Umkhuba wokusebenzisa izinambuzane ukucekela phansi izinambuzane emasimini ezolimo usunamashumi eminyaka ukhona ezweni lakithi. Ezimweni lapho ukutholakala kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo ngamakhemikhali kuncipha futhi nesidingo semikhiqizo ehambisana nemvelo sikhula, imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo yebhayoloji iya ngokuya iduma.
Isipho esivela emvelweni
Igama elithi "entomophages" lingahunyushwa ngokwezwi nezwi ngokuthi abadla izinambuzane. Lona kanye iqiniso lokuba khona kwazo lisikhumbuza ukuthi imvelo yayinakekela ibhalansi ku-ecosystem, ihlinzekela ukulawulwa kwezinombolo zezinye izinto eziphilayo ngezinye. Futhi umuntu angasebenzisa kuphela amathuba atholakalayo ngendlela efanele
"Imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo zezinto eziphilayo iya ngokuya idingeka minyaka yonke," kuphawula isazi se-entophytopathologist egatsheni laseKabardino-Balkarian leFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" Tatiana Kisheva.– Kwabaningi, kuba sobala ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuthinta kabi ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yezolimo futhi kulimaza imvelo.
"Ukusetshenziswa kwe-entomophages kukhansela ukwelashwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane noma kunciphisa imvamisa yazo," kusho inhloko yelabhorethri yokuvikela izitshalo zebhayoloji ye-All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) Natalia Belyakova. “Ngaphezu kwalokho, le biomethod ivumela abalimi ukuthi baxazulule inkinga yokungazweli, lapho izinambuzane ezinhlobonhlobo zingavikeleki emikhiqizweni yokuvikela izitshalo ngamakhemikhali.
E-Russia, abakhiqizi abahamba phambili be-entomophages bangamagatsha e-Russian Agricultural Center e-Stavropol Territory, esifundeni saseBelgorod naseRostov, ama-republic of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia naseNyakatho Ossetia-Alania.
“Esikhungweni sethu sokucwaninga, esingesinye sezinkulu kunazo zonke ezweni, sekuyiminyaka engu-39 kukhiqizwa ama-entomophages,” kusho inhloko yelabhorethri yokuhlola iShpakovskaya yegatsha leFederal State Budgetary Institution “Rosselkhoztsentr” eStavropol Territory. UVladimir Sugak. – I-Trichogramma edla amaqanda kanye ne-caterpillar parasite Gabrobracon yizinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-ecoparasites ahlinzekwa ngezidingo zezolimo.
“Senza izinhlobo ezinhlanu zezinambuzane ezicekela phansi izinambuzane ezolimo,” kunezela inhloko yegatsha leFederal State Budgetary Institution “Rosselkhoztsentr” eRepublic of Tatarstan. Vitaly Novichkov. - Lezi zihlanganisa i-polyphagous predator ye-lacewing, i-podisus bug, umhlaseli we-Colorado potato beetle, kanye ne-macrolophus bug, umhlaseli wezimpukane ezimhlophe.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yalo mkhiqizo iza emakethe yethu ivela phesheya, lapho imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo zebhayoloji, eshibhile futhi isebenza ngempumelelo, isetshenziswa kakhulu.
"Siletha ama-entomophages avela e-Italy, eNetherlands, e-Uzbekistan naseKazakhstan," kusho umqondisi jikelele we-Fly and See Agro LLC. Vasily Ptitsyn. - Amakhasimende enkampani yethu awasebenzisa ngempumelelo ukulwa nezinambuzane ze-lepidopteran, okuhlanganisa izikelemu, amabhu, amabhu, amabhu nezinye izinambuzane ezimbalwa.
Izici "zokuzingela"
I-entomophage yethulwa ensimini ngesimo seqanda, isiphungumangathi noma isinambuzane esikhulile. Ama-predators nama-ecoparasite ahlaliswa kabusha kusetshenziswa indlela ekhethekile, kusetshenziswa izindlela zobuchwepheshe noma ngokukhululwa mathupha.
“I-habrobracon yesifazane ithola isibungu sesinambuzane esiwuhlupho bese isikhubaza ngokujova ubuthi, bese izalela amaqanda angaba ngu-45 emzimbeni wayo,” kuchaza uchwepheshe omkhulu wegatsha laseBelgorod leFederal State Budgetary Institution “Rosselkhoztsentr” UValentina Bychkova.- Izibungu ze-parasite, ngenkathi zikhula, zidla i-hemolymph yesibungu, okuthi ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-9-14 kuphela i- integument yangaphandle esele.
