Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yesitashi neyesitashi kungenye yezindawo zomkhakha wokulungisa izinto, okuhlale kuthakazelisa kakhulu izilaleli zemagazini yethu.
Imakethe yesitashi yamazambane izothuthuka kanjani? Ngabe kuzoba namaphrojekthi amasha? Yiziphi izinguquko ongazilindela embonini ngemuva kwalesi sifo? Le mibuzo ithinta abafundi abaningi. Ukuze uthole izimpendulo, saphendukela ku-Oleg Radin, uMongameli Inhlangano yabakhiqizi baseRussia yesitashi kanye nesiraphu imboni Roskrakhmalpatoka.
Isitashi samazambane: ukufunwa nokukhiqizwa ezingeni elizinza
Ukukhiqiza. Amabhizinisi ambalwa kuphela namuhla akhiqiza isitashi sendawo yamazambane eRussia: I-Poretsky Starch OJSC (Republic of Chuvashia), Chuvashenkrakhmal LLC (Chuvashia Republic), Mglinsky Starch Plant LLC (Bryansk Region), Pleshcheevsky Starch Plant (Oryol Region), Syrya isitashi sesitashi (isifunda saseNizhny Novgorod), i-SEC "Luck" (isifunda sePenza).
Amanani akhiqizwayo ngonyaka ka-2019, ngokusho kweNhlangano, afinyelela kumathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-11,8, aphakeme kakhulu kunangaphambili (amathani ayinkulungwane eziyi-8,0 ngonyaka we-2018, amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-7,2 ngonyaka we-2017) .
Noma kunjalo, leli nani alanele ngokwanele emakethe yasekhaya: ngokusho kokulinganisa okuhlukahlukene, izidingo zamabhizinisi aseRussia zimbozwa kuphela ngama-30-50%.
Ngenisa. Ingxenye ebalulekile yesitashi samazambane ithengwa phesheya. Khumbula ukuthi isitashi samazambane ngesiko kuthatha isabelo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokungenisa ngaphakathi, uma siqhathaniswa nommbila nokolweni. Ngokuyisisekelo, uza e-Russia evela eDenmark, eRepublic of Belarus, Germany, France nasePoland.
Ngo-2019, iRussia yangenisa amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-14,3 wesitashi samazambane asendalini ngenani lamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-12,3 (lokhu kungama-38,0% noma amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-5,4 ngaphansi kuka-2018, no-27,8% noma Amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3,9 ngaphansi kwesikhathi esifanayo sika-2017). Ukwehla kwesabelo sokungeniswa kungahle kubange, ngokwesibonelo, ekushintsheni ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo yabathengi nasekuguqukelweni kokudla okulungiselelwe okuqala.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, asirekhodi izinguquko ezinkulu ezenziwa ngale ndlela. Kwikota yokuqala ka-2020, amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zesitashi sendawo amazambane angeniswa eRussia.
Ngokucabangayo, umthamo wesitashi amazambane eza ezweni lethu evela phesheya awumkhulu kangako: ibhizinisi elilodwa lesimanje elikhulu (elinomthamo wokucubungula wamathani ayi-1000 / ngosuku) lizokwazi ukulibuyisela ngaphezulu kwe-70%. Kepha okwamanje, Inhlangano ayinalo ulwazi ngezinhlelo zokwenza iphrojekthi enjalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazambane ezinhlobonhlobo zobuchwepheshe (onokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesitashi) akhulelwanga ezweni, kuyilapho isixazululo senkinga kufanele sibe sibanzi futhi siqale ngokutshala izinto ezingavuthiwe zekhwalithi efanelekile.
Thumela. Ngo-2019, iRussia yathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3,9 wezihlahla zamazambane asendulo ngemali eyizigidi ezingama-2,6. Amazwe abemukelwa ngokuyinhloko: I-Republic of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Tajikistan.
