USergey Banadysev, Udokotela Wezesayensi Yezolimo, iNhloko yohlelo lokuzalela kweDoka-Gene Technologies LLC
Ukulimala kwezifo ezibangelwa amazambane kuhlale kukhula. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, umonakalo ovela kubo uboniswa hhayi kuphela ekunciphiseni kwesivuno, kodwa futhi nasekuwohlokeni kwekhwalithi yokuhweba yezilimo eziyizigaxa. Izinhlobo ze-Necrotic ze-YBK, WLRK, mop-top, kanye ne-rattle virus zenza amazambane angajwayelekile, kanti izimpawu zamagciwane amasha emaqabungeni ziya ngokuya zincipha. Igciwane le-Y liba nenkinga enkulu (Isithombe 1-4). Azikho izakhi zofuzo zokumelana nobunzima bayo be-necrotic; akunakwenzeka ukudala izinhlobo ezinokumelana okuphezulu usebenzisa izindlela zokukhetha zakudala. Ukucatshangelwa kwe-biology kanye nezici zama-causative agents wezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane akuyona into ekulesi sihloko (kunemininingwane engaphezulu kwalesi sihloko), ukunakwa okuyinhloko kuzokhokhelwa ekuhlaziyweni kwamathuba akhona wokuthola izinto zembewu esezingeni eliphakeme zezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
Okokuqala, udinga ukucacisa wona kanye umqondo wekhwalithi ephezulu. Izidingo zamazinga zihlinzeka ngemikhawulo eqinile ekubonakalisweni kwangaphandle kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, futhi emazweni amaningi, kufaka phakathi iRussia Federation, ukutheleleka kwangaphakathi, okufihlekile kwezilimo eziyizigaxa nakho kunqunyelwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, kunemikhakha eminingi yokulawula ukubekezelelana kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, kanti ezinye zazo zibalulekile (Ithebula 1). Ake sithole imininingwane.
Lapho ubheka kuqala, izindinganiso zaseDashi zokutheleleka okufihlakele zibukeka zinamandla amakhulu: ukubekezelela okungu-1,4% kuma-elite. Kepha kumhlahlandlela wangaphakathi wokuhlaziya we-NAK, lokhu kuyacaciswa futhi kwenziwe kucace. Okuphoqelekile kungukulawula kokutheleleka kwe-latent kwesigaba se-superelite nangaphezulu. Ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa nge-PCR futhi ku-Y-virus kuphela. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingama-50 zihlanganiswa kusampula eyodwa ye-PCR. I-batch ibhekwa njengejwayelekile uma kungekho ngaphezulu kwesampula elilodwa kwabane, noma kungabi ngaphezulu kwamasampula amabili kwabayisishiyagalombili, noma amasampula amathathu kwayi-12 akhombisa ukusabela okuhle, kuya ngenani eliphelele lama-tubers esampulini ahlolwayo. Ukubekezelelwa kwe-0,6% kutholakala kumcabango wokuthi kusampula yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezingama-50 kukhona eyodwa eyodwa ethelelekile. Kepha lokhu kuyinto efanelekile, ngokweqiniso, onke amashubhu angama-50 esampula elihlanganisiwe lama-50 tubers angatheleleka. Futhi-ke isibalo sokutheleleka okuyiqiniso okufihliwe kweqembu kufanele kube ngu-25%, hhayi u-0,6%.
