Ngosuku lokugcina lukaJanuwari, kwabanjwa ingqungquthela ye-All-Russian Agronomic eMoscow, ababambiqhaza babo ababengabamele imisebenzi yezolimo, ongqongqoshe bezifunda kanye neminyango yezolimo, izinhloko zezinhlangano zezolimo. Lo mhlangano ngokwesiko ubethinta izingqinamba ezinkulu zesizini ziphelile futhi wachaza nezinhlelo zesikhathi esizayo esiseduze.
Kafushane ngamarekhodi
UNgqongqoshe Wezolimo waseRussia Federation, u-Alexander Tkachev, ovule umhlangano, waqala inkulumo yakhe ngokufingqa imiphumela yonyaka owedlule futhi wakhumbula amarekhodi wesizini: ngonyaka we-2017, amathani okusanhlamvu ayizigidi eziyi-134 aqoqwa; Amathani ayizigidi ezi-3,6 soy; Amathani ayizigidi eziyi-1,5 zabadlwenguliwe (ama-50% ngaphezulu kuno-2016). Abakhiqizi bemifino ebamba ukushisa bathole imiphumela ebalulekile (ukukhuphuka kwama-34% eminyakeni emibili), umsebenzi omkhulu uyaqhubeka ezweni ukusungula izingadi (amahektha ayinkulungwane uyanezelelwa njalo ngonyaka).
I-Soy ne-canola
Ekhuluma ngalezi zilimo, uNgqongqoshe wezoLimo akababizanga nje ngokuthembisa kepha ngokubaluleka kweRussia. Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000, ama-soya acreage ezweni akhuphuke cishe aphindwe kasithupha - aze afinyelela kumahektha ayizigidi ezingama-2,6. Kodwa amavolumu wokukhiqiza ahlala enganele: singenisa ngaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezi-2,5 zesoya minyaka yonke.
Ngasikhathi sinye, leli siko lihlala lingelinye lamaphethelo aphakeme kakhulu. Isimo siyafana nokudlwengulwa: indawo ehlwanyelwe ingaphansi kancane kwamahektha ayisigidi, ukungeniswa kwe-rapeseed (kufaka phakathi imbewu) kungaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezingama-1 minyaka yonke, kanti ukungeniswa kukawoyela odlwenguliwe kungamathani ayizigidi eziyisishiyagalombili. Amandla wokucubungula akhona avumela ukukhuphula umkhiqizo we-rapeseed wokucubungula amahlandla amabili noma amathathu. U-Alexander Tkachev unxuse zonke izifunda ezinamathuba okutshala ubhontshisi kanye nama-rapese ukuze zinake kakhulu lezi zilimo.
Ingxoxo ngesoy yaqhubeka nguSalis Karakotov, uMqondisi Jikelele weShchelkovo Agrokhim. Enkulumweni yakhe, ugcizelele isidingo sokuhambisana nobuchwepheshe bezolimo lapho kutshalwa izilimo. Ngokusho kuka S. Karakotov, manje okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni kumasoya kabani waseRussia kuhlala ezingeni lama-28-32%, kanti emhlabeni kudingwa umkhiqizo onamaprotheni okungenani angama-40%. Usomabhizinisi uphinde wakhomba ngokusalela kwabakhiqizi besoya baseRussia ngokwesivuno. "Kuyadingeka ukufezekisa isivuno esingu-2 t / ha, khona-ke inzuzo izosondela ku-100%," kusho umqondisi jikelele weShchelkovo Agrokhim.
Ilineni nokotini
Ingxoxo engqungqutheleni ye-All-Russian Agronomic Conference nayo ibigxile ekutshalweni kwesiko lendabuko laseRussia - ifilakisi kanye nelisha - ukotini.
UPetr Chekmarev, uMqondisi woMnyango Wezokutshalwa Kwezitshalo, Ukusebenza Kwemishini, Ukwenza Amakhemikhali kanye Nokuvikelwa Kwezitshalo eMnyangweni Wezolimo waseRussia, ukhulume ngezinyathelo ezintsha zokwesekwa ezenziwayo namuhla zokuthuthukisa ukukhula kwefilakisi. Ikakhulukazi, kuhlelwe ukwethula isinxephezelo esingamaphesenti angama-20 ngokwakhiwa kwezitshalo zembewu namaphesenti angama-50 - ngokwakhiwa kwamafektri okusetshenzwa ngokuyinhloko kwefilakisi. Ngokwezibalo zoMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia Federation, ngonyaka ozayo ukukhiqizwa kwefilakisi kufanele kucishe kuphindwe kabili uma kuqhathaniswa nemiphumela yesizini ka-2017.
Kepha ukukhiqizwa kukotini eRussia kusaqala nje. Isidingo sokutshala lesi sitshalo, ngokusho kukaPetr Chekmarev, singenxa yokuthi umhlinzeki ophambili kakotini ezweni - i-Uzbekistan - usebenza ngenkuthalo ekwakhiweni kwezitshalo zokucubungula nezinhlelo zokuqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngemikhiqizo esetshenzisiwe kuphela phesheya, ngakho-ke, izimboni eziningi eRussia zingabhekana nazo ukushoda kwezinto zokusetshenziswa.
