-Humidification inciphisa amandla omoya ukususa umswakama owedlulele. Futhi, nge-humidification yomoya kanye nezinga lokushisa lomoya elingazinzile endaweni yokugcina ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, ingozi yokufingqa iyanda. KODWA I-Condensation yinto eyingozi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kwamazambane.
ukujiya kwamanzi kuyinqubo engathandeki kakhulu futhi enye yezinkinga ezinkulu zokugcina noma yimiphi imifino. Esitokisini esivaliwe, emahoreni ambalwa nje, amazambane angakwazi ngokwemvelo (ukuphefumula, ukuhwamuka) ukudala indawo enomswakama ophezulu ongama-95% noma ngaphezulu. Ngomswakama ophezulu onjalo, ukuminyana kungenzeka emkhiqizo noma ezakhiweni uma ubuso bazo bubanda kancane kunomoya. Umswakama oncishisiwe ungamanzi ahlanzekile, osebenza njengembangela yokuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwama-microorganisms ahlala ehlala esikhumbeni sezilimo eziyizigaxa noma emanxebeni, ama-lentile namehlo. Isikhathi sokuminyanisa sehora elilodwa nje sanele ukuqala ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo zokubola.
Izinga lokushisa lomoya kanye nomswakama ohlobene kuhlobene. Njengoba izinga lokushisa lomoya likhuphuka, umswakama uyanda futhi umswakama ohlobene uyancipha. Ngokuphambene, uma izinga lokushisa lomoya liyancipha, khona-ke umswakama ohlobene uyakhula. Umoya obandayo othintana namazambane afudumele awufaki ingozi yokufingqa. Ukuminyana ebusweni kuzokwenzeka nakanjani uma umoya ozungeze amazambane ufudumele kunezambane ngokwalo futhi uma izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu lezambane lingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lomoya. Ngokuvamile, umehluko wokushisa ongu-4°C noma ngaphezulu phakathi komoya ofudumele nezilimo ezibandayo uzodala ukujiya. Kodwa kwezinye izimo (isibonelo, emazingeni okushisa aphansi), lo mehluko ungaba mncane njengo-1°C ukuze ukujiya kwenzeke. Lapho izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu le-tuber liphansi uma liqhathaniswa nezinga lokushisa lezinga lamazolo lomoya, yilapho kuzofakwa khona umswakama owengeziwe. Ngokuvamile, ukufingqa kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezilandelayo:
- Umoya ofudumele wangaphandle ungena endaweni yokugcina amazambane apholile, isibonelo ngomnyango ovulekile. Isitshalo esiseduze nomnyango sizoba manzi;
- Amazambane afudumele angena endaweni yokugcina nesitshalo esipholile. Uma umehluko wokushisa ungalawulwa, umoya ofudumele ovela esitshalweni esifudumele uncipha kumazambane abandayo;
- Ukujikeleza kabusha komoya ofudumele, onomswakama ophuma phezulu kwesitaki ubuyela endaweni ebandayo yesitaki kubeka engcupheni yokujiya emazingeni aphansi esitaki;
- Ngemva kokungenisa umoya obandayo phezulu kwesiqukathi, iziphephetha-moya ziyacisha, zivumele umoya ofudumele ukuba ukhuphuke esitshalweni ngokusebenzisa i-convection. Lo moya ofudumele ungena ongqimbeni lwezitshalo ezipholile phezulu endaweni yokugcina bese ujiya ngaphansi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa (fig.eyodwa);
- Ngezikhathi lapho kungekho khona ukungena komoya, umoya ofudumele ukhuphuka nge-convection usuka engxenyeni efudumele (imvamisa ephakathi nendawo) yesitolo futhi uthathelwa indawo umoya obandayo ovela ngezansi. Umoya ofudumele ungena kule zoni bese ujiya onqenqemeni olubandayo.
Ukuze unciphise ukujiya lapho ulayisha isitoreji, umehluko wokushisa phakathi kwamazambane angenayo nagciniwe kufanele uncishiswe. Ezinqolobaneni eziyinqwaba, beka izinzwa ezingu-100mm no-300mm phansi ukusuka phezulu. Indawo engaphezulu (100mm) akufanele ibe ngaphezu kuka-0,5°C kubanda kuno-300mm ngaphansi. Endaweni yokugcinwa kweziqukathi, lawula umehluko phakathi kwesiqukathi esingaphansi nesiphezulu esitakini. Gcina umehluko wezinga lokushisa ungaphansi kuka-4°C ngesikhathi sokulayisha kanye nokuphola kwesilonda futhi ngaphansi kuka-1,5°C ngemva kokuba isitshalo sehlile ekushiseni okuyinhloko kwesitoreji. Uma ukuhluma kwenzeka, qiniseka ukuthi akuwona umphumela wokuminyanisa. Vimbela umoya ofudumele ungangeni emakamelweni okugcina ngokuvala izikhala zesakhiwo nokugcina iminyango yokugcina ivaliwe, ikakhulukazi esimweni sezulu esifudumele nesinomswakama.