Kuwumkhuba ojwayelekile ukuthi iziqukathi ezinezibungu ze-millery ezigcwele i-habrobracon zibekwe ezitshalweni ezihlaselwe yisilokazane. Njengoba i-entomophage ichanyuselwa, isakazeka ngokushesha, ifuna umninikhaya ngenkuthalo, futhi ivumelane nezimo ezizungezile.
Ukuphumelela okukhulu, kuze kufike kumaphesenti angu-92, kuboniswa ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwe-habrobracon ne-trichogramma. Ngokuvamile abantu abangu-300-500 abane-entomophagous ngehektha ngalinye lendawo banele.
“Izibungu ze-Trichogramma zikhula ngokudla okuqukethwe yiqanda lezinambuzane,” kuqhubeka lo chwepheshe. - I-entomophage yesifazane izalela cishe amaqanda amane isikhathi ngasinye, futhi ngesikhathi sonyaka inani lawo lingafinyelela ku-50. Lokhu kuholela ekufeni kweqanda lezinambuzane esigabeni sokuqala sokukhula, lapho lingakabi naso isikhathi sokwenza umonakalo esitshalweni. .
I-Trichogramma ihlakazeka ezitshalweni ngendlela eqondiwe noma eqhubekayo, ehlanganisa ukubandakanyeka kwezindiza kanye nezimoto zasemoyeni ezinganamuntu.
"Ukwethulwa kwama-entomophages esifundeni sethu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa indiza engenawoyela enomshini wokuwasha oklanywe ngochwepheshe begatsha," echaza. Vitaly Novichkov. - I-dispenser ilawula ukugeleza, ikuvumela ukuthi ulawule isivinini, ukufana kanye nokuminyana kokusatshalaliswa kwe-biomaterial, iqinisekisa ukunemba kokucubungula.
"Siphinde sakhe imishini ekhethekile efakwe kuma-drones futhi sivumele ukwethulwa kwama-entomophages ezinhlobo ezifunwayo ngemithamo edingekayo," kusho. Vasily Ptitsyn. - Indiza efakwe ngale ndlela icubungula amasimu angamahektha angama-15 emizuzwini eyi-20 yendiza, futhi ngesikhathi sokushintshwa komsebenzi isilinganiso sayo sokukhiqiza sifinyelela kumahektha angama-500-700.
Amazambane esikhathini esizayo
Kuze kube manje, abalimi bamazambane baseRussia abahlanganisi ama-entomophages. Kodwa amapulazi athuthuke kakhulu aseqala ukuwasebenzisa njengenye indlela yokuvikela izitshalo zamakhemikhali.
“Sinesipiliyoni esiyingqayizivele sokusebenza ngamazambane angenalo igciwane ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo, lapho i-biomethod yayisetshenziswa ukulwa nezintwala,” kusho. Natalia Belyakova. - Izidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zibekwe ekuvikeleni isitshalo se-meristem, ngoba ukuhlaba kwe-aphid kwanele ukuthelela isitshalo ngegciwane. Ama-Entomophages, anomsebenzi wokusesha ophezulu futhi okwazi ukuthola ngisho nezibonelo zezinambuzane ezilodwa, akwazi ukubhekana nomsebenzi wawo ngokuphelele.
“Amazambane ayisitshalo esithembisayo sokusetshenziswa kwe-entomophages,” kusho Vasily Ptitsyn. - Ibhu le-Potato kanye ne-Colorado potato beetle kubangela inkinga enkulu kubakhiqizi, futhi ama-entomophages ayasebenza kuzo zombili izinambuzane. Inkampani yethu njengamanje yenza umsebenzi wokuvikela izitshalo e-Colorado potato beetle. Ukuhlolwa okuyimpumelelo kwenziwa eningizimu yeRussia ehlobo eledlule. Nokho, abalimi kufanele baxwayiswe ukuthi le ndlela ayiqinisekisi imiphumela engamaphesenti ayikhulu. Isilokazane siyisitshalo sokudla se-entomophage, futhi uma sibhujiswa ngokuphelele, isinambuzane esizuzisayo ngokwaso siyofa yindlala. Ingxenye yesivuno kuyodingeka inikelwe ngenxa yebhungane elifanayo, kodwa imikhiqizo engase ibe umphumela ehambisana nemvelo ingathengiswa emakethe ngentengo ephindwe kaningi.
