B.V. Anisimov, S.N. UZebrin, Federal State Budget Science Science Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Potato oqanjwe ngo-A.G. ULorha "
Ukuzilolonga kwamazwe omhlaba ohlelweni lokukhiqiza, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwamazambane embewu kugxile ekuthuthukisweni nasekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kohlaka lokulawula olususelwa kulwazi lwakwamanye amazwe oluqoqiwe kulo mkhakha.
Ukuvuselelwa njalo kwamalungiselelo afanele kanye nezinkomba ezijwayelekile zekhwalithi yokuthengisa yamazambane imbewu kuvumela ukubonakaliswa okufika ngesikhathi nokufanele kwezinguquko ezidingekayo kuzo ezihlobene nokukhiqizwa nokumakethwa kwamazambane embewu, ukwethulwa kwezindlela ezintsha zokuqinisekisa, futhi ikakhulukazi ngokuvela kwezinambuzane kanye nesimo esishintshashintshayo sobuzwe maqondana nesimo sendawo nese izinqubo zomhlaba wonke zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokwesisekelo sedatha yesimanjemanje ejwayelekile, ushintsho ekuhlukahlukeni kwezinto eziphilayo kwamagciwane amaningi nezinambuzane eziyingozi zamazambane ezenzeka eminyakeni yamuva zibaluleke kakhulu, okuwukuthi:
• Kuvela izinhlobo ezintsha zamagciwane, zidala izinhlobo ezinzima zomonakalo ezitshalweni kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Phakathi kwazo, i-PVY (ntn), ebangela ukubonwa kwamacici we-necrotic of tubers amazambane (Potato Tuber Necrotic Ringspot (PTNR)), kuyingozi kakhulu;
• Izinkinga ngama-bacterioses ziyanda ngenxa yokuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha zama-pathogen amainyawo amnyama (i-Pectobacterium / dickeya spp.) Kanye nokusakazwa okwengeziwe kwe-ring rot (Clavibacter michiganensis) nokubola kwamagciwane okubola (Ralstonia Solancearum);
• izinsuku zakuqala zokuvela kokulimaza sekwephuzile ezitshalweni kanye nokwakheka kwenani labantu eliyinkimbinkimbi nelinobungozi ngokwengeziwe ngobumbano lobuhlanga lwale pathogen;
• ukusakazeka kwe-alternariosis kuyanda, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezinamathuba amaningi ngalesi sifo;
• kukhona ukusabalala okukhulu kwezinhlobo ezifudukayo zama-aphid adlulisela ukutheleleka ngegciwane kumazambane;
• kuvela ama-wireworms amaningi, ama-scoops nezinye izinambuzane, okudala umonakalo omkhulu kwikhwalithi yezentengiso yamazambane;
• kunemijikelezo yokuzalisisa ye-nematode;
• Ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado lithuthela ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ezengeziwe.
Ushintsho olubonisiwe ekuhlukahlukeni kwezinto eziphilayo kwama-pathogen nezinambuzane lubangela isidingo sokwengeza izinkomba ezifanele zokulawula kanye namazinga wokukhawulelwa kwama-phytopathogens ayingozi kakhulu nezinambuzane zamazambane.
Isici esibonakalayo seminyaka yamuva nje siwumphumela obonakalayo kumazambane wamazinga okushisa aphezulu ngenkathi yokukhula, okuvame kakhulu ukuphindaphindwa kwesomiso esifushane nangesikhathi eside ehlobo, nokwanda kwe-CO2 emkhathini. Imiphumela ebonwe ithonya lalezi zinto futhi inganciphisa kakhulu izinkomba zokwethulwa kwangaphandle kwezilimo eziyizigaxa nezinye izici ezimakethe zamazambane amazambane, ikakhulukazi:
• kunokukhuphuka kwesilinganiso se-tuber esivamile kanye nokwanda kwenani lama-tubers amakhulu angafinyeleli izidingo zezici zobukhulu bamazambane embewu;
• amathuba okunciphisa noma ngisho nokumisa izinqubo zokukhula ngesikhathi sokukhula nokubukeka okuhlobene nezinkinga zalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukukhula kwesibili" ngesimo sokukhula kwemifantu kumashubhu, ukwakheka kwama-voids enkabeni ye-tuber kanye nolunye ukonakala kuyanda;
• Ukuthuthukiswa kokubola kwe-tuber ngesikhathi sokulondolozwa kuyaqina ngenxa yokuncipha kobusika.
