Izitshalo zokucubungula amazambane kumele zakhiwe esifundeni sase-Amur. "Ama-chips, ama-flakes, isitashi, ngoba unemakethe enkulu yokuthengisa ngaphesheya komfula i-Amur - eChina," kusho uSergey Lupekhin, umlimi omkhulu wamazambane wezwe. Kanye nethimba loMnyango Wezolimo waseRussian Federation, wafunda amathuba abalimi base-Amur izinsuku ezimbalwa futhi uyaqiniseka ngamakhono alesi sifunda emkhakheni wamazambane nemifino. Umbusi uVasily Orlov waphawula: uma abalimi benesithakazelo kulesi siphakamiso, isifunda sizocabanga ngezinyathelo zokusekela zombuso. Kungani ama-french fries enziwa ngezinhlobo ezikhethekile, kungani isifunda sase-Amur sikhiqiza isitashi, futhi hlobo luni lwamazambane olulungele itafula nensimu - i-Amurskaya Pravda itholakele.
Izimpande zezitshalo ezinokubukwa kokuthekelisa
Isifunda sase-Amur besilokhu sikhuluma ngendlela yokukhuthaza abalimi ukuthi bangakhuli nje ubhontshisi wesoya kuphela, kodwa namazambane nemifino. Ukuze "ukuheha" abalimi, iziphathimandla zesifunda zinikeza ukwesekwa - isibonelo, isinxephezelo sokwakhiwa kwezindawo zokugcina zesimanje, inkokhelo eyengeziwe yehektha ngalinye elisha lamazambane nemifino. Kukhona umphumela - kulo nyaka isivuno samazambane sikhule kakhulu uma siqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule. Kodwa kukhona okungalungile kule mpumelelo - ngokunikezwa okukhulu, ngokomthetho wemakethe, izindleko zokukhiqiza ziyancipha. Umthengi ujabule, kodwa umlimi akajabule kangako. Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi amapulazi afuna ukuzuza imali, ngakho-ke avame ukunyakazisa amazambane, engayitholi imbuyiselo elindelwe.
Nokho, ukufika kwezithunywa zoMnyango Wezolimo waseRussian Federation kwaba uhlobo oluvusa amadlingozi kubalimi abaningi esifundeni. Okokuqala, ngoba, kanye nezikhulu, usihlalo we-Union of Potato and Vegetable Market Abahlanganyeli uSergey Lupekhin wakhuluma nabalimi. U-Sergey Nikolayevich uqinisekile ukuthi isifunda sase-Amur sinazo zonke izimo zokwenza ukutshala amazambane kube nenzuzo.
Yena ngokwakhe ungusomabhizinisi - indawo yakhe enkulu yezolimo ihlanganisa amabhizinisi amaningana esifundeni saseMoscow naseTula, kuhlanganise nokucubungula - isitshalo sokukhiqiza ama-chips amazambane akhe asekhulile.
- Nginamahektha ayizi-6 amazambane kanye namahektha angaphezu kuka-1 emifino ye-borscht. Sekukonke, sinamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-000 omhlaba. Ngahola inyunyana, eyasungulwa eminyakeni engu-40 edlule, ukuze kusungulwe ukuxhumana phakathi kukahulumeni namabhizinisi. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi sakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi, - kusho umlimi omkhulu wamazambane wezwe.
Imbewu itshalwa eshubhuni lokuhlola
Izinkinga eziyinhloko bonke abalimi ababhekana nazo kule ndlela ziyefana kokubili entshonalanga yezwe nasezweni lethu. Obunye bobunzima yimbewu. Esifundeni sase-Amur (kanye nayo yonke iMpumalanga Ekude), lesi futhi isihloko sezindleko eziphezulu, njengoba impahla kufanele ithuthwe isuka entshonalanga yezwe. Ngokusho kwe-Union of Potato and Vegetable Market Participants, kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-800 embewu yamazambane ezweni, inqwaba ingeyasekhaya, amathani angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-10 avela phesheya. Baletha ezweni, empeleni, amashubhu okuhlola ngezinto ezisakazwayo, futhi iba yimbewu eminyakeni engu-3-5.
Ngo-2014, ekuphenduleni unswinyo, iRussia yabeka i-mbargo ekungethweni kwezinhlobo ezithile zemikhiqizo, kuhlanganise namazambane, evela emazweni amaningi. Lokhu kukhuthaze ukukhiqiza kwabo, kusho uSergei Lupekhin, usihlalo we-Union of Potato and Vegetable Market Participants.