Ngokuvamile, inani lemakethe ngo-2019 lalingamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-22,2, noma ama-53% esidingo esiphelele. Ngo-2018 - amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-28,9 noma ama-31%, ngonyaka we-2017, ngokulandelana, amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-27,6 noma ama-30%.
Kungaphawulwa ukuthi ukufunwa kwesitashi samazambane kuhlale kufinyelela ezingeni elifanayo eminyakeni edlule. Isizathu sokuntengantenga bubuthakathaka obujwayelekile bezomnotho nokungabikho kokukhula komkhiqizo wokudla okuphikisana nalesi sizinda. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ingxenye ebalulekile yemakethe yesitashi yamazambane ingabakhiqizi abancane - osomabhizinisi abazimele (ikakhulukazi ingxenye ye-confectionery ne-bakery), evela ngokushesha futhi inyamalale ngokushesha.
Amathemba emakethe yomhlaba wonke. Emakethe yezwe lonke, isabelo samatshe amazambane endabuko singama-5% kuphela. Kutholakala iTapioca (24%) nommbila (41%). Isitashi samazambane siwumkhiqizo we-niche isabelo sawo okucatshangwa ukuthi sikhule ngo-2022% ngo-2,6. Ngasikhathi sinye, lesi simo esijwayelekile ngeke sishintshe, ngoba, ngokusho kochwepheshe, isabelo sesitashi sikakolweni kufanele sikhuphuke ngo-1,9%, tapioca - ngo-3,4%, nommbila - ngo-3,8%.
Izici zemakethe yemikhiqizo yesitashi eRussia
Eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule ezweni lethu kube nokwanda okuqhumayo ekukhiqizweni kwesitashi sendabuko (kuhambisana nokwehla kokungeniswa). Izici ezibalulekile ezavuselela le nqubo zibandakanya ukufunwa okuphezulu okuvela embonini yamaphepha kanye nasekwabelweni kwamabhodi.
Isidingo esandayo sabafuna ukubamba iqhaza esikhathini esiyiminyaka emihlanu sivumele imboni ukuthi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwayo kwezezimali. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwenyukele ku-76%.
Ngokuphikisana nalesi sizinda, amaphrojekthi amasha aqale ukuthuthuka, ukwethulwa kwawo, ngokuhambisana nezazi, ngokuhambisana nokuphelelwa kwesidingo okulindelekile, ekugcineni kuzoholela ekunciphiseni kwezinkomba zemithwalo kuya ku-70%.
Njengesibonelo seprojekthi enjalo, esetshenziswe "kusuka ekuqaleni", singasho inkampani ethi "NewBio" esifundeni seVolgograd. Leli bhizinisi lokucubungula okujulile kokusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu okunomthamo wamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-140 / ngonyaka kufanele liqale ukusebenza kungekudala. Imikhiqizo efana ne-corn germ, feed ye-gluten, i-corn gluten, i-maltodextrin, isitashi sommbila kumenyezelwe ukuthi idedelwe.
Ngakho-ke, ukuthunyelwa kwale phrojekthi ngeke kufake isandla ekwandeni kokukhiqizwa kwesitashi sendabuko kuphela, kodwa futhi nakukwanda okukhulu kwesabelo se-maltodextrin: ukuthunyelwa kwalo mkhiqizo kuzokwanda ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20- 40 ngonyaka. Futhi lokhu ngaphandle kokuthi ngonyaka ka-2019, ukulethwa kwe-maltodextrin phesheya sekuvele kukhuphuke kakhulu ngenxa yomthamo ophelele weGulkevichsky Starch Plant LLC.
Ebonisa imakethe yaseRussia yemikhiqizo yesitashi ne-isiraphu, umuntu ngeke aqaphele ukuqina okuqinile (eminyakeni emihlanu edlule) ukwehla kwesidingo sezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-molasss nama-syrups okubangelwa ukukhiqizwa ngokweqile kanye nezindleko eziphansi zoshukela eRussia. Imboni izama ukugcina ukukhiqizwa ngokufaka okufakwa esikhundleni nokungenisa okuthekelisa ngaphandle.