Ekusetshenzisweni kwamanje kwamazwe omhlaba, ithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu ekuxazululeni inkinga yokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yezentengiso yamazambane yembewu ngukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kohlaka lokulawula olususelwa ekwethulweni kwezindinganiso zezindinganiso ezisuselwa kwesayensi ezinaka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, eziguqula izimo zezulu.
Kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2018, izinga eliphakathi nendawo elijwayelekile le-GOST 33996-2016 "amazambane wembewu. Izimo zobuchwepheshe nezindlela zokunquma ikhwalithi. " Abasebenzi kanye nochwepheshe beFederal State Budget Science Science Institution VNIIKKH, Union of Potato and Vegetable Market Participants (Potato Union) kanye neFederal State Institution uRosselkhoztsentr bahlanganyele ekuthuthukisweni kwayo.
Inhloso enkulu yokuthuthukiswa kanye nokwethulwa kwezinga elisha ukwengeza izinkomba ezijwayelekile zekhwalithi yezentengiselwano yezigaba ezahlukahlukene zembewu yamazambane ngokuya kokuhlangana kwazo nezinkambiso zomhlaba jikelele ezamukelwe, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwazo nezinhlinzeko eziyinhloko nemithetho esebenza emkhakheni wezohwebo lwamazwe omhlaba kumazambane wembewu aqinisekisiwe. Kuze kube manje, lapho kuthuthukiswa leli zinga elisha, kubhekelwe konke ukuhlinzekwa okuyinhloko nezimfuneko zokulawula zezinga lamazwe omhlaba le-UNECE eliphathelene nokumaketha nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi yezentengiso yamazambane embewu.
Ukwakheka kwaleveli kuyafana nezinhlinzeko eziyinhloko zohlelo lokumelana olujwayelekile oluthathwe eRussia futhi kufaka phakathi izigaba eziphambili:
- indawo yesicelo;
- Izinkomba ezijwayelekile;
- imigomo yencazelo nesifinyezo;
- ngezigaba;
- izidingo zobuchwepheshe;
- imithetho yokwamukela kanye nesampula;
- izindlela zokunquma ikhwalithi;
- ukupakisha;
- ukumaka;
- ukuthuthwa nokugcinwa;
- izidingo zokuphepha.
izifo ezitshalweni nezilimo eziyizigaxa *
Izinhlinzeko eziqukethwe kukhava evamile cishe zonke izici eziyisisekelo zokulawulwa kwekhwalithi nesitifiketi samazambane wembewu:
• ubuqiniso nobumsulwa bezinhlobonhlobo;
• ukulandelelwa kwemvelaphi yezabelo zembewu;
• Izinga lekhwalithi lezigaba ezahlukahlukene zempahla yembewu maqondana nezifo, izinambuzane, ukonakala;
• Tolerances maqondana nezici zobukhulu kanye nokuvela kwezilimo eziyizigaxa;
• Imithetho yokupakisha, yokubopha uphawu nokufaka ilebula.