Akekho ocela abalimi ukuthi bayeke ngokushesha ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo evamile yokuvikela izitshalo. Ungakwazi ukwethula i-biomethod kancane kancane ukuze uqinisekise ukusebenza kwayo.
“Ama-Entomophages ahambisana kahle namafungicide emvelo nama-herbicides,” kuqinisekisa Vitaly Novichkov.–Isikhawu phakathi kokwelashwa ngemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo kanye nokukhululwa kwezinambuzane kufanele kube izinsuku ezingu-1-2. Futhi imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo zamakhemikhali, kuye ngokuthi into esebenzayo, ingasetshenziswa izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokukhululwa kwe-entomophages noma isonto ngemva kwalokho.
"Ukusetshenziswa kanyekanye nama-insecticides nakho kungenzeka," kuqinisekisa Natalia Belyakova. Kodwa-ke kuyadingeka ukuthi ukhethe ama-entomophages ngendlela yokuthi aphile ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwezitshalo. Izinambuzane ziqala ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane kalula, futhi ngemva kwezizukulwane eziningana eziyishumi nambili sizothola umugqa we-entomophages ohambisana ne "chemistry".
Izinambuzane ezinzima
Ekuboneni kokuqala, akukho lutho olunzima ekusebenzeni nezinambuzane ezincane ezilwa nezinambuzane emasimini. Kodwa lo mbono uyakhohlisa.
"Ama-entomophages atshalwa kuphela kuma-laboratories akhethekile, okwenza izimo zisondelene nemvelo," kugcizelela UVladimir Sugak. – Lokhu kuyabiza kakhulu, kunzima, ikakhulukazi umsebenzi wezandla, odinga ulwazi olukhethekile namakhono.
“Ukuze athole ama-entomophages, umlimi kudingeka anakekele ukuwathenga kusenesikhathi,” kusho UValentina Bychkova.- Ngakho, izicelo eziya emagatsheni e-Russian Agricultural Center zokukhiqiza izinambuzane zithunyelwa ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yezolimo.
"Ukusetshenziswa kwe-entomophages," kusho Vitaly Novichkov, - ukuhlolwa kwezitshalo kuyisibopho ukuze kutholakale izinambuzane - i-entomophage ethile, inqume izigaba zokukhula kwayo kanye nobuningi. Njalo ngonyaka, izazi zezolimo zegatsha ziqapha indawo yokulima futhi zenze ama-phytomaps ezinto eziyingozi. Ulwazi lufakwe ohlelweni lwe-AgroExpert, oluthuthukiswe futhi olunelungelo lobunikazi yithi, idatha evumela abakhiqizi ukuthi benze izinyathelo zokuzivikela ngesikhathi esifanele.
"Indlela yebhayoloji yokuvikela izitshalo iyisenzakalo esidinga ulwazi oluningi oludinga ukulungiswa okukhethekile," ngiyaqiniseka Natalia Belyakova. - Namuhla, ochwepheshe abahle baqeqeshwe eMnyangweni Wokuvikelwa Kwezitshalo waseSt. Petersburg Agrarian University. Abafundi bayo baqeqeshelwa ukusebenza esikhungweni sethu, ngenxa yalokho abaphothula enyuvesi njengongoti bezolimo namahlathi abanolwazi.
“Lo msebenzi udinga amakhono akhethekile, ukunemba okukhethekile futhi awukubekezeleli ubudedengu,” kuvuma Vasily Ptitsyn. - Udinga ukwazi ukunquma isikhathi sokwethula ama-entomophages, umthamo wawo, kanye nokuhleleka kokushintshana nezinye izindlela zokuvikela izitshalo. Akuwona wonke amapulazi anochwepheshe abaneziqu ezidingekayo. Ngakho-ke, inkampani yethu inikeza abalimi insizakalo egcwele: kusukela ekuhlolweni kwezitshalo nasekuthengisweni kwe-entomophages kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwabo kanye nokuqapha kwenhlanzeko okulandelayo.
В izimbiza zebhungane
Abamele isizukulwane esidala, abaye bahileleka kwezolimo iminyaka eminingi, bazi ngokwabo ngezindlela zokuheha izinambuzane ezizuzisayo ngokwemvelo emasimini.
“Ngokuhlwanyela izitshalo ezinompe ezikhiqiza inani elikhulu lempova nompe, ngokuqinisekile uyovusa isithakazelo sama-entomophages emvelo,” kweluleka. Natalia Belyakova. – Kuhlanganisa ama-hymenopteran parasitoids, azosiza ukwehlisa inani lezintwala.