Ngesikhathi sokumisa noma ukupholisa kwesitshalo, faka umoya wangaphandle endaweni yokugcina kuphela uma umehluko wokushisa phakathi komoya namazambane ungaphansi kuka-4°C. Kuyenzeka ukuthi kungene umoya ofudumele kunesitshalo kuphela uma izinga lokushisa lesitshalo lingaphezulu kwezinga lokushisa lamazolo lomoya. Lapho umoya ongaphandle ufanelekile (isb. 1-4°C ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lezitshalo), ukungena komoya esikhundleni sokujikeleza kabusha kungasetshenziswa ukulinganisa umehluko wokushisa kwezitshalo. Ukujikeleza kabusha kwenzeka kuphela uma izinzwa zokushisa zibonisa umehluko futhi uma izinga lokushisa lomoya phezulu liphansi kunezinga lokushisa lamazambane ngaphansi kwesitaki.
Ukushisa kokuvuna. Izinga lokushisa lezinga lamazolo lomoya osetshenziselwa ukufudumeza kufanele libe phezulu kunezinga lokushisa lomkhiqizo. Uma kungenzeka, fudumeza umkhiqizo ngezifudumezi ukuze uhlangabezane nalesi simo. Lapho ubuyisela izinto ezihlungiwe ezifudumele esitolo esibandayo (ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuhlunga imbewu), zipholise kusengaphambili ukuze zingashisi ngaphezu kuka-4 ° C kunomkhiqizo ogcinwe.
ukufingqa kwesakhiwo. Ukwakheka kwe-condensate ezakhiweni zokugcina kuyingozi esitshalweni. Ophahleni, lwakha lusuka ngaphansi, lwehle luye kuma-purlins, bese lugeleza ngemigqa kumazambane angezansi. Amazambane amanzi angase aqale ukubola noma abe nezifo esikhumbeni. Ukufingqa ezindongeni kuyingozi kuphela ezitolo eziningi, lapho umswakama unganqwabelana khona phansi, ukumanzisa izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingeni eliphansi.
Ukujiya kwesakhiwo kuzokwenzeka uma izinga lokushisa lendawo engaphakathi liwela ngaphansi kwephuzu lamazolo okushisa komoya eduze kwendawo. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa noma ngaphezulu kwezilandelayo: ukufakwa kwe-insulation akwanele noma kuhlulekile ngenxa yokuthi kunomswakama, akukho ukunyakaza komoya okwanele endaweni yangaphakathi yophahla ukuze kufakwe umswakama ophezulu ongaphezulu ophahleni, kubanda kubanda. ukushisa kodwa hhayi umusi, phuma isitoreji, umkhathi wangaphakathi wesitoreji ufinyelele umswakama ophezulu kakhulu. Isibonelo, indawo yokugcina evaliwe inezinga lokushisa langaphakathi elingu-8°C kanye nomswakama ongu-92% (isig. 2). Ekushiseni komoya ngaphandle kwe-8 ° C, akukho ukudlulisa ukushisa nomswakama, isimo sizinzile. Uma izinga lokushisa lendawo likhuphukela ku-12°C, ukushisa kuzogelezela endaweni yokugcina, kukhuphule izinga lokushisa lomoya libe ngu-10.оC nokunciphisa umswakama ube ngu-82%. Lapho izinga lokushisa langaphandle lehla, ukushisa kungadlula endaweni yokushisa, kodwa isitimu sivaleleke ngaphakathi. Uma umoya wangaphandle uphola uze ufike ku-3 ° C, ukushisa kuzoshiya isitolo, izinga lokushisa lomoya esitolo lizokwehla, futhi umswakama walo ohlobene uzokhuphukela ku-100%. Ukujiya kuzokwenzeka ezindaweni ezibanda kakhulu ngaphakathi kwesitolo, ngokuvamile ophahleni, kodwa kungenzeka nasezindaweni ezibandayo zesitshalo. Nakuba lokhu kuyisenzakalo sesikhashana, kungabangela izifo nokubola komkhiqizo. Ukujiya kungabuye kwakheke ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo nangemuva kwe-insulation. Uma umswakama ungena esakhiweni, ikhwalithi ye-insulation iyancipha kakhulu.