Amaqiniso ekuhloleni ukutheleleka kwe-latent yi-Scots kanye nabaseMelika. IScotland iyikhaya kwenye yezindawo ezinhlanu ezivikelwe ngokusemthethweni ezivikelwe ngokusemthethweni ezisemthethweni ze-EU (HG) ze-EU. Okusho ukuthi, lesi yisizinda sokukhiqizwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, imithetho yesitifiketi lapho ayidingi ukuqinisekiswa okuyimfuneko kokutheleleka kwe-latent. Yebo, kunconyelwa ukukwenza, kepha izinga lokutheleleka kwe-latent alithinti imiphumela yesitifiketi. E-United States, ukutheleleka kwe-tuber kuhlolwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokulawula inhlabathi yakudala. Ekwindla, amasampula athathelwa kuwo wonke amabhethri ngokuya ngesitifiketi futhi athunyelwa eHawaii noma eFlorida. Akukho busika, ama-tubers atshalwa ngokushesha enhlabathini futhi ahlolwe ngokubonakaliswa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ngenkathi yokukhula. Futhi ngokufanelekile, akuyikho konke ukutheleleka okufihliwe okuboniswa emaqabungeni nasezitshalweni, kwesinye isikhathi kuhlala kuhlale iminyaka eminingi ngaphandle kokulimaza. NgoFebhuwari, imiphumela itholakala ngokubonakaliswa kokhonkolo koqobo kwezifo ezikhona zegciwane ezitshalweni zezinzalo. Abathengi bembewu bazoba nesithombe esifanayo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lolu lwazi lunquma umphumela wokugcina wesitifiketi sonyaka, futhi ukwenziwa kwentwasahlobo okuyinhloko kuyenziwa kucatshangelwa lolu lwazi.
I-UNECE, iJalimane, i-France standard S-1 iphinde ihlinzeke futhi isebenzise ukuhlolwa kwamagciwane kwinzalo eqondile. Ngemuva kokuvuna, kuyadingeka ukuthatha amasampula ama-tubers ayi-100, ukhule endaweni ebamba ukushisa futhi uhlole ukubonakaliswa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane emaqabungeni. Ngamafuphi, lokhu futhi kungukuphathwa kwenhlabathi, kuphela kumhlaba ovaliwe, inketho ebiza kakhulu. Ukuhlolwa kwelebhu kwenziwa kuphela ezimweni eziphikisanayo. Kepha kunokungqubuzana kuleveli efanayo ye-S-1, ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi usebenzise hhayi kuphela okubonwayo, kepha futhi nendlela yelebhu okukhulunywa ngayo esigabeni ngenqubo yokuhlola. Ochwepheshe bayaqonda ukuthi nge-ELISA noma i-PCR izitshalo eziningi ezibangelwa amagciwane zitholakala kunokubona.
Ngokuqondene nezinkambiso zokutheleleka okufihliwe, okwethulwe yi-GOST 33996-2016 ngonyaka we-2018 e-Russian Federation, bahlinzeka ngokuhlolwa kwelebhu, ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwenzalo esekhulile, futhi bahlukile ngokuchaza. Ngokwenkambiso entsha, kuhlolwa kuphela ukungcoliswa kokugcina kwento yoqobo yembewu okuphoqelekile: SSE nangaphezulu. Kepha inothi livula amathuba amakhulu wokufakelwa okuthile nokufakelwa okuthile: “Qaphela. Ukuthola ama-superelite amaningi, ama-elite kanye namazambane wokuzala kabusha wembewu asatshalaliswa emazweni athathe inqubo ejwayelekile, ukuhlolwa kwelabhoratri kwenziwa ngokwesicelo somkhiqizi noma umphakeli wamazambane wembewu. Izilinganiso ezivunyelwe kakhulu zokunciphisa umkhuhlane wegciwane kanye / noma amagciwane ngokusho kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwelebhu amasampula we-tuber kungabekwa ezivumelwaneni (izinkontileka) zokuhlinzekwa kwamazambane imbewu ngemvumelwano yamaqembu. Okwenzelwe izinhlangothi zesigaba se-ES, inani eliphakeme kakhulu lokuvinjelwa kwe-UVK ngokwemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwelabhoratri ngeke yeqe u-10%. " Lezi ziphakamiso ezintathu ziguqule okujwayelekile kusuka kudokhumenti eliqinile futhi elingathandeki laba yizingqinamba ezingokomthetho, umthombo wokucacisa ubudlelwano babakhiqizi kanye nabathengi, nethuluzi lezikhalazo. Umuntu angavumela kanjani (empeleni esikhundleni senkambiso) futhi ancike esivumelwaneni samaqembu ezindabeni zekhwalithi, ngoba izintshisekelo zomthengisi nomthengi azikwazi ukuhlangana lapha. Zingasungulwa kanjani izindinganiso ezifanayo kumikhakha ehlukene, ngoba ukwehla kwekhwalithi njengoba kuzala ngokungenakuvinjwa. Futhi okunye ukuhlinzekwa okujwayelekile kwe-33996-2016 - ukuhlolwa kokutheleleka kwe-latent ngezifo zegciwane - kuvunyelwe ukwenziwa ngababili i-ELISA ne-PCR. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuzwela kwalezi zindlela kuyehluka ngoku-oda kokukhulu. Kepha indinganiso iyavunywa futhi isetshenziswa, ukuthobela izinkambiso zayo kanye nezidingo kuyadingeka kuwo wonke amabhizinisi embewu.
Ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane njengamanje kwenziwa kuwo wonke amazwe amazambane athuthukile akhula endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi ayina-virus. Isiko lamaseli nezicubu ngokuhlanganiswa ne-thermo-chemotherapy nokusakazwa kwe-microclonal kuvumela ukuthola okokusebenza kwembewu yoqobo ngokuqukethwe yi-zero virus kumaseli amazambane. Kepha udinga ukuqonda amaphuzu amabili: u-zero akusho ukungabikho ngokuphelele, kepha ukuthi kungenzeka ube khona ngenani elingaphansi komkhawulo wobuzwe bezindlela ezitholakalayo zokuxilonga zamangqamuzana. Futhi ukuqeda amagciwane akusho ukwenza amazambane amelane namagciwane. Ngaphandle kokuvikelwa okuthembekile ekuthelelekeni kabusha ngezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, imbewu yamazambane enempilo iba uhlobo lwezinhlamvu ze-F-1, lapho kuphela isizukulwane sokuqala esinikeza imiphumela emihle kakhulu, futhi ngokuzala okulandelayo, ukwehla okukhulu kokusebenza kwenzeka. Ukuthengwa kwamazambane embewu unyaka owodwa wokutshalwa ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esicindezelayo kanye nesizinda esiphakeme sokutheleleka kwenziwa kabanzi, kufaka phakathi eningizimu yeRussia Federation. Kepha ngohlelo olunjalo lokuhlinzeka ngezinto zembewu, imbewu kufanele ibe nenani elanele futhi ngentengo ephansi, engabizi. Iphuzu lonke lesigaba sokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane ukukhulisa inani lembewu elithengekayo ngenkathi liqukethe ukuminyana kabusha. Cishe zonke izinyathelo zokuphoqeleka nezikhethekile zenhlangano, izindlela nezindlela zobuchwepheshe nokusebenza kuhloselwe lokhu. Akunakwenzeka ukwelapha isitshalo nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinegciwane, futhi ukulwa nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kuvezwa ekuvikeleni ukutheleleka kwezitshalo ngama-aphid nangomshini. Ake sicabangele ezinye zezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuphathweni kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ezidinga ukubhekwa ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu.
1. Ukubalwa kwezimali kanye nokuphendula kokuguquguquka nezinhlobo zezinhlobo zama-aphid wegciwane. Ukudluliswa kwamagciwane ngama-aphid kusuka ezitshalweni ezigulayo kuya kwezinempilo, kanye nokutheleleka kokuqala kwezinto zokutshala nokudluliswa kwemishini, yisona sizathu esikhulu sokutheleleka kabusha kwamazambane embewu. Amagciwane amaningi ahlala enobudlova futhi ahlala emlonyeni we-aphid amahora ambalwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-aphid angandiza amashumi amakhilomitha ukusuka engadini, ukulahla inhlabathi, ukuhlwanyela okusezingeni eliphansi futhi agcine esezinkulisa zembewu. Kuyadingeka ukugcina le nqubo emasimini akhula imbewu cishe ngokuqhubekayo - kusukela ekutshaleni kuya ekuqedeni ukomisa iziqongo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuwo wonke amazwe akhulayo amazambane athuthukile, ukuqapha i-aphid kwenziwa ngokubamba iqhaza okukhulu kwezimali zesabelomali kanye nokubandakanyeka kwezikhungo ezihola phambili zocwaningo. Imiphumela yokuqapha kanye nokuphendula kwayo ngamabhizinisi ezimbewu kufanele ibhekwe ngenkathi kwenziwa isitifiketi. Insizakalo yokuvikela izitshalo zombuso yayisebenza kanjena ezweni lethu. Njengamanje, ngasizathu simbe, ukuqapha eRussia Federation amazambane kwenziwa kuphela nge-Colorado amazambane beetle, okungeyona inkinga ekukhuleni kwamazambane kwezohwebo. Ngakho-ke, noma yiliphi ibhizinisi lembewu elisebenza ngobuchwepheshe kufanele lilawule ngokuzimela ama-aphid vectors lisebenzisa amasu ajwayelekile. Futhi isobala futhi ihlangene, udinga nje ukwazi imininingwane ebalulekile. Isisekelo sohlelo lokuqapha i-aphid izingibe eziphuzi zikaMerike (isithombe 5). Kumele zifakwe ngenhla nje kokuphakama kwezitshalo, endaweni esuswe zonke izitshalo endaweni eseduze nensimu yamazambane. (Ochwepheshe bezokuvikela izitshalo bangathola isilinganiso esinembile senani lezintwala ngokubuka ngqo amaqabunga ayi-100 aphezulu, aphakathi nendawo nangaphansi ezinhlangothini zensimu.)
