Imbuyiselo yokutshalwa kwezimali ebhizinisini lezolimo, okungenye yezinto ezingalindelekile, incike ezintweni eziningi. Kodwa ezinye izingozi ziyalawuleka, isibonelo, wonke umlimi angavikela izitshalo okhulani.
Isu elithuthukisiwe lokulawula ukhula liqinisekisa umlimi isivuno esihle futhi limvikela ekulahlekelweni okwengeziwe. Into esemqoka ukwenza izinto ngokushesha nangekhono.
Yisho amagama – ibutho
Amazambane atshalwa ngendlela yomugqa obanzi, ngakho-ke, kusukela ngesikhathi ephuma kuze kube yilapho imigqa ivala, anokuncintisana okuphansi nokhula. Ngaphandle kokuthatha izinyathelo ezinqala zokulawula ukhula, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola isivuno sezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithengiswayo esikhathini sethu.
Ngokusho kwenhloko yomnyango wokuvikela izitshalo wegatsha le-Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" esifundeni sase-Astrakhan. ULyudmila Kostyagina, izinhlobo zokhula ekutshalweni kwamazambane zihlukahlukene futhi zimelelwa ngamaqembu amaningana. Ukhula oluncane luhlanganisa, isibonelo, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo: i-sunflower yokhula, i-pigweed emhlophe. Phakathi kwezitshalo zasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa utshani obukhazimulayo obukhazimulayo kanye notshani obuvamile be-barnyard. Ukhula olungapheli lumelwe amahlumela ezimpande - insimu eboshwe, i-lettuce ye-tartary, i-field thistle, kanye ne-rhizomatous - umhlanga ovamile.
Umuntu ozokhethwa kwiSayensi yezoLimo, iPhini leNhloko yegatsha leFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" esifundeni saseBryansk. Nikolay Rozhnov ithi cishe lonke ukhula oluvamile enkabeni yeRussia lutholakala esifundeni. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu lapha yilezi: i-thistle, i-chickweed, i-pickleweed evamile, ne-chicken millet. Ukwakheka kokhula emasimini akushintshile, izinguquko ezincane zilethwa izitshalo zangaphambili ekujikelezweni kwezitshalo.
Abalimi bamazambane baseRussia kudala bathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokucekela phansi ukhula, ukusebenza kahle kwawo kufinyelela ku-98-100%. Kodwa muva nje, abalimi babhekana nobunzima obukhulu ekususeni i-black nightshade. Lesi sitshalo, njengamazambane, singesomndeni we-nightshade. Njengoba beyizihlobo eziseduze, banokumelana okufanayo nemithi eminingi yokubulala ukhula. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunzima kakhulu ukuthonya ukhula ngempumelelo ngaphandle kokulimaza isitshalo ngokwaso.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithombo ze-nightshade zivela kamuva kakhulu kunolunye ukhula, lapho zonke izindlela ze-agrotechnical kanye namakhemikhali sezisetshenzisiwe. Inesistimu yezimpande ethuthukisiwe, ikwazi ukufinyelela ku-1-1,5 amamitha ubude futhi iqhudelana namazambane ngezakhi nokukhanya kwelanga.
Angenabungane «omakhelwane"
Ngokusho kwephini lenhloko yegatsha le-Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" eKrasnoyarsk Territory. Elena Vasilyeva, ithonya lokhula ezitshalweni liyingozi ukulibukela phansi. Izimila ezingafuneki zithatha umswakama kanye nezakhamzimba emhlabathini, okwenza amazambane athole imisoco enganele ukuze akhule kahle futhi athuthuke. Ngokukhula okuphezulu kokhula, izitshalo ezitshaliwe zingashiswa esigabeni sezithombo, ezithinta kabi i-photosynthesis kanye nokwakheka kwenqwaba yazo eluhlaza. Konke lokhu kamuva kuholela ekulahlekeni kwezitshalo ezinkulu.