Ukufingqa kwesakhiwo kuncishiswa ngokuthi:
- Ukufakwa kahle kwe-thermal nge-conductivity ephansi ye-thermal. (Izindawo zokugcina impahla eziqandisiwe - 0,3 W / m 2 °C ophahleni, 0,38 W/m2 °C izindonga; isitoreji esivamile -0,4 W/m2 °C ophahleni, 0,45 W/m2 °C wezindonga).
- Ukujikeleza kabusha komoya emakamelweni okugcina kusetshenziswa amafeni ukuvimbela ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa ezingqimbeni zomoya onganyakazi ngaphansi kwe-insulation, okungaholela ekupholiseni kwendawo kanye nokwanda komswakama ohlobene. Amafeni kufanele afakwe ukuze ukunyakaza komoya kube okuvundlile.
— Ukufakwa kwezifudumezi zophahla ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukuphelelwa ukushisa ngesikhathi kubanda. Zingasetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa nabalandeli be-attic kanye / noma amapayipi okusabalalisa i-polyethylene. Ukushisa kwesikhala sophahla kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa ikhebula lokushisa likagesi elimiswe ophahleni, noma izakhi zokushisa zikagesi ezifakwe kubalandeli bokujikeleza komoya endaweni engaphansi kwesilingi. Ukushisa kufanele kube ngu-10 W/m2 indawo yophahla.
- Ukudweba kwezakhiwo zensimbi kunciphisa ukwakheka kwe-condensate kuzo.
— Njalo hlola ukuminyana esimweni sezulu esibandayo (>6°C ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lokugcina), bhekisisa izimpawu zokujiya kwesakhiwo endaweni efana nengaphansi yophahla. Bheka izimpawu zokuconsa noma ukuwohloka kophahla olubangelwa ukujiya. Hlola ukujiya kokufakwa kwe-polypropylene (imvamisa okungenani i-100 mm ezitolo ezibandayo kanye nangaphezulu kuka-75 mm ezitolo ezipholile ngaphandle). Faka esikhundleni sokufakwa okulimele.
- Ukuzenzakalelayo kohlelo lwesenzo sokulwa ne-condensate. Lungisa izilungiselelo ezinhle ngokuya ngemininingwane ye-vault. Okufanelekile, sebenzisa isilawuli esingakwazi ukulawula ngokuzimele ukungena komoya, ukujikeleza kabusha komoya kanye nokushisisa kwesikhala esingaphansi kwesilingi. Ukufingqa esiqandisini. Izitolo ezibandayo zinengozi encane yokujiya ezingqimbeni ezingaphezulu kweziqukathi, njengoba umoya opholile uhlala ubanda ngo-1,5-2,5°C kunesitshalo. Kodwa ukupholisa okusheshayo kakhulu, okungukuthi> 0,7 ° C / ngosuku, ngokuvamile okuhloswe ukunciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo, kungaholela ekushintsheni okuphawulekayo kwezinga lokushisa okungaholela ekuhlanganiseni. Emazingeni okupholisa aphezulu, kunenzuzo ukupholisa amahora ambalwa ngokujikeleza komoya kabusha isikhathi sonke. Uma ukujiya kubonakala, nciphisa isikhathi sokupholisa futhi ukhulise isikhathi sokuphindaphinda. Imizamo yokunciphisa ukuqala kwesifo akumele iholele ekujikeni nasekuguleni. Ukujiya kanye nokubanda komswakama ku-evaporator kuyanda njengoba izinga lokushisa lokugcina lincipha (Fig. 3).
Isidingo sokuncishiswa kweqhwa siyancishiswa lapho izinga lokushisa elilinganayo ligcinwa endaweni yokugcina. Umehluko wokushisa phakathi komoya ongena ku-evaporator futhi uyishiya akufanele udlule u-2,5-3°C. Izindleko zokulawula i-Condensate zingancishiswa uma inqolobane ivalwe kahle. Kusele umnyango omncane owodwa kuphela ukuze ungene ebusika. Vala futhi uvale yonke iminyango noma izivalo ezingadingeki ukuze ungene noma kungene umoya.
Ukuvimbela ukujiya komswakama phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokugcina kungenzeka ngesisekelo sokubala okunembile kwezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama wesisindo somkhiqizo, umoya endaweni yokugcina kanye nezinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama womoya wokungenisa umoya. Le mingcele ifakwe etafuleni elikhethekile le-psychrometric (Fig. 4). Ukuhlaziywa komdwebo we-psychrometric wenziwa ngokukhethekile ukuthi kungenzeka ukufingqa. Ukujiya kusho ukuthi umoya osezimweni ezikhona uyapholiswa ufinyelele ezingeni lokushisa lamazolo.