Ama-symps we-Fructose anikeze esinye isigaba ekwehlekeni kwenzalo yalolu hlobo lomkhiqizo ngo-2019. Qaphela ukuthi kuze kube ngu-2018, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwamabhizinisi ukuze kukhiqizwe lolu hlobo lomkhiqizo kucishe kungaguquki futhi kuma kuma-80%. Kodwa-ke, ngonyaka we-2019, maqondana nekwethulwa kwesitshalo esisha esiFundeni seKaluga, amandla okuqamba akhuphuka, akhulisa inani lemikhiqizo emakethe futhi athinta amanani. Ngenxa yalokhu, inani lokukhiqiza eliphelele lehlile phakathi nonyaka (lime ngezinga lamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-153,7). Kulindeleke ukuthi lesi simo sezinto siqhubeke okungenani esinye isikhathi esiyiminyaka emibili.
Amagama ambalwa kumele ashiwo ngemakethe yemikhiqizo ekhethekile (i-starches eguquliwe, i-maltodextrin, i-dextrose, i-sorbitol, i-crystalline fructose, i-pectin). Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwavela amakhono amasha okukhiqiza lezi zinhlobo zemikhiqizo ezweni lethu. Futhi namhlanje singaphetha ngokuthi amanani okukhiqiza afinyelela ngokuphelele izidingo zabathengi baseRussia (isidingo sonyaka semikhiqizo yonke ekhethekile asidluli amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-220 ngokukhula okulinganiselwe).
Ngakho-ke, ukukhiqizwa kwesitashi esishintshiwe, ngokusobala, sekufinyelele esiphezulu okwamanje, kufinyelela kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-50. Kuyiqiniso, ukuveza umbono onjalo, kuyadingeka ukugcizelela ukuthi izinkanyezi eziguquliwe zokudla ziyingxenye esezingeni eliphezulu. Ziyahlukahluka zombili ezindleleni zokukhiqiza nasekusebenziseni ukuphela, kanye nohlobo lwento eluhlaza okwenziwe ngayo. Kepha ngokuvamile, lokhu okusha futhi kunhlobo lomkhiqizo oluningi olungaziwa. Ngokusekwe kulokhu, kufanele sivume ukuthi akukhona ukuthi kungasebenza kahle ngokomnotho ukusebenzisa amaphrojekthi asetshenziswa ngokugcwele ngezinhlobo ezithile zezitashi ezilungisiwe ngenxa yesidingo esinqunyelwe. Ukuthumela lemikhiqizo nakho kunzima, njengoba izimakethe zakwamanye amazwe zihlala nabakhiqizi bendabuko.
Amaphrojekthi anjalo kubudisi ukuliqakathekisa, anezikhathi zokukhokha ngokunganqamuki, okunciphisa inzuzo nokuheha ukutshala imali embonini.
Imiphumela yesifo
Isimo esidalwe yilolu bhubhane ngokuqinisekile sizoba nomthelela esimeni somkhakha wezitashi nowesiraphu ezweni.
Amabhizinisi wokucubungula okusanhlamvu asevele ahlangabezana nobunzima obuthile, ngoba lolu hlobo lwezinto ezingavuthiwe (ikakhulukazi ukolweni) lukhula ngokuqinile ngentengo, yize kunezinyathelo ezithathwe nguhulumeni.
Izinkinga ngokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo eseqediwe kuzodingeka zixazululwe yilezozitshalo ezihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo yazo ngezidingo zomkhakha we-HoReCa.
Ukuphazamiseka ekunikezelweni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe maqondana nokuvalwa kwemingcele yezifunda kuyaphawulwa ngabakhiqizi abangenazo izindawo zabo zokugcina futhi abathenga izinto ezingavuthiwe ngenani elincane ngama-oda athile.