Izinga elisha lisungula izinkomba ezihlukanisiwe zekhwalithi yezentengiso yezigaba ezintathu zembewu yamazambane - eyokuqala (i-OC), i-elite (ES) ne-reproductive (PC), ebheka izinga lokwehla kwezinkomba ezithile zekhwalithi ngokwanda kwenani lezizukulwane enqubeni yokukhiqizwa kwamazambane embewu. Ukubekezelelana okuphezulu kwezinkomba zekhwalithi ezibaluleke kakhulu kuseduze ngangokunokwenzeka nezimfuneko zokulawula ezivunyelwene jikelele zomhlaba jikelele zezinga le-UNECE lamazwe omhlaba (Ithebula 1).
Ngokuthola amabhathi wamazambane wembewu ahloselwe ukutshala nokungena kwezentengiselwano, okujwayelekile futhi kuhlinzeka ngemikhawulo ethile ebukhali yokuba khona kwezilimo eziyizigaxa:
• ukungahlangabezani nezidingo zosayizi - 3%;
• kuthintwe yi-stem nematode - 0,5% (kuphela kusigaba RS);
• ngokuqhamuka kwezindlala kanye nokuba mnyama kwepulp (uma kungaphezu kwe-1/4 yengxenye yesikhathi eside se-tuber ithintekile) - 5%;
• ngokukhubazeka kwangaphandle kanye nomonakalo ngendlela yokuqhekeka, ukusikeka, izinyembezi, ukugoba kwezicubu zezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinokujula okungaphezulu kuka-5 mm nobude obungaphezulu kuka-10 mm - 5%;
• ngomonakalo wezinambuzane zezolimo (i-wireworm - okungaphezulu kokuhamba okuthathu, amagundane, amabhungane kanye nama-scoops), kepha ngaphandle kokulimala kwamehlo - 2%.
Kumazambane embewu, ukuba khona kwamagciwane wezifo ezithathelwanayo nezinambuzane zokubaluleka kokuhlukaniswa (umdlavuza wamazambane, ukubola kwama-bacterium ansundu, i-cyst-format potato nematode, inundu lamazambane) akuvunyelwe.
Indinganiso isungula amazinga ahlukanisayo okulawulwa kwamagciwane we-phytopathogenic asuselwa ekuhlolweni kweLaboramu amasampula wamaqabunga kanye ne-tuber, ngokuya ngezinga lokusatshalaliswa kwempahla yangempela yembewu, kufaka phakathi i-vitro yomthombo impahla, ama-minicubers, isizukulwane sokuqala sensimu yamamicubers kanye ne-super-super elite.
Kuwo wonke amakilasi (izizukulwane) ezisesigabeni sezinto zembewu yoqobo, ukubekezelelwa okuqinile kokuqondisa kwamagciwane kubangela izinhlobo ezinzima zamachashazi agqamile (i-YBK), ukusontwa kwamaqabunga amazambane (VLK) kanye ne-tuber spindle viroid (VVKK). Ukuba khona kwe-YBK ne-VBLK kokuqukethwe komthombo we-in vitro kanye nama-minitubers akuvunyelwe.
Esizukulwaneni sokuqala senkambu yama-minitubers, isilinganiso esivunyelwe kakhulu akumele seqe u-0,5%, kuma-super-super-elite - 1%. Ku-VVKK, kusungulwe ukubekezelelana okunguziro kuzo zonke izizukulwane.
Ngokuthola kwama-superelite, ama-elite, namazambane okuzala okuzala, ukusakazwa okujwayelekile kokujwayelekile kokukhawulela ukutheleleka ngegciwane kanye / noma amagciwane ngokusho kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwelebhu amasampula we-tuber kungabekwa kwizivumelwano (izinkontileka) zokuhlinzekwa kwamazambane embewu. Kodwa-ke, kuma-superelite nabaphathi abaphezulu, izinga eliphakeme lokuvinjelwa kwe-YBK ngokwemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwelebhu akufanele lidlule i-10%. Ngaphansi kweleveli entsha, kuzanywa amasampula wokuhlolwa kweLabhoratri kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuxilonga i-PCR, i-enunisorbent assay (ELISA) nokuhlaziywa kwe-immunochromatographic (IHA) (Ithebula 2).
