U-Sergey Banadysev, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo, i-Doka Gene Technologies LLC
Ama-Potato minitubers (MK) ayinzalo yokuqala enezilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo zamazambane eziyinyumba. Ukuthola izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane unyaka wokuqala wohlelo lwembewu yamazambane kuwo wonke amazwe akhiqiza amazambane athuthukile. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane zitshalwa kuphela ezimeni ezivikelwe emhlabathini, ezingafaki ubungozi bokutheleleka kabusha kwezitshalo ngezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, isikhunta kanye nebhaktheriya (uma izilimo eziyizigaxa ezivela ezitshalweni eziyinyumba zitshalwa endaweni evulekile, khona-ke akuzona izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane ezitholwa njengesitshalo. umphumela, kodwa isizukulwane sokuqala sensimu).
Kuyavunywa ukuthi ububanzi be-tuber encane kufanele okungenani bube ngu-10 mm, noma yini encane i-micro-tuber.
Isidingo sama-mini-tubers ukukhiqizwa kwamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10 we-elite yilezi: ngohlelo lweminyaka emihlanu lwe-OS ne-ES (ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yokuqala kanye ne-elite) - izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-50; ngohlelo lweminyaka emine lwe-OS ne-ES - izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-400; ngohlelo lweminyaka emithathu - izingcezu eziyizigidi ezi-3.
I-Russian Federation inesisekelo sayo esiqinile sesayensi nentsha kule ndawo. Ukwethulwa okukhulu kobuchwepheshe besimanje kakhulu bokukhula kwama-mini-tubers eRussian Federation bekulokhu kwenziwa ngaphambi kwamanye amazwe athuthukile amazambane akhula: ngakho-ke ubuchwepheshe be-substrate yethulwa eminyakeni engama-40 edlule, izikhungo eziyi-15 ze-biotechnological zasebenza kukho; I-hydroponic - eminyakeni engu-30 edlule, isetshenziswa yi-Doka - Gene Technologies, Meristematic Cultures; i-aeroponic - ithuthukiswe ku-All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology) ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, kusukela ngo-2010 lobu buchwepheshe buye bakhuthazwa yi-International Potato Centre futhi basakaza ngenkuthalo emhlabeni jikelele. E-Russian Federation, izitshalo zezimboni zokukhulisa izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane zikhiqizwa: Isihlahla Samazambane kanye neMeristem. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amabhizinisi amaningi asekhaya atshala imbewu asakhiqiza ama-mini-tubers ngamavolumu amancane, ngaphakathi kwemingcele yesidingo sohlelo lweminyaka emihlanu lokuthola abaphezulu. Inkampani ye-FAT-Agro kuphela efinyelele izinga lamayunithi angaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili ngonyaka, okwanele ukushintshela ohlelweni lweminyaka emithathu.
Ukwanda okuphelele kokukhiqizwa kwezigaxa ezincane ukuze kwehliswe uhlelo lokukhiqiza imbewu futhi kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kuyindlela yamasu yokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane. Ngalo mbono engqondweni, kuye kwenziwa imizamo eminingi eminyakeni yamuva nje yokuthuthukisa izindlela zokulima. Umgomo oyinhloko wezinto ezintsha ukuthola ama-mini-tubers amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngesitshalo ngasinye se-vitro kanye nendawo ngayinye ye-greenhouse. Ukuze kufezeke, kusetshenziswa izindlela eziningi zokukhiqiza izitshalo, kodwa akuzona zonke izixazululo ezihlongozwayo ezisekelwe emiphumeleni yocwaningo lwesayensi ezinikeza imiphumela ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni.
Izici eziningi zokukhiqiza okunevolumu ephezulu kwe-minituber ziwulwazi. Ukukhiqizwa kwaseRussia kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane amancanyana bekulokhu kwenziwa ngendlela esebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ethuthuke kakhulu yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe. Futhi manje izwe selinobuchwepheshe obutholakalayo futhi obusebenzisayo obuphakeme kakhulu kunezinga lomhlaba.