Isibonelo, izinga lokushisa le-pulp elingu-16°C ngezilimo eziyizigaxa ezisanda kuvuna ezisanda kuvuna lidinga izinga lokushisa lomoya lesitolo elingu-15°C, futhi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungazelelwe kunciphisa izinga lokushisa esitolo elingena ku-pulp libe ngu-10°C. Umdwebo we-psychrometric ukhombisa ukuthi ukuhlinzeka komoya ku-15°C ku-70% umswakama ohlobene, opholile ufike ku-10°C, uzofinyelela endaweni yamazolo (umswakama osusuthisiwe) futhi amanzi azofingqa kumazambane kulelo zinga lokushisa. Futhi lokhu kumswakama olinganiselwe we-70%, okungavamile kakhulu ukubonwa esimweni sezulu saseRussian Federation. Futhi ukungena komoya okufudumalayo kunamazambane nomoya oswakeme, kunoma yikuphi, kuzoholela ku-condensation eningi kuma-tubers. Akunakwenzeka neze ukushaya amazambane abandayo ngomoya ofudumele noswakeme. Uhlelo lokungenisa umoya olusebenza esimweni esinjalo neminyango yokugcina ivulekile, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, kusho ukuchelela ama-tubers ngamanzi avela ku-hose.
Ukuhlaziywa kweshadi le-psychrometric kunikeza ulwazi ngokuthi kwenzekani ekuqaleni kokugcina lapho umoya ogcwele umswakama ungena emikhiqizweni efudumele ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Uma imbewu ifudumele ngokwanele uma iqhathaniswa nezinga lokushisa lomoya wokuhlinzeka, khona-ke izilimo eziyizigaxa ziphathwa ngomoya onomswakama ophansi, ngisho noma umoya obandayo useduze nokugcwala komswakama. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umswakama ohlobene komoya uyehla lapho ufudumala. Okomisa izilimo eziyizigaxa, inqubo enjalo iyathandeka, ngokuphathelene nesikhathi sokwelashwa, akuyona yonke into elula kangaka.
Izinga elizuziwe lokuphulukiswa kokulimala kwesikhumba linquma kusengaphambili izinga lokuncipha kwesisindo sezilimo eziyizigaxa phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokugcinwa. Iziphathimandla eziningi ziyavuma ukuthi umswakama womoya wokunikezela ngama-90 kuye kwangama-95% uhlinzeka nge-suberization enhle. Ngesikhathi sokuvuna, umswakama ohlobene womoya wokuhlinzeka ngokuvamile uba kulobu bubanzi ngenxa nje yomswakama ongaphezulu. Uma isitoreji sesigcwele, kungcono ukugcina izinga lokushisa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ku-10-13 ° C amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu ukuze amazambane aphulukiswe (i-suberization = ukuphulukiswa kwamanxeba), lokhu ngesikhathi esidingekayo sokuletha. ukushisa kwe-pulp kuya ku-10-13 ° C. Ukungena komoya okuphoqelekile ngezikhathi ezithile kuyadingeka ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ukuze kukhishwe ukushisa kokuphefumula kanye ne-carbon dioxide futhi kunikeze umoya-mpilo kuzo zonke izilimo eziyizigaxa. Umswakama ohlobene womoya wokuhlinzeka ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka ngokuvamile u-85-95% ngaphandle kwesidingo somswakama owengeziwe. Nakuba izimo ezingenhla zifanelekile ekwelapheni izilonda zesikhumba, okuhlukile kuvame ukudingeka. Yebo, phakathi nenyanga yokuqala nengxenye yokugcina, izinga lokulahlekelwa kwesisindo se-tuber lincike kakhulu kumswakama ohlobene womoya wokuhlinzeka. Kodwa umswakama womoya ohlobene ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kufanele ugcinwe ku-90-95%, ngaphandle uma izilimo eziyizigaxa zimanzi noma zigula. Uma izinkinga ngezifo zibonwa kusengaphambili, khona-ke izinguquko ezibalulekile kufanele zenziwe ezindleleni zokugcina, izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama, kanye nokukhipha umoya.
izifo zokugcina faka lezo ezingathuthuka kakhulu ngemuva kokuvuna kanye nokuthuthuka kwazo okuncike kakhulu ezimeni zokugcina: ukubola okujwayelekile sekwephuzile nokubola okupinki, i-anthracnose, ukubola kwebhaktheriya - indandatho, i-dikeya, i-pectobacterium, i-tuberculate scab - i-oosporosis, isilonda esinamanzi (pithy ) ukubola - i-pytium, i-scab yesiliva, i-anthracnose, i-phomosis, i-fusarium. Ukugcina amazambane ashisayo noma kubanda kodwa anomswakama futhi agcwele izifo kuyinselele, kodwa ngokunakekelwa okufanele nokunaka, kungenzeka. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezimanzi, ezihlangene nokucindezela okubuhlungu kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu, ziyingozi kakhulu.