Ukuhlolisiswa kwe-PCR kusetshenziselwa ukuthola inani lamagciwane e-potato spindle tuber (VVKK), YBK kanye ne-VLRV, kanye nama-bacteriosis we-bacteriosis (umlenze omnyama nokubola kwendandatho) entweni yokuqala ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa kwayo nasezigabeni ezilandelayo zokuzala. Ukucaciswa kokuhlaziywa kungaphezu kwama-99%, umkhawulo wokutholwa (ubuncane bokutholwa okubonakalayo) kungamayunithi ayi-10 e-pathogen / cm3.
I-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) exhunywe nge-enzyme isetshenziselwa ukuthola ukutheleleka kwezitshalo nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinegciwane (PVK, SBK, MBK, YBK, VSLK) kanye nokutheleleka ngamagciwane (umlenze omnyama) ngokuhlolwa kwelabhoratri kwamasampuli ama-tuber asemuva kokuvuna athathwe emaqoqweni esizukulwane sokuqala senkambu, i-super-super-elite, superelite kanye ne-elite ... Umkhawulo wokuthola (ubuncane bokugxila okutholakalayo) kwamagciwane ngu-10 ng / cm3, wamagciwane - amaseli ayi-104 / cm3.
Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambi kokuvunwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ukuze kutholakale ukutheleleka ngegciwane kwenziwa ngesikhathi sekwindla-ebusika ezitshalweni ezikhule kusuka ku-indices (a peephole nge izicubu eziseduze). Ukuhlolwa kwamazambane ngamagciwane kuyenziwa ezingxenyeni ezisikiwe kusuka phezulu kwengxenye yeshubhu.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Immunochromatographic (IHA) kusetshenziselwa ukutholwa okusheshayo kwe-phytopathogen ezitshalweni zamazambane kusetshenziswa imichilo yokuhlola ezimweni ezingekho elabhorethri.
Izindlela zokunquma ikhwalithi kanye nemithetho yokwamukelwa kokutshala kanye namazambane amaningi wembewu asungulwe yileso silinganiso kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kwensimu kokutshala, ukucubungula amashubhu enqwaba yembewu, ukuhlolwa kwamasampula amasampula we-tuber wangemva kokuvunwa nokulawulwa kwenhlabathi kwamasampula ahlukahlukene ezinhlobo zezigaba zembewu yokuqala eza ekujikelezweni kwezentengiso.
Okujwayelekile kwakha izidingo eziyisisekelo zokupakishwa, ukubhala, ukuthutha kanye nokugcina amazambane embewu, futhi kuhlinzeka nangezindlela ezijobelelo zezinsizakusebenza nezincwadi ezisemthethweni zokucubungula imiphumela yokunquma ikhwalithi yokutshala kanye nekhwalithi yokuthengisa yamazambane amaningi embewu, ichaza izifo eziyingozi kakhulu nezifo ezilimele ukubekezelelwa kweleveli.
Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, izinhlinzeko eziyinhloko zeleveli maqondana nokubekezelelwa kokulawula nezindlela zokuthola ikhwalithi yezigaba zamazambane okuqala naphakeme asezingeni asezingeni lamukelwa emazweni we-EU. Isibonelo, ukubekezelelwa okulawulwayo kweleveli entsha ye-RF yokuqothuka kwebhubu kuqhathaniswa kakhulu nezidingo zamazinga kazwelonke amazwe e-EU kanye ne-UNECE standard International (Ithebula 3).