- Akukho okwenzeka ngokushesha, uma sikhuluma ngokwanda kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane esifundeni sase-Amur, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukudala yonke ingqalasizinda. Futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, lokhu kudalwa kwezinto zembewu, - kusho uSergey Lupekhin. “Manje izinto zokuthutha zinzima. Kudingekile ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwamazambane esizeni kusuka ku-tube yokuhlola kuya "ku-elite" kuhlelwe ukuze kudayiselwe abalimi bendawo. Ngakho, sizonciphisa izindleko zembewu, - umlimi wamazambane uchaze umbono wakhe. - Okusho ukuthi, udinga ukuqala ngephrojekthi yembewu, khona-ke udinga ukwakha ichibi labalimi abalungele ukutshala izinhlobo ezithile zamazambane, futhi konke kufanele kuphele ngokucubungula. Ibhizinisi kufanele livele esifundeni esizokhiqiza isitashi, ama-chips amazambane, okusanhlamvu. I-China iseduze - iyimakethe enkulu yokuthengisa, futhi idinga imikhiqizo yekhwalithi yaseRussia. Idinga umtshali-zimali, hhayi oyedwa. Umkhathi walokhu kuhlelwa yiminyaka engu-5-7. Futhi udinga ukuqala manje. Ukucubungula amazambane kuyisixhumanisi esibuthakathaka ezweni lethu, njengoba cishe yonke into yeza kithi ivela phesheya. Futhi lo mkhakha udinga ukuthuthukiswa.
Yondla izwe ngamazambane amasha nemifino
Kulo nyaka, iSifunda sase-Amur, njengezwe lonke, sinikezwe umsebenzi wokukhulisa ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane nemifino. Egameni likaSihlalo kaHulumeni weRussian Federation uMikhail Mushustin, uMnyango Wezolimo Wezokulima uthuthukise iphrojekthi ehambisanayo ka-2023-2025. Kuhlanganisa nezinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zokusekela labo abazotshala amazambane nemifino endaweni evulekile. Umqondisi woMnyango Wokukhiqiza Izilimo, Ukwenziwa Kwemishini, Ukwenziwa Kwamakhemikhali Nokuvikelwa Kwezitshalo woMnyango Wezolimo waseRussian Federation u-Roman Nekrasov utshele abakhiqizi be-Amur ngalokhu.
"I-China iseduze - iyimakethe enkulu yokuthengisa, futhi idinga imikhiqizo yekhwalithi yaseRussia. Ibhizinisi kufanele livele esifundeni elizokhiqiza isitashi, ama-chips amazambane, ama-flakes. "
- Izwe laseRussia kufanele lizidlise ngamazambane amasha, imifino enambithekayo futhi ethengekayo - lowo myalelo wanikezwa nguSihlalo kaHulumeni Wenhlangano YaseRussia. Futhi uMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia wenze iphrojekthi yenhlangano ezoqala ukusebenza ngonyaka ozayo,” kusho uRoman Vladimirovich. - Isimo esinzima kakhulu ngokukhula kwamazambane sise-Far Eastern Federal District. Umsebenzi osazokwenziwa wukusebenzisa imiyalelo kahulumeni nokwenza ukuthi umbhalo omusha usebenze. Ihlinzeka ngezimali ezikhulayo ezifundeni zaseMpumalanga Ekude, yonke imisebenzi yokukhiqiza amazambane nemifino endaweni evulekile izohambisana nesici sokubili - okungukuthi, izophindwa kabili uma iqhathaniswa nezwe lonke. Sesivele sibona kuhlaka lwesabelomali sombuso ukuthi uxhaso lwenyuswe ngamaphesenti angama-30. Futhi lezi zimali zizoya ngqo ekulimeni amazambane kanye nemifino, okusho ukuthi kudingeka sicabange ukuthi singaletha kanjani ukusekelwa kubakhiqizi.
"Manje singakwazi ukusiza abantu abaningi"
Ngokusho kommeleli woMnyango Wezolimo, mayelana nosizo oluvela esikhungweni sikahulumeni, kunezinguquko eziningi.
- Ngaphambilini, ukwesekwa kwakunwetshwa kuphela kumabhizinisi amancane, manje singasiza ekubambeni okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lezindleko zezakhiwo zokugcina izakhiwo liye lakhuphuka lafinyelela kumaphesenti angu-25 (lalingamaphesenti angu-20), izinhlu zamaRoma Nekrasov. - Kulo nyaka, kuye kwakhethwa, futhi kwafaka izinto eziningi kulesi silinganiso sokusekelwa. Siyakuqonda ukuthi umlimi uzuzani uma ekwazi ukonga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, manje abantu abasebenzisa iziza zemizi bazokwazi ukuthola imali yesabelomali uma babhaliswa njengabazisebenzelayo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwembewu kuzosekelwa ngokwehlukana.