Ukuhlolwa kwengozi ye-pathogen okuhle futhi okuphelele ukuze amazambane agcinwe kuyadingeka njengoba kunikeza isithombe esinembile sokukhula nokusabalala kokuba khona kwezifo ezithile esitshalweni. Kuyadingeka ukuhlola ngesikhathi esifanele wonke amaqiniso abangele ukukhathazeka ngesikhathi sokukhula nokuvuna: ikhwalithi yezinto zembewu, izici zesimo sezulu, ukusebenza kahle kokulawulwa kwamakhemikhali, izinkinga emasimini angomakhelwane, izimpawu zezifo ezitshalweni nezilimo eziyizigaxa, imibono ngekhwalithi yamasampuli akhethiwe ngaphambilini, ikhwalithi ye-desiccation, ukuvuthwa kwe-tuber, umonakalo wokuhlanza, izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama ngesikhathi sokuhlanza. Ukubuyekeza amarekhodi e-agronomist yensimu ngayinye ngesikhathi sokukhula, futhi ikakhulukazi emasontweni angaphambi kokuvuna, kunikeza isisombululo sezinkinga ngokusebenzisa ukuqaliswa okufanele kwezigaba eziyinhloko zokulondoloza noma ukwenqaba ngokunengqondo ukugcina isikhathi eside uma izingozi ziningi kakhulu. Ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi akusebenzi ukugcina amazambane anezilimo eziyizigaxa ezingaphezu kuka-4% ezingenwe ukubola sekwephuzile noma u-1% ngokubola okuthambile. Ngezinga eliphansi lezifo ezitshalweni ezingena kwisitoreji, ukusabalala kwezifo kungalawulwa, i.e. zibambe. Ukuphatha izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama ngokumelene nesizinda esithathelwanayo kudinga umugqa omuhle kakhulu. Kukhona ngempela ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezimo ezifanele zokufakwa ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwezifo. Ukuze unciphise ukulahlekelwa, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa uhlelo olucacile kanye nesethi yezinyathelo. Amathuba okulawula zonke izifo esigabeni sokugcina amazambane ashicilelwe ngokuningiliziwe ngaphambili (1-3). Izinyathelo ezisebenza kubo bonke esigabeni sokuqala sokugcina zimi kanje:
• Gwema izinkinga ngokukha amazambane omile anezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-7 no-13 оC.
• Ngenkatho ekhombisa izimpawu zokubola okumanzi, ukubola okomile, ukubola sekwephuzile, uma kungenzeka, linda kuze kube yilapho ukuvuna kuze kubonakale kahle izimpawu ngaphambi kokuvuna.
• Ukuhlunga izilimo eziyizigaxa esikhumbeni sokuvuna; lokhu kudinga abantu abengeziwe.
• Ukuhlunga izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinesifo njengoba zilayishwa endaweni yokugcina, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kunokukhanya okwanele, abantu nesikhathi sokwenza umsebenzi ngendlela efanele.
• Lungiselela indawo yokugcina enomoya osebenzayo osebenzayo kanye nohlelo lokulawula. Qinisekisa ukuthi kukhona ukugeleza komoya okwanele emakamelweni nasezindaweni zokugcina. Ukungena komoya okuhle kubalulekile ekugcineni amazambane ayinkinga.
• Ungachithi isikhathi sokwelashwa kwendabuko. Ngenxa yokuthi amazambane anenkinga ngokuvamile aba manzi futhi agcwele izinto ezibolayo, umgomo uwukupholisa nokomisa isilimo ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.
• Phola ngokushesha ufike ezingeni lokushisa lokugcina (3-4оKUSUKA). Ungamanzisi amazambane futhi uvimbele ukufingqa endaweni yokugcina.
• Faka umoya ngokuqhubekayo (faka amanye amafeni uma kunesidingo) kuze kube yilapho isitshalo somile futhi ukubola sekulawulekile. Ngesikhathi senkinga, umoya kufanele unikezwe njalo kunqwaba yamazambane, noma umoya wangaphandle ungasetshenziswa.
• Ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba komoya kuyo yonke inqwaba yemikhiqizo, lapho ukwanda kwendawo kwamandla kunengqondo, njengoba amazambane abolayo nokungcola kuphazamisa ukuhamba komoya.
Gada isimo sesitoreji nsuku zonke. Ama-thermometer atholakala ezindaweni ezihlukene zezindawo zokugcina anikeza inkomba enhle yezinga lokushisa elimaphakathi. Izikena ze-infrared zisiza ukuthola izinga lokushisa lendawo endaweni ngaphambi kokuhogela nokusabalala.