Ngasikhathi sinye, umehluko obalulekile uhlala unendinganiso yamazwe e-UNECE ephathelene nezinkomba ezingekho emthethweni eziqinile zokulawulwa kwelebhu yezitshalo nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezitheleleke ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane, ikakhulukazi maqondana nezigaba zamazambane ezikhethekile nezokuzala (eziqinisekisiwe). Ukwethulwa kokubekezelela okunamandla esikhathini esizayo kungenzeka kuphela uma kuthathwa izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokwakha izindawo ezikhethekile (izifunda) zokukhiqizwa kwamazambane imbewu enezimo ezihlanzeke kakhudlwana zokuqinisekisa ukutshalwa kwamazambane anempilo (angenawo ama-pathogenic pathogens) amazambane wembewu asekuqaleni nawokuphakama anomkhawulo omkhulu womthwalo wokutheleleka kanye ukunciphisa izingozi zokutheleleka okusha ngenxa yokusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwezimo zemvelo zokwenziwa kwezindawo kanye nokwenza ngcono imvelo nendawo Akukho ukwahlukaniswa nemithombo yokutheleleka okungenzeka.
Ngokuya ngemibono yesimanje mayelana nezindlela nezici zokudluliswa nokusakazeka kwamagciwane e-phytopathogenic, kanye nokufuduka kwezithwali zawo kumazambane, kunconywa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ibanga lendawo lisuka emithonjeni yokutheleleka yezimbewu zezinto eziyizigaba zokuqala zokukhiqiza - 500 m, ngezizukulwane zensimu ezizayo - 100 m (Ithebula 4 ).
Ngombono osebenzayo, ukuze wakhe indawo enhle, ikakhulukazi lapho kukhula izizukulwane zasensimu eyisisekelo, indlela efinyeleleka futhi ephumelela kunazo zonke “ukwehlukaniswa” kwezizukulwane eziyisiqalo ngokusebenzisa isivuno sokuvikela izitshalo zokusanhlamvu noma utshani ezungeze wonke umngcele wensimu (isibalo).
Kumabhizinisi agxile ekukhuleni kwembewu yamazambane, kubalulekile futhi ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo zamazambane okuqala futhi ezisezingeni eliphakeme ukuqinisekisa ukulawula okuqhubekayo ezitshalweni ezakhiweni zomhlaba ezingomakhelwane zabanye abaqashi (izakhamizi nezinhlangano), ngaphakathi kwemingcele yokuhlukaniswa kwendawo. Njengenye yezinyathelo ezingenzeka, kunconywa ukuthi kufakwe esikhundleni esinezigaba zemikhiqizo yesikhathi eside kulezi zindawo zomhlaba ngokunikeza abanikazi balezi zindawo imbewu yezimbatata zembewu yoqobo kanye ne-elite ekhiqizwa ezindaweni ezikhethekile zokutshala imbewu.
Ekuphetheni, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuqashelwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezidingo ezijwayelekile zokulawula nezinhlinzeko emkhakheni wokukhiqiza kanye nokungena kwamazambane embewu ezimakethe ezifuywayo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuthengiswa kwempahla yokungenisa ngaphakathi emakethe ejwayelekile yamazwe we-Yurobhu ye-Yurobhu ye-Yurobhu kufanele ngokungangabazeki inikele ekwakhiweni kwendawo entsha yokuncintisana phakathi kwabahlinzeki amazambane wembewu nabakhiqizi bemikhiqizo yokuthengisa. Ngenxa yalokhu, labo abakhiqizi abanganikela ngamazambane wembewu angcono ahlangabezana nezidingo zokulawulwa okuvunyelwene ngazo emhlabeni jikelele bazothola inzuzo ebonakalayo. Lokhu, kuzosebenza njengesikhuthazo sokwethulwa okusebenzayo kobuchwepheshe besimanje bokudala, ukutshalwa kwezimali ekwenziweni kwesimanjemanje, ukugqugquzelwa okusheshayo kwezinhlobonhlobo ezifuna kakhulu ezimakethe zasekhaya nezamazwe aphesheya, ukusetshenziswa kwezifo zokuxilonga ezisebenzayo ze-phytopathogens, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobungcweti emkhakheni wezolimo. ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nesitifiketi.