Ama-aphid abambekile kufanele aqoqwe masonto onke futhi nezinhlobo zezinhlobo zinqunywe. Amandla okuphatha amagciwane ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zama-aphid ahluka kakhulu. Okuyingozi kakhulu - i-aphid eluhlaza (i-aphid eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) inokusebenza okulingene okulingana, bonke abanye bane-coefficients ephansi kakhulu (Ithebula 6,7). Izici zokulimaza kwezinhlobo ze-aphid zihlongozwe ososayensi abangamaNgisi (Felton B. et al., 2,3) futhi zisetshenziswa yonke indawo. Ayahluka ngegciwane le-Y-virus ne-VLK, okungukuthi, ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokudlulisela igciwane. Izinhlobo eziyingozi kakhulu zamakholoni zikoloni, i.e. lezo ezihlala amazambane zakha izinhlobo ezingenamaphiko nazo eziphethe amagciwane. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-peach, amazambane, amazambane amakhulu, i-sihlahla sivame ukutholakala, ama-aphid we-sihlahla. Izinhlobo ezisele ezibhekwayo azenzi amakoloni amazambane, kepha zithwala ama-virus lapho zihamba, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona imijovo yokuhlolwa kufuna izilimo ezingajwayelekile. Ukunqunywa kwezinhlobo zokwakheka kwe-aphid ezinamaphiko kudinga iziqu eziphakeme kanye nokuba khona kwesibonakhulu. Izikhombi eziyisisekelo ze-aphid zashicilelwa eminyakeni engama-2013-40 eyedlule futhi manje sekuwukutholakala kwebhayibheli. Ama-atlases akamuva anombala ogcwele waseGermany (50) naseNetherlands (2000) angathengwa ezitolo zabashicileli eziku-inthanethi. Kukhona amasayithi akhethekile kuma-aphid, ngokwesibonelo, aphid.aphidnet.org, kepha kuzo zinhlobo zezithako zamazambane kuphela. Lapho kuhlaziywa okuqukethwe izicupho, umuntu akufanele alahlekelwe umbono wokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi angene kuwo ama-cicadas nama-psyllids (isithombe 2008), aphethe ikholomu negciwane leZebra chips eseselingene eYurophu.