- Abalimi emazweni amaningi bethula ama-entomophages emvelo ngesandla, uyanezela Vasily Ptitsyn. - Yebo, lokhu kuwumsebenzi onzima, ofaneleka kuphela emapulazini alima izindawo ezincane. Uma ibhizinisi linamakhulu amahektha ezinkambu, akunakwenzeka ukusebenzisa i-biomethod ngaphandle kwezindlela zobuchwepheshe.
Ukuze kulondolozwe inani lezinambuzane, isimo esikhethekile samasimu siyadingeka - side, ukuze zingafi ngokushesha ngemva kokuvuna. Ngokwesibonelo, ibhungane elidala elingakwazi ukundiza cishe ngeke lifinyelele onqenqemeni lwensimu ebanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zezitshalo kufanele zishintshane nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi amabhange ebhungane - iziqephu zomhlaba ezingacindezelwe lapho ama-entomophages alinda isikhathi sokulamba. Amasu anjalo ayadingeka ukuze ahlale ku-agrocenosis ngamanani anele ukulawula izinambuzane futhi angadlula ubusika ngokuphepha.
“Ukuze uhehe izilwane ezizingelayo zemvelo nama-ecoparasites, akwanele ukusebenza endaweni eyodwa noma epulazini elilodwa,” kuchaza inhloko yelabhorethri yokuvikelwa kwezitshalo zezinto eziphilayo ye-All-Russian Institute of Natural Resources. – Okuningi kuncike endaweni yezolimo ezungeze izitshalo. Ukugcina izimo ezivumela ukusabalala kwezinambuzane ezinamagciwane kudinga imizamo evela ezinhlanganweni eziningi kanye neziphathimandla zendawo.
Ukonga nokuphepha
Umkhuba wokwethula ama-entomophages emkhakheni wezolimo waseRussia usakazeka, nakuba uhamba kancane.
"Ngesizini edlule sisebenze ezifundeni ezingu-10 zezwe," kusho umqondisi jikelele we-Fly and See Agro LLC. - Eningini lamakhasimende ethu, ukusebenza kahle kokuvikela izinambuzane kusuka kumaphesenti angama-95 kuye kwayi-100. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bathola imikhiqizo yezolimo yekhwalithi ethuthukisiwe, ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo ngamakhemikhali, ukulondoloza ukuphila kwezinyosi kanye nezinambuzane ezimpova. Futhi uma siqhathanisa isevisi yethu nezindleko zezibulala-zinambuzane ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ukonga kwebhizinisi kungafinyelela kumaphesenti angama-30-40.
"I-biomethod, esekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-entomophages ekulawuleni izinambuzane, inamathuba amahle," kukholelwa ukuthi Tatiana Kisheva. Ngo-2022, igatsha lethu lathengisa i-Trichogramma eyi-1,35 billion kanye ne-Gabrobracona eyi-2,1 billion. Isibonelo, esifundeni saseProkhladnensky seRiphabhulikhi yaseKabardino-Balkarian, kwakungenzeka ukukhansela ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali ngokumelene ne-cotton bollworm endaweni engamahektha ayinkulungwane. I-Trichogramma, eyake yakhululwa ngaphambili ku-oviposition yezinambuzane, yabonisa ukusebenza kahle okungamaphesenti angaba ngu-70.
“Ngonyaka odlule,” ulandisa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe Vitaly Novichkov, - ochwepheshe abavela egatsheni laseTatarstan basebenzise i-Trichogramma ngokumelene nezinambuzane ezidla amaqabunga endaweni engamahektha angaphezu kwenkulungwane futhi i-lacewing ngokumelene nezintwala ze-pea endaweni engamahektha angu-200 ezitshalweni zesinaphi, amatshwele, uphizi nokudlwengulwa kwasentwasahlobo. . Ukusebenza ngale ndlela kuzoqhubeka ngesizini entsha.
“Uma sikhuluma ngemiphumela emibi ye-ecosystem ezimeni lapho kunezinambuzane eziningi ezizuzisayo, kusho ukuthi zingenzeka,” kuvuma. Natalia Belyakova. -Kodwa izinambuzane ezintsha zihlala zivela. Njengoba singeke sikwazi ukumisa ukuhlasela kwabo, akufanele sizikhawulele ekusebenziseni ama-entomophages, ngisho noma eshintsha ukwakheka kwabantu bemvelo.
U-Irina Berg