- Uma isikhungo sethu sidaliwe, sizobuyisela amaphesenti angu-50 okwakhiwa (manje amaphesenti angu-25). Sikholelwa ukuthi lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kumazambane - kubiza kakhulu ukuthutha impahla yembewu kusukela engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeRussia ukuya esifundeni sase-Amur, sithemba ukuthi kuzovela isinyathelo futhi isikhungo esinjalo sizohlelwa esifundeni, uNekrasov ubala. - Olunye ushintsho luthinta ukubuyiselwa komhlaba - manje amaphrojekthi wemifino namazambane athola kuqala ekukhethweni kwezinyathelo zokusekelwa zikahulumeni.
amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-40 wamazambane ngonyaka
Ngokusekelwe emisebenzini emisiwe, ochwepheshe babala imigomo yokugcina yephrojekthi. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho koMnyango Wezolimo waseRussian Federation, ngo-2030 ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane esifundeni saseFar Eastern Federal kufanele kukhuphuke kube amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-275 (manje sekuyizinkulungwane ezingama-211), kanye nemifino - kuze kufike kumathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-152 (manje - 105 izinkulungwane).
Ngokuqondene neSifunda sase-Amur, uhlelo lwaso lonyaka lufinyelela kumathani angama-40 amazambane (ngo-2022 bavuna amathani angama-30) kanye namathani angama-21 emifino (cishe amathani ayi-9 atshalwe kulo nyaka).
Ngo-2023, kuhlelwe ukwaba ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-27 wezimali zikahulumeni esifundeni sase-Amur, ngokusho kombhalo othuthukisiwe. Lesi samba asibandakanyi izicelo zokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezintsha zokugcina nezindawo zokutshala imbewu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isifunda sakhetha "inketho egcwele" - okungukuthi, noma yiziphi izinkomba zephrojekthi zizothola ukwesekwa uma kukhona abafuna ukuletha imibono ekuphileni.
Kudingeka sibumbane
Uhulumeni wase-Amur uyaqiniseka ukuthi ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane nemifino, kanye namaphrojekthi wokucubungula anesibindi, kungaphakathi kwamandla esifunda, kodwa imizamo ehlanganyelwe iyadingeka.
- Sifuna ukuzuza - kudingeka sicabange ngokucubungula. Kodwa uma sihlakazekile, ngeke kube nomnotho ojwayelekile, ”kusho u-Oleg Turkov, iPhini likaSihlalo kaHulumeni Wesifunda, uNgqongqoshe Wezolimo esifundeni sase-Amur. - Ngijwayele amaprosesa amakhulu kunawo wonke, futhi kunezinhlelo zokwakha ibhizinisi ezweni lakithi elifana nesitshalo e-Lipetsk, esihlinzeka ngamazambane ku-Vkusno - futhi leyo yinethiwekhi yephuzu. Inhloso yebhizinisi elizayo ukondla iNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Imakethe inkulu. Kukhona umtshali-zimali othize, ufuna ukuzama ukuthi amazambane akhula kanjani ezweni lethu, ngonyaka ozayo - lokhu kungamahektha ayi-7 omhlaba wamazambane. Lezi zinhlelo zaxoxwa nombusi, futhi uyawasekela. Uma sisisebenzisa, konke kuzoba bucayi.
"Ngenhlangano efanele, nonke ningamakhosi amazambane akusasa," amahlaya u-Sergey Lupekhin, ekhuluma nabalimi.
Ngilungele ukubamba iqhaza kokubili ngokusekelwa kanye ne-ruble kumaphrojekthi anesibindi kanye nomlimi omkhulu wamazambane wezwe.
"Ngenhlangano efanele, nonke ningamakhosi amazambane akusasa," amahlaya u-Sergey Lupekhin, ekhuluma nabalimi. - Sonke siphilela namuhla, kodwa ukuhlela kuyadingeka. Uma kukhona umkhiqizo omncane, isibonelo, isitashi, umlimi uzokwazi ukuthi unendawo yokuthengisa imikhiqizo engaphezulu, lokhu kuzosusa ukwesaba. Lokhu akukona ukutshalwa kwezimali okungaka uma wonke umuntu ehlangana, futhi nami ngikulungele ukuhlanganyela. Uma sikhuluma ngokuthengisa kumanethiwekhi, udinga ukuhlangana futhi nixoxisane ngayiphi indlela onikezela ngayo ngamazambane ukuze adayiswe. Khona-ke udinga ukuthenga izinto zokusebenza zokupakisha, noma udale i-cooperative yezinsizakalo zokuhlunga nokupakisha. Udinga ukufunda ukunamathelana, uma udinga umuntu ozohlanganisa ubungane - ngikulungele. Ungakha inyunyana yesifunda noma inhlangano yabalimi bamazambane esifundeni. Sengilungele ukukhombisa ukuthi kusebenza kanjani - ngilinde ukuvakasha kwami, - umlimi wamazambane onesipiliyoni wabamba inkunzi ngezimpondo.