Umbandela oyinhloko wokukhiqizwa okufanelekayo kwama-mini-tubers ukuhambisana nemithetho nemithethonqubo yamanje. Uhlaka lokulawula lwe-Russian Federation kulesi sihloko luyiseluleko ngokwemvelo, kumthethonqubo wamanje wokuqinisekiswa kwezitshalo zezolimo, isibonelo, akukho gama mayelana nemithetho yokukhiqiza kanye nesitifiketi sezilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane zamazambane. Esimweni esinjalo, kuyadingeka ukugxila ekuhlangenwe nakho kwamazwe ngamazwe. Kuwo wonke amazwe anokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane athuthukile, izidingo eziyisibopho zenhlangano, ubuchwepheshe kanye nekhwalithi yama-mini-tubers akhiqiziwe amukelwe, agunyazwe ngokusemthethweni futhi agcinwa ngokuqinile.
Lezi zidingo kufanele zithathwe njengesisekelo ngamabhizinisi asekhaya asebenza ngokukhethekile ekukhiqizeni ama-mini-tubers, ngendlela yamazinga ebhizinisi, ukuzithiba, kuze kube yilapho umbuso ususungule uhlaka olusemthethweni lokulawula kule ndawo. Isibonelo, e-Russian Federation kunezinkambiso zokuklama kwezobuchwepheshe zezakhiwo zokuzalanisa kanye nezindlu zokugcina izithombo ze-NTP-APK 1.10.09.001-02. Kodwa-ke, abathuthukisi be-NTP abazange bafake embhalweni isigaba sezici eziphoqelekile zezakhiwo ezihloselwe ukukhula izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane. Futhi kunezici eziningi ezinjalo, isibonelo: i-greenhouse kufanele ibe nomnyango ophindwe kabili negumbi lokugqoka lokushintsha izingubo. Indawo yokushintsha kufanele ifakwe amaphedi ezinyawo kanye nezinto zokugeza izandla kanye nokubulala amagciwane. Izicabha zokungena kanye nazo zonke izintuba zokungena komoya kufanele zimbozwe nge-aphid mesh yokuvikela (ubukhulu bemanetha bufinyelela ku-0,5 ngo-0,9 mm). Ikamelo kumele lilawulwe kahle izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama (usebenza endlini yengilazi). Indawo engenamhlabathi kufanele isetshenziselwe ukujwayela izitshalo eziyinyumba. Uma kusetshenziswa inhlabathi/ingxube yomhlabathi, kumele iphathwe/ifakwe inzalo ngendlela efanele ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungabikho kwezifo zomhlabathi.
Isitshalo se-minituber kufanele sitholwe kuma-microplants aqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni noma ama-microtubers atshalwe endaweni yase-aseptic evela esicubuni se-meristematic sendawo yomthombo, ahlolelwe ukungabikho kwamagciwane, ama-virus namagciwane athelela amazambane endaweni yokuhlola egunyazwe ngokufanelekile.
Izindlela, inqubo, imvamisa yokuhlola ikhwalithi yezinto kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhiqizwa kwama-mini-tubers zilawulwa ngokuqinile.
Kuqoqwe ulwazi oluningi olubalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwe-Potato Micropropagation Protocol. Ucwaningo kule ndawo lubonisa amathuba amaningi okuthuthukisa ukukhula nokukhula kwezitshalo ngokusekelwe ekushintsheni kokugxila kanye nesilinganiso sezakhi. Kuye kwasungulwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezilawuli zokukhula emasikweni we-potato meristems akudingekile, kodwa ukungezwa kwezinto ezithile, ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi, kwandisa futhi kusheshise ukukhiqizwa kwezinto. Kubalulekile ukukhulisa izimo zokufukamela zezitshalo zamazambane ezinama-micropropagated usebenzisa imithombo ehlukahlukene yokukhanya, izindlela zokukhanyisa kanye nokungena komoya wegumbi. Ngokufika kwezibani ze-LED, amakhono abo aqala ukufundwa ngenkuthalo maqondana ne-micropropagation yamazambane. I-spectrum yokukhanya okubomvu nokubomvu kwandisa izici zokukhula; noma kunjalo, inhlanganisela yokukhanya okubomvu + okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka + okubomvu kakhulu/okumhlophe kunomphumela ongcono ekwakhekeni kwe-tuber kanye nokuqoqwa kwama-metabolites ayisisekelo.