Photo 8. Cicadas Izithombe 9. Psillida
Inani le-aphid elibanjiwe liguqulelwa enkomba yengcindezelo ye-vector (IVD). Ama-aphid we-peach ayabhekwa amayunithi wangempela, zonke ezinye izinhlobo ziphindaphindwa yi-coeffnty eyingozi. Eqinisweni, ziguqulwa zaba yunithi eyodwa yokulinganisa, ifomethi yokulimaza kwama-aphid we-peach. Ngakho-ke, uma izingcezu ezingama-20 zamazambane zibanjiwe, khona-ke ukubala inkomba, inani labo lizoba ngama-20x0,2 = amayunithi ama-4. Inani eliphelele ngokuya nge-peach aphid yinkomba yokucindezela kwe-vector. Kunengqondo ngokwengeziwe ukubheka i-IVD yezinhlobo ze-aphid ezingaphikisi njengezinkinga kakhulu. Inkomba yamayunithi angaphansi kwamabili iphephe ngokuphelele, iluhlaza okotshani. Ukusuka 2 kuya ku-10 - umbala ophuzi, isimo sokulungela, ukuthatha izindlela zokuzivikela ngokubona kwebhizinisi. I-IVD ngenhla kwe-10 idinga ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuzivikela kuma-aphid. Lokhu kufakazelwa igunya lesitifiketi. Ukwehluleka ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuvikela kuyisisekelo sokwehlisa isigaba sezimbewu noma ukukhipha ama-oda wokubhubhisa iziqongo. Umkhawulo wokulimaza i-aphid (amayunithi ayi-10 we-peach aphid) wasungulwa phakathi nezifundo ezikhethekile zezinga lokutheleleka kwezixhobo zembewu ekucindezelweni kwe-vector ehlukene. Ukutheleleka ngamagciwane kukhuphuka kakhulu uma inani lama-aphid lingaphezu komkhawulo, ngamanani amancane umehluko phakathi kwamazinga wokutheleleka awubalulekile. Ngakho-ke, ngezinga eliluhlaza neliphuzi le-IVD, izindlela zokuzivikela azinikezi umphumela, zingathinti izinga lokutheleleka futhi alikho iphuzu lokuziqhuba.
Kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, kuwo wonke amaphuzu wokuqapha, kubalwa inani eliphelele (eliqoqiwe) le-IRA kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sokukhula (i-Fig. 1). Amanani wokulinganiselwa we-IWD ephelele asunguliwe, ngemuva kwalokho insizakalo yesitifiketi ikhipha i-oda lokugunda kanye nokususwa kweziqongo kuziza zembewu. Lithini leli nani lomkhawulo? ENetherlands, i-IWD njengamanje - amayunithi angama-80 we-peach aphid (Haverkort A., 2018). Lezi zinkomba azicaciswanga emithethweni kazwelonke yezitifiketi ezisemthethweni. Kepha kugcizelelwa ukuthi lapho ukhipha i-oda lokugunda iziqongo, akubhekwa kuphela inkomba yengcindezi enqwabelene, kepha futhi nokumelana nezinhlobonhlobo zokutheleleka ngegciwane (kukhona ukusatshalaliswa okusemthethweni kwezinhlobo ezilinyiwe ngokusho kwalesi sici), inani lezitshalo ezinezimpawu zamagciwane atholakele ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwensimu, enza ukuvikela izinyathelo zokulwa nezintwala. Abalimi banikezwa kusuka ezinsukwini ezimbili (eNetherlands) kuya kwezintathu (eScotland) ukufeza umuthi. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nemiyalo kadokotela kuholela ekwenqabeni isitifiketi noma ekwehlisweni kwesigaba sembewu.
Ukuqapha okufanelekile okuqhubekayo kwama-aphid-vectors wezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kunikeza ukuqonda kokusebenza kwezinga lesizinda esithathelwanayo futhi kukuvumela ukuthi uthathe izinyathelo zokuzivikela hhayi njalo, kepha njengoba kudingeka, ngaleyo ndlela wonge imali enkulu kwimikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insizakalo yokuxwayisa i-aphid ekuqaleni kwehlobo inikezwa abatshali bembewu ye-EU. Kuhlelo lwezikhungo zocwaningo zesabelomali, ukusebenza kwezicupho eziningana (isithombe 10), esikhomba abathwali emoyeni ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Isicupho esisodwa sokudonsa sinikeza isibikezelo esinembile ngaphakathi kwendawo engamakhilomitha ayi-100. Ungaphupha kuphela ngensizakalo enjalo, kepha imininingwane enikeziwe ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise ukulawula kahle ezingeni lebhizinisi ngalinye, uguqule imininingwane etholwe ngezinyathelo zokusebenza ukulawula izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, kucatshangelwa isimo esivele ngonyaka othile nasemikhakheni ethile. Uhlu lwalezi zinyathelo lufaka izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuhlukanisa nokuvikela iziza zembewu.
2. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezindawo. Ukubeka ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane embewu ezifundeni ezinesizinda esincane sokutheleleka samagciwane wesifo segciwane kwenziwa kuwo wonke amazwe akhula amazambane akhula. Ngakho-ke, eNetherlands, ukukhiqizwa kwembewu kugxilwe kumafolda asogwini asenyakatho (Fig. 2).
Ukuhlolwa okwenziwe isikhathi eside kuqinisekisile ukuthi kule ndawo isizinda sokutheleleka singemuva kwesigamu esisodwa nesigamu, futhi izinga lesikhathi sonyaka lesifo sokuphefumula kwesikhashana senzeka ngokwesilinganiso ngoJulayi 26, amasonto amabili kamuva kuqhathaniswa neningizimu yezwe. (IHaverkort A., 2018). Lokhu kungabonakala ngokucacile ku-Fig. 1: enyakatho, i-IED iluhlaza, eningizimu, ibomvu. Kungaphethwa ngokuthi eningizimu yeNetherlands, ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane kuyingozi enkulu, futhi akukho okushoyo ngamazwe aseningizimu amaningi. Kepha ungakhohlwa ngokuhlobana. Uma ungaphumuli maqondana nomngcele weNetherlands, futhi ushayele eningizimu yonke iBelgium, bese kuthi enyakatho yeFrance, esifundeni esisogwini lwe-English Channel, kunendawo yokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane aleli lizwe. France lifaka lesibili emhlabeni ngokuya imbewu amazambane emazweni angaphandle. Lokhu kusho umkhiqizo osezingeni eliphakeme, kuyilapho indawo yembewu yaseFrance isendaweni engamakhilomitha angama-700 eningizimu yamapholishi aseDashi. Abatshali bezimbewu, ngenxa yezinga eliphakeme lobuchwepheshe nenhlangano, bakhiqiza izimpahla ezifanele, kepha ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala akunakwenzeka ukubona imiphumela yokuqapha i-aphid esizindeni somphakathi.
I-Scottish amazambane imbewu ndawo bagxila kule enyakatho-mpumalanga, ogwini (Fig. 3). Uma ubheka ukuqapha kwesiNgisi kwama-aphid eminyakeni yamuva, khona-ke kulesi sizinda isizinda sokutheleleka siphansi kabili uma siqhathaniswa nenkaba yeNgilandi. Kepha kuvela ukuthi eScotland uqobo kunezindawo ezinama-aphid ambalwa, eningizimu-mpumalanga, umngcele neNorthern Ireland. Kungani bekhulisa amazambane wembewu?
Ngokusobala, ngenxa yokufaneleka okuncane komhlaba ngokuqamba kwemishini nokuqina. Uma sigxila kuma-aphid kuphela, khona-ke konke ukukhiqizwa kwembewu kwamazambane e-EU kuzoba okunengqondo ukubeka eScandinavia. Izinyathelo ezithile kule ndlela zithathiwe. Ngama-200 km ukuya e-Arctic Circle, ngokufana kwe-64, kukhona isiFinland, esinye sezindawo ezinhlanu zaseYurophu yaseYurophu, indawo yembewu yamazambane ekhula (isithombe 14). Kuze kufike kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-1000 amazambane wembewu lapho endaweni engamahektha ayi-30. Izimo zesimo sezulu zanele ngokwanele: isikhathi sokukhula siqala ngoMeyi kuya ku-Okthoba, amahora amade kakhulu okukhanya kwelanga ekuqaleni kwesizini ekhulayo, kupholile futhi nemvula eyanele ifinyelela ku-300 mm (Fig. 4).
Isizinda esithathelwanayo se-aphid safundwa kahle ngabaphenyi abazimele (Kirchner S. et al., 2013) besebenzisa izingibe eziphuzi nezokudonsa. Kusuka kuma-aphid angama-20 kuye kwangama-3000 angena ogibeni ngesonto (Fig. 5). Kepha phakathi kwabo, kukhona kuphela ama-10-20% wezithwali zegciwane, okunye okusezinhlotsheni ezihlukile zezihlahla kanye nezihlahla. Ama-aphid peach cishe awatholakali enyakatho, ama-aphid amazambane atholakala ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ukuqhubeka kwendatshana kuzoshicilelwa ephephabhukwini i-Potato System No. 3, 2020.
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