Ludmila Dulskaya
Phakathi nalolu bhubhane, abantu baqala ukucabanga kakhulu ngekhwalithi yokudla, futhi isithakazelo emikhiqizweni yezinto eziphilayo sakhula. Kodwa manje amandla okuthenga abantu ehle kakhulu. Ingabe ukulima okuphilayo kunekusasa ngaphansi kwezimo ezintsha? Yiziphi izingqinamba amabhizinisi ezolimo azobhekana nazo uma ethatha isinqumo sokuzibandakanya ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ephilayo? Kusho usihlalo webhodi le-Union of Organic Farming uSergey Aleksandrovich Korshunov.
I-Union of Organic Farming Association iyinhlangano yomphakathi enkulu kunazo zonke yaseRussia ezimele yezolimo eziphilayo kanye ne-biologization yokulima, enempilo, imikhiqizo yemvelo, indawo ephephile, intengo efanelekile kubalimi, nokuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zasemakhaya. Inyunyana ibikhona kusukela ngo-2013, ihlanganisa abakhiqizi bezolimo abangaphezu kuka-350 kanye nabahlanganyeli abangaba ngu-800. Amalungu angaphezu kuka-70 eNyunyana anesitifiketi sohlelo lwaseRussia noma lwamazwe ngamazwe lwesitifiketi se-organic.
I-Organic Agriculture ihlose ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo yemvelo nenempilo kakhulu. Abakhiqizi bezolimo abazikhethele lesi siqondiso basebenza ngokubambisana nemvelo, balwela ukunciphisa umthelela omubi womuntu endaweni ezungezile futhi bathathe umthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina ukulingana kwemvelo.
Ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo ye-organic, umanyolo wamaminerali wokwenziwa kanye nemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo zamakhemikhali akuvunyelwe. Kusetshenziswa umanyolo we-organic kanye nezindlela zebhayoloji zokuvikela, ezidinga ukulungiswa okuthile kwezobuchwepheshe bezolimo. Ngenxa yalokho, umkhiqizo wokugcina wesitshalo unokunambitheka okugqamile, okucebile kanye nephunga elimnandi, kodwa isivuno sawo siwuhlelo lobukhulu obuphansi kunalowo wabakhiqizi abasebenzisa amakhemikhali e-agrochemicals.
Sikhula ngani?
Kunezilimo ezingenakwenzeka noma ezingenanzuzo kwezohwebo ukuze zikhule ngokuvumelana nezimiso zokulima ngokwemvelo. Ngokuyisisekelo, abakhiqizi abakhulu bezinto eziphilayo benza ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo zasensimini, ohlwini lwezitshalo eziyinhloko: ukolweni, ubhontshisi wesoya, i-oilseed flax, ummbila, ubhekilanga. Imifino ivamise ukuba yisipesheli abalimi abancane abangakayishiyi ivolumu yezindawo ezingaphansi komuntu siqu. "Ku-organic" kulula kakhulu ukukhulisa ithanga, utamatisi endaweni evikelekile futhi evulekile, u-garlic, u-anyanisi. Kunzima kakhulu ngamazambane: ekulweni nezinambuzane nezifo, kunzima ukuphatha kuphela ngemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo. Isivuno samazambane e-organic siphansi kakhulu kunalawo asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obujulile. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi izindleko zale mikhiqizo emakethe, njengomthetho, ziphansi, kufanele sivume ukuthi akuyona inzuzo ukuyikhiqiza. Ngisho izaqathi nama-beet anemikhawulo ephakeme kunamazambane.
Phakathi kwamalungu e-Union of Organic Farming, bathathu kuphela abatshala amazambane, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Amapulazi atholakala ePerm Territory, Volgograd naseLeningrad Region. Amazambane abo ahluke ngokuphelele - imininingwane yesimo sezulu iyathinta.
Sikhula kanjani?
E-Russia, ngokungafani namanye amazwe amaningi omhlaba, ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo eziphilayo kuthuthukiswe kahle kakhulu. Cishe i-95% yezidakamizwa ingeyendabuko yasekhaya. Kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela, amalungiselelo biological kumele abe indawo, kufanele akhethwe empirically - yini esebenza Volgograd kungase kungasebenzi Kaluga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela wokuchayeka emuthini webhayoloji awubonakali ngokushesha.
Obunye ubunzima bokulima kwemvelo kubalimi abaphakathi yikuthi kulendawo akukabibikho usekelo lwezokulima oluvela kubakhiqizi bezindlela zokuvikela. Izinkampani ezisebenza ngokukhethekile ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo zamakhemikhali zinezisebenzi zochwepheshe eziphelezela izazi zezolimo namahlathi: zenza izinhlelo zokwelapha, ziphendule imibuzo evela kubakhiqizi bezolimo, futhi zinikeze amasampula wamalungiselelo. Abalandeli abambalwa bobuchwepheshe bebhayoloji banesevisi enjalo.