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhula kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane buhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: i-substrate (izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu) kanye ne-non-substrate (isiko lamanzi kanye ne-aeroponics). Ubuchwepheshe obuyinhloko bokukhiqiza izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane: kuma-substrates emvelo (80% wevolumu), i-hydroponic ne-aeroponic. Ukuthola ama-microtubers nakho kuhlobene nesihloko se-MC futhi kuya ngokuya kusetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwenqwaba yezinto eziwumthombo. Umehluko phakathi kwama-microtubers nama-minitubers usemodini ye-medium (ama-microtubers atshalwa kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ze-vitro oyinyumba kanye nama-minitubers kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezivikelekile ze-ex vitro) kanye nosayizi we-tuber. Imiphumela kanye neziphetho ezitholwe ekuhloleni okungokoqobo ezimweni eziningi azihambisani nemibono yetiyetha mayelana namathuba okukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwe-tuberization ku-in vitro culture. Lokhu kusebenza kuzo zombili izidlo, ukusetshenziswa kwezilawuli zokukhula, kanye nezimo ezikhulayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezici zokucindezeleka. Uma ulwazi olutholakala esidlangalaleni ngemithetho yezobuchwepheshe yokukhiqizwa kwama-microtubers luvumela, ezimweni eziningi, ukuthola imiphumela emaphakathi - cishe noma kancane i-microtuber eyodwa enesisindo esingu-200-400 mg ngesitshalo ngasinye, khona-ke ukulungiswa kochwepheshe kobuchwepheshe maqondana nokuthile. izimo zokukhiqiza zandisa ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo ngezinye izikhathi. E-Russian Federation, kukhona ulwazi kule ndawo ngokukhiqizwa okungenani ama-microtubers amathathu anesisindo esingaphezu kuka-0,5 g kusuka esitshalweni esisodwa ku-tube yokuhlola evamile.
Ukuze kutshalwe ama-microtubers unyaka wonke kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lawo, imiklamo eminingana eyahlukene yama-bioreactors akhiqizwa ngokwentengiso emhlabeni. Lezi zinhlelo ze-semi-automatic zikuvumela ukuthi wehlise ukucutshungulwa kwesandla okujulile ngakho-ke ukhuphule umkhiqizo futhi wehlise izindleko zokukhiqiza. Ama-microtuber atholakala kuma-bioreactors anesisindo esikhulu kakhulu kanye nobubanzi obukhulu. Ubuchwepheshe bamuva kule ndawo ukuthuthukiswa kososayensi baseJapane nabaklami.
Uhlelo olukhulu lokukhiqiza ama-microtuber kusetshenziswa izikhwama zepulasitiki ezikhiqiza ama-microtuber ngempumelelo lukhiqiza phakathi kwama-microtuber ayi-100 nama-300 isikhwama ngasinye, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo. Ukushintsha ukugcwala kwezakhamzimba ngokuya ngokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-sucrose, i-nitrogen, okwandisa izinga le-potassium phosphate phakathi nendawo kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwandisa inani eliphelele nesisindo esimaphakathi sama-microtubers. Ubuchwepheshe baseJapan buvumela ukukhiqiza ama-microtuber angu-250 ngonyaka (ngemijikelezo emithathu yokuvuna) endaweni yokulima engu-000 m.2. futhi i-80% yama-microtubers atholwe yilobu buchwepheshe anesisindo esingaphezu kwe-1 g, i.e. ilungele ukutshala ngqo ensimini.
Emhlabeni wonke, ukukhiqizwa kwama-mini-tubers kuma-substrates emvelo kuyabusa. Lobu buchwepheshe, nakuba busungulwe kahle, busengathuthukiswa kakhulu. I-Genotype, ubude besikhathi kanye nezimo zokutshalwa kwe-in vitro, usayizi wezitshalo, ukuchayeka ezakhamzimba nezilawuli zokukhula kuthinta ngokuphawulekayo ukukhiqizwa kwe-minituber. Iminyaka yobudala kanye nokwelashwa kwangaphambili kwezithombo ngesikhathi sokutshala, izimo kanye nesikhathi sokuqina, inkathi yokutshala nokukhula, ukwakheka kwemvelo yenhlabathi, indlela yokutshala, ukuminyana kokubekwa kwezitshalo, imithamo kamanyolo, nokukhanyisa nakho kuyathinta. ukuqina kokukhiqizwa kwe-mini-tuber.