Thatha ama-mini-tubers komakhelwane
U-Aleksey Yemelyanov, umqondisi we-Federal Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies of the Far East oqanjwe ngo-A.K. Chaika, uphinde waphakamisa kubakhiqizi be-Amur ukuthi bahlangane futhi baxazulule izinkinga ndawonye. Lesi sikhungo esisePrimorye sisebenza ngokuzalanisa amazambane.
Ngamagama alula, ukusakazwa kwamazambane kuhamba kanje: ama-microtubers atshalwe ku-greenhouse, kanti ama-mini-tubers asevele etholakele lapho kuvuna. Zitshalwe ensimini, isivuno sokuqala "i-super-super elite". Ngemva konyaka, bathola "i-super-elite", bese "elite", ngemva kwalokho - ukukhiqizwa kokuqala kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesibili. Njengoba ochwepheshe bechaza, ngokuthenga imbewu yamazambane "superelite" kanye "elite", kungenzeka ukunikeza umnotho ngembewu eminyakeni embalwa ezayo.
“Amazambane ayisitshalo esiyingqayizivele esingasetshenziselwa ukudla kuphela, kodwa nasekugayweni kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli, ukuthunga nokukhiqizwa kwemithi. Futhi iwumkhiqizo ogxile ekuthekeliseni. Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yama-french fries ayihlali ifinyelela isidingo, futhi sidinga ukugxila kulesi sidingo. ”
"Kunezinhlangano ezimbalwa eMpumalanga Ekude ezibambe iqhaza ekukhethweni ezingeni lomhlaba elihloniphekile," kuphawula u-Alexei Yemelyanov. - Senza ukuzalanisa izitshalo ezingu-19 kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yezinhlobo ezingu-50 zalezi zitshalo. Zonke izinhlobo zihamba ngezinqubo zokuphulukisa. Sizibandakanya ekukhiqizeni kabusha - e-Primorye, izindawo ezimbili ezifanele lokhu zikhonjiwe. Kulo nyaka, isikhungo sethu sikhiqize amathani angama-60 embewu "ye-super-super-elite". Ngo-2021-2022, kwakhiwe izinhlobo ezintathu zamazambane, zibhekene nezilingo ezihlukahlukene. Futhi babonisa isivuno esihle. Manje sisebenzela ukuguqukela ekukhiqizeni ama-mini-tubers ezitsheni. Ngo-2022, sasayina isivumelwano ne-DalGAU ngokubambisana kwesayensi emkhakheni wokuzalanisa izitshalo. Nansi indlela esikubona ngayo: ngonyaka ozayo, i-nursery yokuhlola i-agro-ecology yezinhlobonhlobo zokukhethwa kwasekhaya nezangaphandle izobekwa e-DalGAU. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inyuvesi noma umlingani uzobeka i-nursery "ye-super-super-elite" - indawo engaba amahektha angu-3 iyadingeka.
- Ungakha ukubambisana nalesi sikhungo. Thatha ama-mini-tubers kuwo, futhi andise khona lapho, esifundeni. Kodwa ngenxa yalokhu kuyadingeka ukuchaza izindawo ezikhethekile - kunezidingo ezithile kubo, - amanothi kaSergey Lupekhin. “Uma sakha i-semkhoz ngokubambisana, sizoyixazulula inkinga yokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane esifundeni.
Kuyacaca ekuphenduleni kwabalimi ukuthi kunemibuzo eminingi kumlimi wamazambane onolwazi ngeziphakamiso ezintsha, futhi ukuxhumana kwaqhubeka ngale komhlangano.
Sergey Lupekhin: "Sidinga laboratories kanye impumelelo kwesayensi"
Amazambane ama-Amur ayakwazi ukungena emakethe yama-fries e-french, manje ekhishwa ngenxa yemicimbi yomhlaba, kukholelwa umlimi omkhulu wamazambane wezwe. Isidingo siyakhula, kodwa ukukhiqizwa akusifaki.