• Ungabeki amazambane abandayo emoyeni ofudumele wangaphandle. Ungqimba lwamanzi amahhala luzoncibilika kuma-tubers. Ukuthintana namanzi kuma-tubers kuholela ekuphelelweni umoya, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwama-bacterium okubola okuthambile.
Izibonelo ezimbili zokungenelela okukhethekile okuqondene nezifo.
1. Ukubola okuthambile ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, okubangelwa i-pectobacteria:
- kukhona ulwazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwama-bactericides noma izibulala-magciwane ukulawula ngqo ukubola okuthambile kwamagciwane endaweni yokugcina. Lokhu kuzoxoxwa ngakho ngezansi;
- isitoreji kanye neziqukathi kufanele zihlanzwe kahle (futhi zibulawe amagciwane uma amazambane anesifo agcinwe ngaphambilini) ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa;
- ukufeza ukwakheka kwekhasi eliqinile nokuvuthwa kwalo ngaphambi kokuvuna;
- vuna ngokucophelela futhi ugweme ukulimaza, ungavuni emvuleni;
- uma ukubola okuthambile kusolakala engxenyeni kuphela yenkatho, beka eduze nalapho kufinyeleleke khona ukuze kususwe ngokushesha uma kuqala ukuwohloka;
- sebenzisa umoya onomswakama ophansi ngokugeleza komoya okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi somisa, i-suberization, isitoreji sokuqala.
- ungapholi ukulimala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (>15 оC);
- gcina izinga lokushisa eliphansi le-pulp ye-tuber esiteji sokugcina okuyinhloko (ngaphansi kuka-4 ° C);
- uma lesi sifo singabonakali ngokushesha, kodwa ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa ezimweni zokuchayeka kufanele kusheshe, kube nenani elikhulu lomoya;
- ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-condensate kuma-tubers, sebenzisa umoya oqhubekayo kodwa onesivinini esiphansi ukuze ulinganise kangcono izinga lokushisa kuzo zonke izindawo zokubeka;
- sebenzisa umoya owengeziwe wezilonda ezithinteke kakhulu, uzihlukanise, uma kungenzeka, kulokhu kwelashwa.
2. Ukubola okomile okubangelwa i-Fusarium sambucinum nezinye i-Fusarium spp..:
- ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwemivimbo ngesikhathi sokuvuna nokucubungula;
Gwema ukuvuna amazambane emazingeni okushisa aphansi e-pulp ngoba amazambane abandayo angenwa kalula imihuzuko.
- ngaphambi kokuvuna, qiniseka ukuthi isikhumba nokuvuthwa kwamazambane kusesimweni esihle;
- susa ukungcola namagaqa amaningi ngesikhathi sokuvuna nangaphambi kokugcinwa;
- Ukwelashwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngemva kokuvuna ngaphandle kokungcola.
- izinga lokushisa elingu-13 ° C kanye nomswakama ohlobene no-95% ukhuthaza ukuphulukiswa kwesilonda, ukuphulukiswa kwesilonda kuqedwa emavikini angu-2-3;
- Ngemva kokuqedwa kwe-suberization, yehlisa kancane kancane izinga lokushisa ngesilinganiso esingu-0,5 °C ngosuku kuze kube yilapho izimo zenkathi yokugcina enkulu zifinyelelwa.
Ukuze kuncishiswe isizinda esithathelwanayo ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, ukunciphisa ukusabalala kwezifo, kungakuhle ukuphatha izilimo eziyizigaxa ngaphambi kokugcinwa noma, njengoba kudingekile, ngokuqondile ngesikhathi sokugcinwa ngama-fungicides noma ama-disinfectants. I-algorithm yokwenza izinqumo yokwelashwa incike ezimweni eziningi futhi icacile ngesifo ngasinye (Fig. 5).
Izithako ezisebenzayo ezisetshenziselwa ukwelapha amazambane ngokumelene nezifo zokugcina i-azoxystrobin, i-fludioxonil, i-difeconazole, i-sedaxan, i-mancozeb, i-flutalanil, i-penflufen, i-prothioconazole, i-thiophtanate-methyl, i-phosphorous acid, i-potassium phosphite, i-chlorine dioxide, i-hydrogen peroxide, i-benzoic acid, i-peroxyacetic acid. Azikho izindlela ezijwayelekile zokucindezela wonke amagciwane, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izinto ezisebenzayo ezisebenzayo entweni ehlosiwe (Amathebula 2, 3).