Ngo-2018, cishe amahektha ayi-1000 azokwabelwa ukotini (ezifundeni zase-Astrakhan naseVolgograd). Ngokuzayo, le ndawo izokwandiswa: ngokusho koMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia Federation, ezweni lethu kunezindawo ezanele (cishe amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-200) ezingasetshenziselwa ukotini.
Amazambane nemifino
Ngo-2018, ngokwezinhlelo zoMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia Federation, amazambane azobekwa endaweni engamahektha ayizigidi eziyi-1,27 (nezichibiyelo ezisuselwa emiphumeleni yokubalwa kwabantu kwezolimo ngo-2016), okuncane kakhulu kunonyaka odlule. UPetr Chekmarev ugcizelele ukubaluleka kokugcinwa kwalezi zinkomba, ngaphandle kwalokho izwe lingabhekana nesidingo sokwengeza ukungeniswa komkhiqizo.
Isibikezelo sendawo yokuhlwanyela izitshalo zemifino naso sizohlala ezingeni elifanayo - amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-653,9 (ngo-2017 kwakungamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-647,6).
Umanyolo wamaminerali
Ngokusho koMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia Federation, akukho ukushoda kukamanyolo wamaminerali, kanye nokwenyuka kwentengo kwabo eRussia ekuqaleni kwesizini ka-2018. Cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-393 yemikhiqizo asevele ezindlini zokugcina zabakhiqizi bezolimo.
Phakathi kwezimo ezinhle zesizini, ngokusho kuka-Igor Kaluzhsky, uSihlalo we-Russian Association of Fertilizer Producers, umuntu angakhomba ukwehla kokusetshenziswa kwe-nitrate nokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwengxube ye-urea ne-urea-ammonium, okungangabazeki ukuthi kuzothinta ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo ekhulile ibe ngcono.
Izindlela zokusekela
Kulonyaka, ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-11,34 abelwe kusuka kwisabelomali sombuso ukuxhasa abakhiqizi bezolimo (uxhaso ngokuhlinzeka ngokuxhaswa okungahambelani kubakhiqizi bezolimo emkhakheni wezokukhiqiza izilimo). Kuze kube manje, ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili. ukwesekwa okungahambisani sekuvele kudluliselwe kubalimi.
Ama-ruble angaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-13 abelwe imali mboleko emfushane (ngesilinganiso esingadluli ku-5%), okuzovumela abalimi ukuthi bahehe ama-ruble angaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-230 zezimali mboleko. Le mali, ngokwezibalo zoMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia Federation, kumele ifake 2/3 wezidingo zabakhiqizi bezolimo ngemali ebibolekiwe yomkhankaso wokuhlwanyela.
Sekukonke, imali yezimboni ihlelwe ukuthi izonakekelwa ezingeni elingelona eliphansi kunonyaka owedlule.
Imiphumela yokubalwa kwabantu kwezolimo kuka-2016
UKonstantin Laykam, iPhini leNhloko ye-Federal State Statistics Service, wabeka ngamafuphi ababambiqhaza bomhlangano ngemiphumela yokuqala yokuBalwa Kwezobulungiswa KwezoLimo ku-2016, egcizelela izibalo ezikhomba kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, waphawula ukuthi eminyakeni eyishumi kusukela ukubalwa kwezolimo ngo-2006, inani lamabhizinisi ezolimo eRussia lehle ngamaphesenti angama-40, inani lamapulazi lehlile ngo-46%.
Kuliqiniso, inani labosomabhizinisi bezolimo lenyukile (nge-19%). Ngasikhathi sinye, uK. Laikam ugcizelele ukuthi le mininingwane ngeke ibhekwe njengeyokugcina: cishe ikota yezinhlangano ezikhona ngokusemthethweni, cishe zonke amapulazi abampofu besithathu, eqinisweni abayenzi imisebenzi yabo, futhi ezifundeni ezingama-25 ezingaphezu kwesigamu sabalimi zibhalwe ephepheni kuphela.
Ukubalwa kwabantu kukhombise ukwehluka okwandayo kwabakhiqizi bezolimo: isabelo samabhizinisi amakhulu anezilimo ezingamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi senyuke izikhathi ezingama-2,5 (10% yalezi zinhlangano zibeka ama-5% endawo ehlwanyelwe yonke).
Indawo yonke yamapulazi emapulazini azo zonke izigaba iye yancipha eminyakeni eyishumi edlule ngamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-24 (14%) futhi manje iba ngamahektare ayizigidi eziyi-142, kepha indawo yamapulazi esetshenzisiwe ihlale icishe yafana naphambilini. Lokhu kwenzeke ngoba indawo yamapulazi engasetshenziswanga yehle ngo-57%.