- Izinkampani ezinkulu kunazo zonke emakethe yomhlaba yamafrimu aseFrance zazifuna ukuthuthukisa ezweni lethu futhi zahlela ukwethula imigqa emisha, kodwa manje konke sekushintshile, - USergey Lupekhin ukhuluma ngamathemba okucubungula. - Ama-chips afanayo - kukhona umdlali omkhulu kanye namaningi amancane emakethe. Ngokuqondene nama-potato flakes, lokhu kungumkhiqizo othunyelwa ngaphandle. Kulezi, isibonelo, amazambane asheshayo emaphaketheni enziwa. Futhi imakethe inkulu - i-Afrika isilungele ukusetshenziswa. Ngama-flakes, kanye nesitashi, amazambane afunwa kancane ahamba. Okusho ukuthi, lezo zilinganiso ezingazange zitholakale kumaketanga okuthengisa. Isitashi sinamandla amakhulu! Ngisho nemicu yokuhlinzwa yenziwa ngayo. Ngezinhloso zezokwelapha, izinhlobo ezikhethekile zamazambane ziyadingeka. Manje sekuzalwe ngisho nezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane, lapho kwenziwa khona i-jelly ebonakalayo. Futhi lapho isitashi sengezwa endwangu, kutholakala ukotini wekhwalithi ephezulu.
Izinkampani ezinkulu kunazo zonke emakethe ye-fry fry yomhlaba wonke zazifuna ukuthuthukisa eRussia futhi zahlela ukwethula imigqa emisha.
Usomabhizinisi ubuye wethula isakhiwo sezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu ezweni. Phakathi kwabo, ngendlela, azikho izinhlobo zokukhethwa kwasekhaya. Futhi kukhona incazelo yalokhu, kusho uSergei Lupekhin.
“Asinalo uhlobo olulodwa olungasetshenziswa ukwenza ama-french fries. Kulo mkhiqizo, izinhlobonhlobo ezinoshukela omncane ziyadingeka. E-Russia, imboni ayizange iqeqeshelwe lokhu. Futhi isidingo sikhulu emakethe yomhlaba, futhi siyakhula,” kusho usomabhizinisi. - Zonke izikhungo zethu zacijelwa iziza zomuntu siqu, lapho amazambane evunwa ngesandla. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezikurejista, akukho neyodwa eyenzelwe ukukhiqiza ukuthengisa. Uyini umehluko omkhulu? Izinhlobonhlobo zokukhiqiza, okungukuthi, imishini yokuvuna, kufanele ibe yipulasitiki. Ngiveze kaningi umbono wami ngezinhlobonhlobo zeGala. Ilungele ukugonywa kwe-antiviral enamandla. Futhi lokhu kuyinhlobonhlobo yemakethe engcono kakhulu kusukela ekubukeni komthengi - okuthengwa kakhulu. Ikhwalithi ebaluleke kakhulu ipulasitiki. Yilokhu abalimi abakudingayo, ngoba siyazi ukuthi uma uvuna ngemishini, amazambane ayahlupheka, futhi lokhu kuholela ekuboleni.
Umnikazi wesitshalo esikhulu kunazo zonke saseRussia sokukhiqiza umanyolo we-organomineral naye wafika esifundeni sase-Amur. Umtshali-zimali ucubungula udaba lokwakha ibhizinisi lapha. U-Vasily Orlov waphawula ukuthi kukhona ama-peat deposits esifundeni angasetshenziselwa izidingo ze-agro-industrial complex.
Sekuyisikhathi sokuba isayensi icabange ngokujulile ngalokho okudingwa yimakethe manje, u-Sergey Nikolayevich ukholelwa.
- Isimo sezulu siya ngasemfudumalo, kanti amazambane awakhuli emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-22 degrees. Sibhekene neqiniso lokuthi ngoJulayi-Agasti kuyashisa - amazambane awakhuli, bese eqala ukuna, futhi i-tuber ngaphakathi "ihlanza" - ikhwalithi ilahlekile. Isayensi idinga ukuqhamuka nesikhuthazi ukuze ingalali i-metabolism yamazambane. Sidinga izinhlobo ezimelana nokushisa nesomiso - lokhu kuyinkambiso kakade kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Sidinga ukukhetha okufanele nokukhaliphile. Uma sifuna ukwenza impumelelo, sidinga izisebenzi - hhayi izazi zezolimo namahlathi, kodwa ochwepheshe bokukhetha nokukhiqiza imbewu. Kudingekile ukukhanyisa amehlo abafundi ukuze baqonde ukuthi leli yikusasa, - umlimi wamazambane ukhulume nabamele i-Amur Agricultural University.
UMaria Murashko