Kungenzeka ukukhulisa imikhiqizo emihle kakhulu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-chemistry, kodwa kufanele ibe nomthengi wayo.
Sidayisela bani?
Namuhla eRussia alukho uchungechunge olulodwa lwe-federal noma lwendawo lokudayisa olungavezi imikhiqizo ye-organic. Ngo-2020, i-ANO "Russian Quality System" yenza ucwaningo olwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola ukuthi obani abathengi abakhulu bemikhiqizo ye-organic. Njengoba kulindelekile, okokuqala, laba omama abathenga izimpahla zalesi sigaba zezingane zabo kanye nabo ngokwabo, kanye nabalandeli bempilo enempilo, labo imikhiqizo enjalo iyingxenye ebalulekile yokudla okunomsoco.
Manje mayelana namanani. Kuze kube ngu-2020, imifino ye-organic eYurophu ibiza kuphela i-10-15% ngaphezu kwe-non-organic. Kukholakala ukuthi kufika ku-15% umehluko umuntu ngokuvamile angawunaki lapho enza isinqumo sokuthenga. Ngeshwa, eRussia sikhokha kakhulu imikhiqizo ephilayo, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imakethe yemikhiqizo yasemapulazini ayithuthukiswanga ezweni lethu. Uma umthamo wokukhiqizwa kwe-organic ubuphezulu, umehluko wentengo yokuthengisa ubuyoba okufanayo.
Namuhla awukho umqhudelwano. Uma umlimi enamazambane aphilayo ngamanani amancane, uyaqonda ukuthi angakwazi ukuwathengisa ngama-ruble angu-150 no-250 ngekhilogremu ngayinye. Awekho ama-analogue, sibeka noma iyiphi intengo, futhi labo abathengi abazama ukusebenzisa ikakhulukazi imikhiqizo ewusizo bazothenga.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko womkhiqizi wezinto eziphilayo ukuthola abathengi ababelana ngamavelu akhe ukuze baqinisekise ukuthengisa.
Futhi kuthiwani ngokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe?
Abathengi abakhulu bemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni yi-USA, amazwe e-EU kanye neChina, ngenxa yobukhulu besibalo sabantu kanye nobukhulu bemakethe yabathengi. E-Russia, imakethe enkulu yokuthekelisa bekulokhu kuyi-European Union. Sathumela izitshalo zamafutha namafutha lapho njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, futhi ngaphambi kokuthi sethule imisebenzi yokuvikela - okusanhlamvu okuphilayo. Manje imakethe ye-EU ayikavaliwe ngokusemthethweni kithi, kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi indaba yesikhathi.
I-Russia ingahlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ye-organic e-China, e-United Arab Emirates. Kodwa ukuqondiswa okuyinhloko kwabo bonke abakhiqizi bezolimo basekhaya ezimweni zamanje kuzoba emakethe yasekhaya - sinesikhulu esikhulu. Ngokuqondene nemifino, ishibhile eYurophu kunaseRussia, ngakho-ke akukaze kube khona ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Ingabe imboni inamathemba?
Phakathi nalolu bhubhane, isidingo sabathengi semikhiqizo yemvelo yemvelo sakhula, futhi ukuthengiswa kwanda kakhulu. Okuzokwenzeka manje, ngesikhathi sempi yezempi nepolitiki, kusenzima ukukucabanga. Isidingo sezinto eziphilayo mancane amathuba okuthi sigxume kulo nyaka - vele, sincike kakhulu emandleni okuthenga. Into esemqoka kuwo wonke umlimi manje ukuthi angalahlekelwa umthamo wokukhiqiza.
Esikhathini esizayo, ngicabanga ukuthi iRussia izophoqeleka ukuba ilandele indlela efanayo nawo wonke amanye amazwe ahambile: ngokushesha noma kamuva, abalimi abancane, ikakhulukazi, bazohlanganyela ekutshalweni kwemikhiqizo ephilayo. Amapulazi amancane naphakathi awasoze akwazi ukuncintisana nempahla enkulu yezolimo ngokwezindleko zokukhiqiza: anemishini ephelelwe yisikhathi kanye nembewu yembewu embi kakhulu, okusho ukuthi ukuze badayise, kuzodingeka banikeze umthengi okuthile okungeziwe. inani. Ukukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphilayo kunikeza leli nani elengeziwe.
Isimo esesithuthukile manje sizoguqula umbono wombuso nomphakathi mayelana nendlela ezolimo okufanele zibe ngayo ezweni lakithi. I-Agroholdings, yebo, inkulu, isivele ikhona futhi izoqhubeka nokuba khona. Kodwa emakethe yasekhaya, intuthuko eyengeziwe ingeyamapulazi amancane naphakathi nendawo.
Yini abalimi abayidingayo ukuze benze izinto eziphilayo?