ULyudmila Kostyagina igcizelela ukuthi ukhula kumazambane lunciphisa isivuno salo, ukulahlekelwa kungafinyelela ku-20-25%. Kubuye kube nomthelela omubi ngobukhulu bezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ngenxa yalokho, izinga lokudayiswa liyehla, inqubo yokuvuna ngemishini iba inkimbinkimbi, futhi nokulahlekelwa ngokwezimali kwabalimi kuyanda.
Ukulawula ukhula nakho kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi phakathi kwabo kukhona inqwaba yamagciwane ezifo eziningi. Umuntu Okhethiwe Wesayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo, iNhloko yoMnyango Wezambane Nezifo Zemifino we-All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology Maria Kuznetsova ithi ukhula luyimithombo yezifo ze-fungal, i-oomycete, i-bacterial etiology ye-viral. Ukubusa kwezimila emasimini, ezithintekayo ngamagciwane afanayo namazambane, kunomthelela ekuqongeleleni okuqhubekayo kokutheleleka emhlabathini.
Isibonelo, i-black nightshade ihlaselwa yi-anthracnose, i-alternaria, i-late blight kanye ne-potato blackleg. Isikhwama sikaMalusi kanye nombala we-violet wasensimini kusebenza njengendawo yokugcina igciwane le-rattle virus, elibangela ukugqwala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Futhi i-field bindweed iyi-phytoplasma, ebonakala ngesimo sesitshalo esibomvu.
Maria Kuznetsova idonsela ukunaka eqinisweni lokuthi ukhula lungashintsha i-microclimate ekutshalweni kwezitshalo, ezingenawo umoya omncane ngenxa yokuqina. Ngenxa yalokho, izimo ezivumayo zenziwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulimaza sekwephuzile.
“Omakhelwane” abayingozi bezitshalo ezitshalwayo nabo basebenza njengamachibi ezinambuzane ezithwala izifo namagciwane. Okokuqala - aphid, leafhoppers. Ukusabalala kwe-black nightshade, i-chamomile engenaphunga, i-acorn ephendulwe phezulu, i-dandelion kanye ne-quinoa esakazwayo kunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni okusebenzayo kwe-stem nematode, elimaza ikhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Amaphutha ekuvikelweni
Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokulawula ukhula ukusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali. Elena Vasilyeva uphawula ukuthi ukukhethwa okunekhono kwesithako esisebenzayo somuthi, kanye nokuhambisana nemibandela nezindinganiso zokusetshenziswa, kunganciphisa inani nomthelela omubi wokhula kumazambane.
Ngokusho kwe-Bayer Crop Science CIS Market Development Project Manager Konstantin Onatsky, ama-herbicides ayinhloko anikezwa emakethe yaseRussia namuhla ayaziwa iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30-40. Le mithi isasebenza kahle uma isetshenziswe ngendlela efanele.
Ngeshwa, akuwona wonke umuntu okwazi ukusebenza ngendlela efanele: akuwona wonke amapulazi aseRussia ane-agronomist eqeqeshwe kakhulu, futhi akubona bonke abalimi abanemfundo efanelekile.
Ngokusho kokubonwa kwenhloko yomnyango wokuvikela izitshalo wegatsha leFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" eKrasnoyarsk Territory. UMaria Grishaeva, ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula ngaphandle kokucabangela ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zokhula kanye nokuzungezisa okucabangelayo kwezinto ezisebenzayo kuhlanganisa izindleko "ezingenalutho" zezomnotho, kanye nezibaluleke kakhulu.
Yimaphi amanye amaphutha abalimi abawenzayo lapho bezama ukulawula ukhula bebodwa? Ochwepheshe abavela ku-Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" bakhomba amaphutha amaningana avame kakhulu. Abakhiqizi bezolimo ngokuvamile abahambisani nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula futhi bephula amazinga anconyiwe okusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo noketshezi olusebenzayo. Kukhona nalabo abasebenzisa izidakamizwa ezingagunyaziwe nezingxube zamathangi ezingahambelani. Abantu abaningi abasinaki isimo samanje sezitshalo futhi benze ukwelashwa ezitshalweni ezibuthakathaka, isibonelo, lezo ezilinyazwe yiqhwa.