Ithebula 2. Amanye ama-tuber fungicides athengiswayo
Izithako ezisebenzayo | I-Rhizoctonia stolons neziqu | I-rhizoctoniosis ye-tuber | I-Fusarium | utwayi lwesiliva | I-Scab Obyknov | I-Phytophthora |
Thiftanat methyl + mancozeb + cymoxanil | 5 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 5 |
i-fludioxonil | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
I-Fludioxanil MZ | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 |
I-Thioftanatmethyl 2,5D | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
I-Thioftanatmethyl 5D | 5 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Thioftanatmethyl MZ | 5 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
I-Thioftanate methyl MZ + imidacloprid | 5 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
5 - enhle kakhulu; 4-enhle kakhulu; 3 - kuhle; 2 - buthaka |
Ukwelashwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu ngama-fungicides kanye nama-disinfectants kuwukufafaza kwevolumu ephansi kakhulu ngokusetshenziswa koketshezi olusebenzayo okungengaphezu kuka-3 l / t. Lokhu kungenzeka uma usebenzisa ama-atomizer ediski kunoma iyiphi indawo ezungezayo - ama-hopper roller, amatafula okuhlola noma izinto ezikhethekile ze-Mafex. Izinga lokugeleza elivumelekile loketshezi olusebenzayo luka-10-20 l/t esibhedlela alilungile futhi akwamukeleki. Esimweni sanamuhla se-phytopathological, ukumanzisa okusobala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kuwukucasulwa okuqaphelayo kokuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Ngemuva kokucubungula esibhedlela, ngisho nangaphambi kokutshala, amazambane kufanele omiswe .. Uma kungenjalo, izinkinga zokuhluma nokubola kwezilimo eziyizigaxa azinakugwenywa.
Kuze kube manje awekho ama-fungicides anomsebenzi we-antibacterial. Ukuze uthole amaqoqo abalulekile amazambane ezimweni ezinzima eJalimane ukuze kutholakale ukubola kwebhaktheriya okumanzi, izilimo eziyizigaxa zithululwa ngothuli ngaphambi kokugcinwa ngomcako owomile ocolekile owenziwe ngethamo lika-20-50 kg ngethani.. I-Lime ayilimazi izinga letafula lezilimo eziyizigaxa, kodwa ngemva kwalokho ukubukeka kuba okungavamile. Kuyacaca ukuthi kulokhu, amazambane kufanele kamuva awashwe noma umthengi kufanele avume ukuthenga amazambane afakwe umcako.
Ukugeza amazambane ngaphambi kokugcinwa kuwumkhuba ongavamile kakhulu wezolimo.. Kunengqondo ukugeza amazambane ukuze wonge izinto eziningi ezibalulekile lapho ukubola okumanzi sekusabalele kuyo yonke indawo ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Kulokhu, awukwazi ukusebenzisa iziqukathi ezingaphansi kwamanzi, izifutho kuphela. Kuyadingeka ukuba nezinkomba eziningana ze-nozzles ukuze yonke indawo yezilimo eziyizigaxa igezwe ihlanzeke. Amazambane ahlanjululwe ngaphambi kokuba omiswe ngokushesha futhi okuphoqelekile kufanele aphathwe ngesibulala-magciwane (i-hydrogen peroxide, i-benzoic acid, i-sodium hypochlorite, njll. ngesilinganiso esigcwele).
Ngokufanayo nezinyathelo zokomisa nokuphulukisa, amashejuli esinyathelo esilandelayo sokupholisa kufanele futhi acabangele isimo samaqoqo amazambane, okungukuthi izinga lokushisa, umswakama, izingozi kanye nezinkinga. Esimweni esijwayelekile, izinga lokushisa lomoya wokungenisa umoya liyancishiswa ngenani lika-0,3-1,0 ºC ngosuku kuze kube yilapho izimo zesikhathi sokugcina sesikhathi eside zifinyelelwa. Ukulinganisa izinga lokushisa le-pulp kuyindlela enembe kakhulu yokulawula inqubo. Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokukala imiphumela yokupholisa kusesekuseni kakhulu ngoba ukupholisa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izinga lokushisa eliphansi ebusuku ngaphandle. Ukungenisa komoya kufanele kuhlale kuvuliwe ngesikhathi sokupholisa. Uma izimo ngaphakathi kwesitolo zizinzile, ukungena komoya kwansuku zonke kufanele kube isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze kugcinwe umehluko ongekho ngaphezu kuka-1,0 ºC phakathi kweziqukathi ezingaphansi nangaphezulu noma izingqimba zokugcwalisa, kanye nangemuva nangaphambili kwamakamelo okugcina. Kungcono ukuqhuba abalandeli ngemijikelezo emifushane (amahora angu-2-4 futhi okungenani amahora angu-2 wekhefu). Le shejuli inciphisa ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwevault. Uma abalandeli bemiswa isikhathi eside, izilimo eziyizigaxa zivame ukushisa; ngakho-ke, kuzothatha isikhathi esengeziwe ukupholisa kuze kufike ezingeni lokushisa lokubamba.
Ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa lokugcina ngokushesha kusiza ukunciphisa umonakalo ovela ezifweni eziningi. Nokho, le nqubo ayinazo izingozi ezivamile, nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezivuthiwe. Enye yezinto ezimbi zokupholisa ngokushesha ukuthi ama-tubers angaphansi kweziqukathi nasezindaweni ezingezansi zendunduma angalahlekelwa yi-turgor, ahlakazeke ngaphansi kwengcindezi futhi anciphe ngokweqile. Lokhu kungenxa yokwenyuka okuphawulekayo kwezinga lokushisa lomoya obandayo kakhulu osetshenziselwa ukupholisa ngokushesha, okuholela ekwehleni komswakama ohlobene. Ngenxa yalokho, umoya ozungeze izilimo eziyizigaxa ubonakala ngokushoda kwengcindezi yomhwamuko uma kuqhathaniswa nokuqukethwe kwamanzi angaphakathi amazambane. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi amanzi angaphakathi aphume ezigabeni ukuze enze ukuntuleka kwayo. Ukulahlekelwa umswakama kwenza buthaka amandla esakhiwo sangaphakathi samangqamuzana amazambane. Ububi besibili bokupholisa ngokushesha ukuthi ngesikhathi sezulu esifudumele isikhathi eside ekwindla ngisho nasekuqaleni kwasebusika, ngemuva kokupholisa, kuyadingeka ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa komoya omusha wangaphandle isikhathi eside (ukuze izinga lokushisa esitolo lingavuki), okuyinto ephuca izilimo eziyizigaxa umoya-mpilo futhi kuholela ekunqwabelaneni kwe-carbon dioxide. Imbewu evuthwe ngokweqile izozwela ikakhulukazi kulesi simo. Futhi, amazinga okushisa aphansi namazinga aphezulu e-carbon dioxide anciphisa inqubo yokuphola kwezilonda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukupholisa okusheshayo kuyadingeka uma kunengozi yokuhluma kokuqala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Le ngozi nayo ijwayelekile ngenkathi yamanje, ngoba izilimo eziyizigaxa zithole ukushisa okukhulu ngesikhathi sokukhula. Ngalesi sizathu, izinhlobo ezinesikhathi esifushane sokulala zizokwazi ukuhluma kakade ngo-Okthoba - Novemba, okungafuneki kokubili etafuleni namazambane embewu.
Ekugcineni. Cishe akunakwenzeka ukukhipha amathuba okuba nezinkinga ngesikhathi sokugcinwa isikhathi eside kwamazambane. Wonke umlimi ochwepheshe wamazambane uzibonela mathupha njengoba ekhuliswa futhi evunwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezingalawulwa futhi ngokuvamile ezingaphansi kwesilinganiso esifanele.Ukulawula izinga lokushisa elihle kanye nomswakama ngesikhathi samasonto ambalwa okuqala okugcinwa kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu ekuphumeleleni kwakho konke ukugcinwa kwesikhathi eside. Inyanga yokuqala yokugcina ibalulekile, njengoba kungalesi sikhathi lapho udinga ukomisa ngokushesha, uphulukise umonakalo ku-peel futhi upholise umkhiqizo ngendlela efanele. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinkinga zihlobene nesimo sezulu noma izifo, izinga lokushisa noma umswakama, kufanele kuqashelwe ngayinye yalezi zici ukuze kulondolozwe ubukhulu obukhulu kanye nekhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ukuhlinzeka ngokugeleza komoya okwanele ezingeni lokushisa elifanele kanye nomswakama kubalulekile kumazambane anenkinga. Izinqubo zangempela zokuqhuba izigaba zokuqala zokugcina zingadinga ukuyekethisa ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa. Ukuze kulondolozwe inani kanye nekhwalithi yamazambane ngayo yonke indlela engenzeka, ochwepheshe abaqeqeshwe kakhulu kufanele babe nesibopho sokugcina futhi benze izinqumo ezidingekayo ngokushesha, futhi izindawo zokugcina amazambane kufanele zakhiwe kahle futhi zifakwe imishini enamandla yokungenisa umoya esebenzayo.
Imibhalo
1. Ukugcinwa kwembewu yamazambane / S.A.Banadysev. - M .: Knihizdat, 2020. -292 p.
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Author: Sergey Banadysev, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo Isayensi, "Doka-Gene Technologies"