Izinto eziningi zemvelo nezinto ezisetshenziswayo zifanelekile njengendlela yokutshala izilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane ama-mini. Ingxenye eyinhloko ye-greenhouse substrates ngokwesiko i-peat. Ezinye izithako - njenge-perlite, i-vermiculite ne-vermicompost - nazo zithole ukuduma muva nje ngenxa yokungenisa umoya kwazo okwamukelekayo kanye namandla okubamba amanzi.
Ezimweni eziningi, lapho ukhula izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane endaweni yesiko le-substrate, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ama-macro- kanye nama-microfertilizers. Phakathi kochwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa ukuchelela ngezikhathi ezithile nokuvundisa ama-substrates angavundile anezakhi kubizwa ngokuthi i-hydroponics. Ubuchwepheshe be-Hydroponic bokukhula kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane ezincane zinezinhlobonhlobo ezisebenzisa i-inert substrates (isihlabathi, amagxolo esihlahla, ukhukhunathi, njll.) kanye nesiko lamanzi ahlanzekile (ifilimu elinomsoco elincanyana).
Zonke izinhlinzeko zethiyori yezondlo zamazambane maqondana nokwenzeka kokulawula i-tuberization nazo zingasetshenziswa ekulimeni kwe-hydroponic, kepha kukhona ukuqonda kwesidingo soshintsho olubalulekile ekugxilweni nasekulinganiseni kwezakhi zohlu ngalunye futhi ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene. yokukhula kwezitshalo, ukuqaliswa kokukhula kwe-tuberization kanye nokukhula kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo. Ukuqanjwa kwesixazululo somsoco kunikezwa ezincwadini eziningi. Ngasikhathi sinye, inani lezilimo eziyizigaxa ezitholwe esitshalweni nasezindaweni zeyunithi lihluka izikhathi eziningana. Ngokuqondene nokulungiswa okuhlosiwe kwesisombululo sezakhi zokwandisa kakhulu inani lezilimo eziyizigaxa (futhi lokhu kuyinzuzo ye-hydroponics) kukhona ulwazi oluncane kakhulu oluvulekile. Eminyakeni yamuva, kushicilelwe okumbalwa kuphela okushicilelwe hhayi ngezinkomba zezingoma ezaziwayo zeminyaka edlule, kodwa ngezinto zoqobo.
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje kakhulu - be-aeroponic - bokukhula kwama-mini-tubers bunezici eziningi ezibalulekile. Kuze kube manje, zonke izigaba ezilandelanayo zokuqaliswa kwayo sezilungisiwe, kodwa ucwaningo lokuhlola lusaqhubeka. Inani elikhethekile lolwazi lwezobuchwepheshe ku-aeroponics ukuthi libonisa isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwama-mini-tubers emhlabeni jikelele namuhla. Lezi ntuthuko ziyasebenza noma zingashintshwa ukuze zivumelane nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokukhulisa izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane.
Ukukhethwa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ama-mini-tubers ngezimo ezithile kufanele kusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezinkomba zokukhiqiza, izinga lezingozi, isidingo sezinsiza zabasebenzi, ukuqhathanisa izindleko zokutshala izimali, izindleko kanye nenzuzo. Ubuchwepheshe ngabunye bunezinketho zokusebenzisa kanye nokuguquguquka okukhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kokukhiqiza kuye ngezinto eziningi. Bonke ubuchwepheshe busebenzisa futhi busekelwe ezintweni zokuqala zezitshalo ezivela kumasiko oyinyumba noma ama-microtubers. Lesi sigaba sicishe sibe yindawo yonke, singabhekwa njengejwayelekile. Kuthekhinoloji yokukhula kwama-mini-tubers, kufanele ukhethe enanini elikhulu lokuguquguquka.
Iningi lezinkampani ezinkulu zembewu njengamanje zitshala izilimo eziyizigaxa engilazini noma ezindlini zokugcina izithombo zefilimu kuma-substrates emvelo e-organo-mineral esebenzisa kakhulu i-peat. Lobu buchwepheshe bunezindleko eziphansi kakhulu ze-mini-tuber. Njengomthetho, isitshalo esisodwa sitshalwa ngonyaka. EYurophu, kuthathwa njengokujwayelekile ukuthola izilimo eziyizigaxa ezi-4-5 esitshalweni esisodwa. Ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile kwama-microfertilizers, izinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo, i-PPP ivumela ukwandisa isici sokuphindaphinda kufika ku-8-10.