Indawo ehlwanyelwe yonke yamapulazi inyuke ngo-6% (amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-4,5) yafinyelela kumahektha ayizigidi ezingama-79. Ukukhula kokuhlwanyela kungenxa yamapulazi abalimi kanye nosomabhizinisi ngabanye, abandisa indawo yabo ehlwanyelwe ngama-70% (amahektha ayizigidi eziyi-9). Eminye imikhakha yabakhiqizi bezolimo yehlise izitshalo zabo, kubandakanya nezinhlangano zezolimo - ngamahektha ayizigidi ezine (4%).
Ukubalwa kwabantu kubhale ukwehla okukhulu kwabasebenzi bezolimo. Ezinhlanganweni zezolimo, inani labasebenzi lehle ngaphezu kwengxenye, emapulazini - ngama-40%, nakosomabhizinisi ngabanye - ngama-20%.
Imiphumela yokuphela konyaka wezokulima ka-2016 izoshicilelwa kulo nyaka, ingatholakala kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni: www.vshp2016.ru
Isimo sezulu samanani sonyaka we-2018
Njengoba uDmitry Rylko, uMqondisi Jikelele we-Institute for Agricultural Market Study (IKAR), ephawula, efingqa imiphumela yonyaka we-2017 futhi ephawula ngokufezeka kwerekhodi ekukhuleni okusanhlamvu: "Isivuno esikhulu - izinkinga ezinkulu, isivuno esikhulu - izinkinga ezinkulu".
Yize kunjalo, enza ukucabanga ngamanani okusanhlamvu kwaseRussia ngasekupheleni kuka-2018, umhlaziyi wayenethemba elikhulu (isibikezelo se-IKAR cishe siyi- $ 200 ngethani, okungukuthi siphezulu kancane kunango-2017). D. Rylko uqaphele ukuthi kulo nyaka izwe lithole imiphumela emikhulu ekuthekelweni kwamabele okusanhlamvu, okunikeza ithemba lokwehla kwesitoko sezinhlamvu ngasekupheleni konyaka.
I-IKAR futhi ibikezela ukukhuphuka kwentengo kabhekilanga engxenyeni yesibili yonyaka we-2018 (ngonyaka we-2017, isivuno besingelikhulu, kepha okwamanje, intengo yomkhiqizo ihlala iphansi impela, ngoba kusenawo uwoyela okhiqizwayo emakethe ngonyaka owedlule).
Ngokucophelela, umhlaziyi weluleka ukuthi ahambisane nesimo emakethe kashukela. Ngokombono we-ICAR, amathemba wokuthumela lo mkhiqizo awakaqali. Kulo nyaka, ingxenye ebalulekile yoshukela waseRussia yahlinzekwa e-Uzbekistan, kepha le nkomba ayinakubizwa ngokuthi uzinzile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphandle kokufinyelela izivumelwano ezinzima ekuthengisweni kweshukela "phesheya", izwe akufanele lisheshise ukukhiqizwa kwama-beet ashukela.
Isimo esingaxinzekanga kangako siyisixakaxaka. Intengo yayo yehlela ezingeni likakolweni, okuthi, ngokusho kukaD. Rylko, kwakungekho kudala kakhulu. Umhlaziyi uzwakalise ukukhathazeka ngokuthi uma ngonyaka we-2018 isivuno se-buckwheat siphinde sikhulu futhi amanani entengo ephansi, ku-2019 abakhiqizi bezolimo bangasishiya ngokuphelele lesi sitshalo.
Amacebo namathemba
Ngokwezinhlelo zoMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia Federation, ngonyaka we-2018, yonke indawo ehlwanyelwe ezweni izoba ngamahektha ayizigidi ezingama-80, kuzobe kubekelwe amahektha ayizigidi ezingama-53 okuhlwanyelwa entwasahlobo. Kulindeleke ukuthi kwandise indawo yokulima isosi, ukudlwengula, ifilakisi, ibhali nezilimo ezitshalwayo; ukuncishiswa kwezindawo ezisebenzisa ubhekilanga (kuze kufike kumahektha ayisigidi esingu-7,5) nama-beet ashukela (afinyelela kumahektha ayizigidi eziyi-1,1). I-Russia iphinde ilinde isivuno esihle kakhulu futhi ngeke ime kumarekhodi afinyelelwe.
Ngokusho kukaNgqongqoshe Wezolimo wase Russian Federation u-Alexander Tkachev: "Sinethemba ngekusasa, inqubo yokufaka kuleli iyaqhubeka, abahlaziyi bakwa Sberbank bakholelwa ukuthi ngonyaka we-2018 i-yezolimo yezimboni yezolimo yaseRussia ingafinyelela umphumela ongatholakalanga amashumi eminyaka futhi iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde ibe ngumthengisi wokudla ezweni lonke . Imboni inezinsizakusebenza ezinkulu futhi inamandla amakhulu entuthuko. ”