Ngokuvamile, uma sikhuluma ngobuntofontofo bango-2020, ngokusho kwezinkampani ezifakiwe enhlanganweni, ikota yokuqala ikhombise imiphumela ebingakaze ibonwe: ukufunwa kwemikhiqizo yesitashi isikhathi esithile kudlula ukulethwa, kepha isimo sashintsha ngokushesha. Ukuvalwa kancane kwesikhashana komkhiqizo kwaholela ezinkingeni kumabhizinisi wamakhasimende, abakhiqizi bemikhiqizo yesitashi baqala ukukhononda ngokukhokha okubambezelekile.
Kungashiwo ukuthi esimweni samanje, esikhathini esifushane, labo abahlinzeki abazokwazi ukuhlinzeka amakhasimende ngenkokhelo ebekiwe. Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, silindele ukwehla kokusetshenziswa, kepha njengephesenti, kusenzima ukubala.
Isimo somhlaba
Ochwepheshe bezitashi bamazwe omhlaba kanye ne-HFS basikisela ukuthi lo bhubhane we-coronavirus uzoba nomthelela ongapheli futhi obalulekile embonini yokudla emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa imiphumela yamakhona ahlukene omhlaba ayohluka.
Amazwe e-EU. Emazweni anjengeFrance, iJalimane neSwitzerland, lapho indawo yokulima yokudla kwezolimo iyingxenye ebalulekile yomnotho, leyo nkinga ngeke iholele ezinguquko ezinkulu. Lawa mazwe awancikile kokungeniswa kwemikhiqizo eminingi yezolimo, ngokulandelana, azikho izinkinga ngokudla. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwaba lula ukuthi ohulumeni base-Yurobhu bakhombise izakhamizi ukuthi ziguqukele emsebenzini okude, okusize ekunciphiseni ukusakazeka kwaleli gciwane.
Amazwe ase-Asia. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinkumbi zamazwe anjengeSingapore (lapho izimpahla zolimo ezivela phesheya zitholakala khona) zazikhathazeke kakhulu ngosongo olungahle lube khona ngendlala. Ngicabanga ukuthi ngemuva kwenhlupheko yamanje, zonke izifundazwe zizolwela inkululeko yezolimo nokudla. Okokuqala, kukhuphula ukwaneliseka kwezolimo kwamazwe ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka kokuhlinzekwa kwempahla, futhi okwesibili, kukhulisa amathuba okuthumela kwamanye amazwe ngezikhathi zokushiswa kwemakethe yasekhaya.
Esifundeni sase-ASEAN, amazwe anomkhakha omncane wokudla wezolimo (njengePhilippines, iLaos, neCambodia) angakhuphula umkhiqizo wezitshalo futhi azame ukunqoba ingxenye yemakethe eseVietnam, Thailand nase Indonesia. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuzoholela ekwandeni kwezinto zasendaweni ze-tapioca nesitashi. Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi iVietnam, iThailand ne-Indonesia nabo bazibandakanye ekwandiseni izimakethe zokuthengisa. Lawa mazwe njengamanje athengisa ingxenye yesitofu sawo somdabu eChina, lapho umkhiqizo uguqulwa ukuze kufakwe izicelo ezikhethekile. Mhlawumbe leli nani elingeziwe lizosetshenziselwa ukudala izikhungo ezintsha esifundeni se-ASEAN. Umphumela ungaba ukwehla kokuhehiswa kwemikhiqizo yesitashi ebizayo nemikhiqizo yesitashi evela kubakhiqizi baseYurophu ukuze bathunyelwe emazweni angamalungu e-ASEAN.