Izimpikiswano ezivuna i-bioreactor ziwubunyumba, isivuno esiphezulu sama-micro-tubers endaweni ngayinye. Ukungalungi kwe-bioreactor isidingo sezitshalo eziningi, usayizi omncane wezilimo eziyizigaxa, inkinga yokuvuthwa nokutshala ngomshini ensimini.
Izinzuzo ze-hydroponics yi-manufacturability, ithuba langempela lokuvuselela i-tuberization, imishini yezimboni; I-cons - ukuthuthukiswa okungalungile kwesistimu yezimpande, ingozi yokutheleleka okusakazeka ngesisombululo sezakhi, ukukhandleka. I-Aeroponics idinga isikhala esiningi nomthunzi ophelele wesistimu yezimpande, ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okungcono nokunikezwa komoya, ama-tubers amaningi angakhiwa uma kuqhathaniswa ne-hydroponics. Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe be-aeroponic buyisidingo kakhulu, ukunikezwa kwamandla akufanele kuphazamiseke isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu sehora.
Lokhu kubuyekezwa okufushane kukhombisa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lweminyaka emithathu lokukhiqizwa kwezambane elite kusetshenziswa inani elikhulu lama-mini-tubers sekuvele kungokoqobo. Ukwenyuka kwamavolumu kanye nokuqina kokukhiqiza kufinyelelwa ngokuthola inani eliphakeme lama-tubers amancane endaweni ngayinye enenani elincane lezitshalo zokuqala. Umhlabathi omboziwe kanye nezinto eziwumthombo ziyabiza, ngakho ukuthola izilimo eziyizigaxa ezi-2-3 kuphela esitshalweni esisodwa kuyindlela engathembisi, nakuba amavolumu amakhulu ama-mini-tubers emhlabeni asakhiqizwa ngale ndlela. Ngobuchwepheshe be-substrate, izinga langempela lokukhiqiza lilinganiselwa ngokuya ngemingcele elandelayo: evamile - izingcezu eziyi-100 / m2, okuhle - 200 izingcezu/m2; ukuphakama - 300 izingcezu / m2 okwesikhathi sokukhula. Ubuchwepheshe be-Hydroponic bunamandla okukhiqiza ama-500 mini-tubers, i-aeroponic - 1000 mini-tubers per sq. m. yendawo yokufaka ngesikhathi sokukhula. Ukuze uthole inkomba: izindleko zezindawo zokulima zobuchwepheshe be-substrate ngo-2021 zazingama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-50. ngemitha yesikwele ngayinye, ye-hydroponic - ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100, nge-aeroponic - ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyi-150.
Inkinga enkulu yokukhula kwama-tubers amancane ngaphakathi endlini ukuzuza inhlanganisela yokukhula kwezitshalo okusebenzayo nokwakheka kwe-tuber okujulile. Kungenzeka ukwandisa ukushuba kwe-tuberization ngokuthuthukisa i-microclimate (izinga lokushisa, umswakama, i-photoperiod), ukwandisa umsoco wamaminerali; ukusetshenziswa kwe-tuberization stimulants, imikhawulo ekukhuleni kwemifino. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthola ama-mini-tubers ngamavolumu amakhulu kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi wenhlangano kanye nobuchwepheshe. Ama-nuances okutshala okujulile kwama-mini-tubers abe ulwazi lwezentengiselwano iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20. Ayikho imithetho yezobuchwepheshe esizindeni somphakathi, lokhu ukwazi kwebhizinisi ngalinye.
Ngekota yesibili ka-2022, kuzoshicilelwa incwadi ethi “Mini Potato Tubers”, yethule futhi ihlaziye ulwazi olutholakalayo lwesayensi nohwebo ngesihloko, futhi kugcizelelwa ezindleleni ezisebenzayo zokwandisa amandla okukhiqizwa kwe-mini-tuber. Umthamo wolwazi ungamakhasi angaphezu kuka-400. Incwadi izotholakala kuphela ngokubhalisela. Thumela izicelo ku: s.banadysev@dokagene.ru