Mayelana nonkulunkulu bamazambane nabaphathi bayo be-PR, mayelana nokuthi bathatha kanjani imifino yaphesheya eYurophu nokuthi onogada abahlomile baba negalelo kanjani ekusakazeni lesi sitshalo, funda irubriki "Umlando weSayensi".
Ubhatata esiwaziwa thina udabuka e-Andes yaseNingizimu Melika, lapho wawatshalwa khona eminyakeni engaba ngu-8000 edlule. Ngalesi sikhathi, abalimi bendawo babefuya cishe izinhlobo ezingama-200 zezitshalo, eziningi zazo ezinombala okhanyayo noma ijamo le-tuber elingandile, futhi zakha ukuvikelwa ezifweni, ezinambuzaneni naseqandeni.
Kubantu base-Andes, amazambane, ababekwazi ukukhulisa kuwo ezimeni ezinzima zezintaba futhi abagcinwe isikhathi eside uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka kwezitshalo (ukomisa noma ukuqandisa), kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Akumangazi ukuthi futhi wayenobunkulunkulu bakhe e-Inca pantheon - u-Aksomama, enye yamadodakazi kankulunkulukazi womhlaba, uPachamama.
Izincazelo zamazambane nezinye izitshalo ezisetshenziswa amaNdiya zitholakala phakathi kwabaseSpain abanye babo - ababengazibandakanyi nemikhankaso yamasosha kuphela, kepha nasekufundweni ngempilo yezakhamizi zakuleli. Amanothi anjalo ashiywe nguGonzalo Jimenez de Quesada, umbusi waseNew Grenada (Colombia), kanye nomdwebi ongaba khona kaDon Quixote, umpristi kanye nembongi uJuan de Castellanos, owafunda abantu baseNingizimu Melika wachaza namazambane enkondlweni yakhe ngokunqotshwa kwendawo yaseColombia neVenezuela.
Izincazelo ezaziwa kakhulu ngalesi sitshalo zenziwe nguPedro Cieza de Leon, umcwaningi waseNingizimu Melika ochaze umlando ngokunqotshwa kwawo. Naye uqobo wabamba iqhaza kule mikhankaso, esedlulile nabanqobi bezindawo zamazwe amaningi. Ngaphezu kwamazambane, ubekhuluma ngama-avocados nophayinaphu, ama-alpacas, ama-anacondas, ama-sloths kanye nama-uwezekano. Wabona ama-geoglyphs amaNazi, amabhuloho okumiswa kanye nezimpawu emigwaqweni ye-Inca. Ingxenye yokuqala yomsebenzi wakhe omkhulu, i-Chronicle of Peru, yashicilelwa e-Seville ngo-1553, abanye ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. UDe Leon uthathwa njengowokuqala ukuletha amazambane eYurophu.
Kodwa-ke, ukuletha nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezwenikazi lonke bekunganele. Uma lesi sitshalo sabuyelwa esimweni sezulu esibandayo (sikhulele ezintabeni, futhi ukuqala kwekwindla kwakungeyona inkinga enkulu) ke usuku olude lwehlobo luphawule ngokweqile ukuncipha kwamazambane. Akukho ukuvumelana ngokuthi ingaxazululwa kanjani le nkinga. Mhlawumbe uhlobo lokubekezelela izinsuku ezinde lwavela ngenkathi kusakazwa amazambane ngenzalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umkhumbi ungamane ulethe olunye uhlobo lwamazambane - ukusuka eningizimu yeChile.
Ukuvela kwamazambane eNgilandi nase-Ireland, emlandweni wawo wadlala indima enzima, kuhlotshaniswa negama lesazi sezibalo saseBrithani, isazi sezinkanyezi kanye nomhumushi uThomas Harriott. Waya eNyakatho Melika, wafunda ulimi lwesinye sezizwe zasendaweni, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva uGalileo waqopha inyanga njengoba ayibona ngeteleskopu, yahambisana noJohannes Kepler waphakamisa nezimpawu zezibalo <and> ukukhombisa imiqondo "engaphansi" kanye "nokuningi". Amazambane alethwe nguye amila kahle e-Ireland, lapho anikela khona isivuno esihle futhi aba yisekela labantu abampofu bezwe. Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi ingxenye yesithathu yama-Irish ithembele kumazambane njengenye yemithombo yawo eyinhloko yokudla ibinenkinga (uHarriott ubengakaze akubone kusengaphambili): isifo esisodwa sesitshalo - okulimaza sekwephuzile okubangelwa amagciwane - sicasule "Indlala Enkulu", okwathi, ngokusho kokulinganisela okuhlukahlukene, yathathwa kusuka kuma-20% kuya kuma-25% wabantu bezwe. Abanye abantu abayizigidi eziyi-1,5 bashiye izwe unomphela.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile, eYurophu, amazambane awazange athathwe ngokushesha, futhi isikhathi esiningi sadlula ngaphambi kokuba izakhamuzi zakhona zikwazise ukungabi nalutho kanye nokudla okunempilo kwesitshalo. Abalimi, iSonto namanye amaSlavophile eRussia baphikisana nemifino engajwayelekile. Ukuntuleka kwemininingwane kuphinde kwaphazamiseka: amazambane abephutha iphutha ngesitshalo somhlobiso, azamile ukudla izithelo zalo ezinobuthi (amajikijolo aluhlaza omnyama obukeka njengamatamatisi amancane).
Kepha abalimi basheshe bazazisa ubuhle obuhlukahlukene bamazambane. Isibonelo, bekungathathwa kangako ngokudlula kwamabutho esitha uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo zokusanhlamvu, futhi yahlala ingumthombo onokwethenjelwa wokudla eminyakeni ebandayo, lapho izitshalo ezijwayelekile zithela kancane. Abanini bomhlaba bakuthandile lokho yize kwakungelula ukugcina njengokudla okusanhlamvu, kwakungadingi izigayo zofulawa. Ngo-1600, isazi sezolimo namahlathi saseFrance u-Olivier de Serre waqhathanisa ukunambitheka kwamazambane ne-truffle. Kodwa-ke, wona kanye umsuka wegama "amazambane" uvela esiJalimane I-Tartuffel nesiNtaliyane truffle - truffle.
Izici ezinomsoco zamazambane ziqinisekiswe ososayensi abanjengo-Antoine Parmantier - umbhali wezobuchwepheshe wokuthola ushukela kuma-beet kanye nomhleli womkhankaso wokugomela ingxibongo. Ngemuva kokudingiswa yiProssian, lapho ayedla khona amazambane, waqala ukukhuthaza lo mkhuba ngentshiseko, ekhombisa izimangaliso zokubonisa ubuhlakani. Wenza izingcezu zezimbali zamazambane kubantu abahlonishwayo (uMarie Antoinette naye wagqoka isigqoko esinjalo), waheha osaziwayo (ngokwesibonelo, uBenjamin Franklin noma u-Antoine Lavoisier) "ekukhangiseni" kwakhe, kanye nolwazi olwakhe ngesimo somuntu (eveza ehlomile kodwa kungenjalo unogada ophapheme kakhulu).
Namuhla, amazambane yizilimo ezithandwa kakhulu ezimpandeni, zidlula umdumbula kanye namazambane amnandi ngesilinganiso esikhulu sesisindo ngesilimo esitshalwe emhlabeni wonke. IChina iqhubeka ukuhola, ilandelwe yiNdiya neRussia. Ngakho-ke isitshalo esithunyelwa ngaphandle sisuka eNingizimu Melika, sinezimpande ngakolunye uhlangothi lomhlaba futhi sidla njalo izigidi zabantu.
Source: https://indicator.ru