E-USA. Izwe laseMelika ngesikhathi senhlupheko ejwayelekile likhombisa ukusebenza okulula kokwenza umsebenzi wokuhlinzekela, okukhombisa izinga eliphezulu lokuthuthuka komkhakha wezolimo. Ngakho-ke, eCalifornia ngoMashi lokhu kuqukethe inani elinyukayo lokuthengisa kwemikhiqizo yokudla. Njengakwezinye izindawo, ukukhula kwesibalo kwakuhlotshaniswa nesifiso sabathengi sokwenza amasheya isikhathi sokuhlukaniswa. Kepha ezitolo zaseMelika kwakungekho ukushoda kwezimpahla - ngokungafani ne-European, futhi ikakhulukazi kusuka e-Asia. Abanye abakhiqizi basebenze ubusuku nemini ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabathengi ezikhulayo.
Umhlaba ngemuva kwe-coronavirus. Amathrendi ezimakethe
Ngicabanga ukuthi abantu abaningi badonsela ukunakekela eqinisweni lokuthi ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwabantu abantu bachitha isikhathi esithe xaxa belungiselela ukudla ekhaya. Kunengqondo ukuthi kusukela maphakathi no-Mashi ukuthengiswa kobisi, ufulawa, amaqanda nemikhiqizo yokubhaka eseqediwe eYurophu naseMelika kukhule kakhulu. Kungenzeka ukuthi ngemuva kokwenqatshwa kombuso wokwehlukaniswa, inzalo yabantu yokupheka ekhaya (kufaka phakathi imikhiqizo eseqedile) izoqhubeka.
Abakhiqizi bama-starches aguquliwe nemikhiqizo yesitashi bazodinga ukuthi bacabangele lo mkhuba futhi babuyekeze ukwakheka kwabo komkhiqizo ukunikela ngemikhiqizo esekuphele ngemisebenzi emisha.
Futhi, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke kokudla okuqandwe nemikhiqizo enempilo ende eshalofini kuyakhula. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi banesisusa sokukhulisa umugqa womkhiqizo, abazodinga kuwo ukubanjiswa okuphezulu ngokusebenza okuphezulu, kufaka phakathi isitashi samazambane.
Omunye umkhuba uhlobene nezinzuzo zokudla okunempilo. Ngemuva kwenhlekelele e-USA, eYurophu nase-Asia, kulindeleke ukuthi kwandiswe ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo "enempilo", ikakhulukazi leyo efaka isandla ekuqiniseni ukungatheleleki komzimba. Isifiso sizobonakala ikakhulukazi e-USA, ngoba izinsizakalo zezokwelapha kuleli zibiza kakhulu, futhi ikhefu lokugula alivame ukunxeshezelwa ngumbuso noma umqashi.
Futhi amanye amagama ambalwa mayelana namaketanga wokuhambisa. Ngesikhathi sobhubhane lwe-coronavirus, abanye abenzi bokudla neziphuzo babhekene nokuntuleka kwezithako. Ukuvikela isimo esifanayo ngokuzayo, kungenzeka baphambukise izinsiza ngokwandisa uhlu lwabaphakeli. Okunye okungenzeka kusesimweni sokuntuleka kwezinto ezingavuthiwe kungaba ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho eguquguqukayo yokulebula izithako esikhundleni sazo. Lokhu kuzovumela amabhizinisi ukuthi ashintshe ngokushesha phakathi kwemithombo yezithako zesitashi nezinto eziphuma kuzo. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi abahlinzeki bemikhiqizo yesitashi nemikhiqizo yesitashi bakhulise ubukhona babo bendawo ezifundeni zomhlaba, futhi bakhulise inani lezinto zokusetshenziswa ukuze bahlinzeke ngabakhiqizi bokudla nabaphuzayo ngeqoqo lokuphakela elihlukile. Eqinisweni, inhlupheko yamanje yeCovid-19 izoshintsha iqoqo lokuhlinzekwa kwemikhiqizo nezithako zomhlaba wonke, kodwa kunzima ukuqagela ukuthi wonke umuntu uzosebenzisana kanjani endaweni entsha.
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