Isinyathelo sokuqala siwukubheka imakethe. Udinga ukuqala ngokuphendula imibuzo: “Ngingakwazi ukuthengisa? Kuya kubani? Malini? I-Union yethu izosiza futhi iphakamise ukuthi ungayitshala kanjani imikhiqizo ye-organic usebenzisa amalungiselelo ebhayoloji. Ngabe udinga ukuhlaziya ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bezolimo obusebenzisayo bukuvumela ukuthi ushintshele ku-organic? Ingabe ikhona imishini eyanele, ingabe zikhona izinkundla ezifanele?
Kusukela ngo-2020, besisebenzisa iphrojekthi ye-Organic Agriculture - New Opportunities project kanye nokuqeqesha abalimi mahhala ngesisekelo samabhizinisi ezolimo aqinisekisiwe, sisebenzisa isibonelelo esivela kuMongameli weRussian Federation ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphakathi.
Inqubo yesitifiketi ngokuhambisana ne-GOST 33980-2016 ingaqedwa ezinkampanini zesitifiketi ezigunyaziwe - kukhona ezingaba ngu-12 zazo eRussia. Kwezinye izifunda, umbuso unxephezela ingxenye yezindleko zenqubo yamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo. Abakhiqizi abaqinisekisiwe bathola ilungelo lokubeka ilebula yomkhiqizo we-organic futhi bafakwe kurejista yoMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia Federation. Uphawu olulodwa lombuso - "iqabunga eliluhlaza" - libekwe ephaketheni kanye nekhodi ye-qr, umthengi angaya ngayo kuwebhusayithi yoMnyango Wezolimo kanye nekhasi lomkhiqizi.
Uma ufuna ukuthuthukisa le ndawo, kodwa ungahlelile ukuthola isitifiketi, xhumana neNyunyana noma kunjalo. Kunezimo lapho iziteshi zokuthengisa zenkampani sezivele zakhiwe, futhi asikho isidingo esithile sokuhamba ngenqubo yokuqinisekisa eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ebizayo, njengoba abathengi sebeyethemba kakade. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamalungu ethu zingabalimi abakhiqiza imikhiqizo engokwemvelo.
Yiziphi izinzuzo abalimi abazozithola ngokutshala umkhiqizo wemvelo? Intengo yokuthengisa elungile kanye nokwethembeka okukhulu kwamakhasimende. Abantu bazokwazi ukuthi ukhiqiza imikhiqizo yemvelo nenempilo kakhulu. Ukwesaba okuphakade komthengi ukuthenga okuthile nge-nitrate, egcwele izibulala-zinambuzane nama-agrochemicals. Manje nalabo abangenayo imali eningi bakhetha ukuthenga ama-farmers kune-industrial cottage cheese. "Ngithanda ukudla amagremu angu-100-200, kodwa umkhiqizo wekhwalithi, kunesigamu sekhilo elingabazekayo," isikhundla somthengi wesimanje. Cishe okufanayo ngemifino. Ekukhiqizeni okuphilayo, kukhona ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo, azikho izinto eziyingozi emikhiqizweni.
Ingabe kukhona inguquko eluhlaza?
EYurophu, kule minyaka engu-15 edlule, abalimi abaningi baye baqala ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo yemvelo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amakhemikhali. Ngicabanga ukuthi izoba seRussia. Eqinisweni, sesivele sisesimweni "senguquko eluhlaza". Abakhiqizi abaningi, empeleni, basebenzisa izinhlelo zokuvikela ezididiyelwe - amakhemikhali, ahlanganiswe nezinto eziphilayo, kanye nezinambuzane zezinambuzane zilwa ngosizo lwe-entomophages. Ngicabanga ukuthi cishe i-10-15% yala mapulazi azoba yizinto eziphilayo ezihlanzekile.
Izinjongo eziyinhloko zokulima okuphilayo bekulokhu kuwukuqinisekisa ukungabikho kwezifo kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane ngempumelelo. Manje, kucatshangelwa ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokuvikela eziphilayo, esizibonile eminyakeni engu-5-7 edlule, kungenzeka ukubhekana nazo (lapho kukhula izitshalo eziningi).
Ake ngigcizelele futhi: emhlabeni wonke, kwakuyimifino nezithelo kusukela ekuqaleni okwakuthatha ingxenye enkulu yenani eliphelele lemikhiqizo ye-organic ekhiqizwayo. E-Russia, ngokuphambene nalokho, isimo siphambene - umthamo omkhulu uwela ekukhiqizeni izitshalo zasensimini. Kuyoba kuhle uma labo abangakaze bahlanganyele kwezolimo, labo abangakaqali izinqubo, bezama ukuqala yonke into kusukela ekuqaleni futhi baqale ukutshala imifino. Uma uqhuba ezolimo ngendlela efanele, ngokuzibophezela nangokucophelela, ngeke uhlale usesimweni esibomvu.
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