UKonstantin Onatsky ibhekisela ekushiyweni okuvame kakhulu njengezinga eliphansi lokusetshenziswa koketshezi olusebenzayo ngesikhathi sokwelashwa. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, uma usebenzisa noma yimuphi umuthi obulala ukhula ekwelapheni ngaphambi kokuhluma, udinga ukusebenzisa okungenani amalitha angama-300 amanzi ayisixazululo esisebenzayo ehektheleni ngalinye. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze umuthi ubophe emhlabathini ngangokunokwenzeka, ukhula luqhume ngokushesha futhi lufe ngokushesha. Ezifundeni ezishisayo lapho isomiso singenzeka khona, emva kokufaka i-herbicide, ukuchelela kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wawo.
Abamele i-Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" bayaqaphela ukuthi namuhla kuzo zonke izifunda zaseRussia umkhuba wokuqapha, ukubala inombolo nokunquma ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zokhula kusakazeke kabanzi. Abalimi bangazijwayelanisa nemibiko yokuhlolwa kwezitshalo equkethe uhlu lokhula oluvame kakhulu. Uma umkhawulo wokuhlasela okuyingozi weqiwa, ochwepheshe banikeza abakhiqizi bezolimo izincomo mayelana nendlela yokwelapha indawo ngemithi yokubulala ukhula. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abalimi bathole ulwazi mayelana nezibulala-zinambuzane namakhemikhali ezolimo agunyazwe ukusetshenziswa eRussia. Futhi lokhu kusivumela ukuba sigweme imiphumela engenakulungiseka kokubili kumkhiqizi ngokwakhe nakubathengi bemikhiqizo yakhe.
"Igolide standard"
Ukuze izitayela main ukuqeda ukhula UKonstantin Onatsky ibhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwemithi yokubulala ukhula yasekuqaleni esekelwe ku-metribuzin noma i-aclonifen. Ukuzikhethela kuncike ekutheni izinhlobo zamazambane ziyamelana yini ne-metribuzin/prometrin.
Uchwepheshe uphawula ukuthi kukhona futhi uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe, noma oluphindwe kabili, lapho ingxenye yomuthi esekelwe ku-metribuzin ilawulwa ngaphambi kokuhluma ngomthamo osuka ku-0,6 kuya ku-0,9 wamalitha. Ukwelashwa okulandelayo kwenzeka ezitshalweni zamazambane eziphakeme ngamasentimitha angu-5-10 ngomthamo ongu-0,3-0,5 l/ha. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ulawule ukhula lwe-dicotyledonous kanye nokhula lokusanhlamvu lwaminyaka yonke, ngaphandle kwe-bedstraw eqinile ne-black nightshade.
Ezinhlobonhlobo ezingamelani ne-metribuzin/prometrin, amalungiselelo okuqala asekelwe ku-aclonifen enza kube nokwenzeka ukususa ukhula oluningi lwe-dicotyledonous, ngaphandle kwe-black nightshade. Uchwepheshe uphakamisa ukuxazulula inkinga nge-nightshade kusetshenziswa i-microencapsulated clomazone, engangezwa ku-aclonifen ne-metribuzin njengomuthi wozakwethu. I-Microencapsulated clomazone isiza ukulawula kokubili i-nightshade emnyama ne-bedstraw. I-substance ihlinzeka ngokuvikeleka kwesikhathi eside ekuthelelekeni kotshani, kuyilapho ukhula oluhlala njalo, olufana ne-sow thistle kanye ne-bindweed, nalo luyavinjelwa. Inothi elibalulekile: Izingxube zamathangi kufanele zisetshenziswe kuphela ngaphambi kokuvela kwamazambane.
Ezimweni lapho ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokuvela kungakaze kwenziwe kumazambane, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa i-aclonifen ngesilinganiso samalitha ayi-1-1,5 ngendlela ehlanzekile ukulawula ukhula lwe-dicotyledonous olufana ne-pigweed emhlophe, utshani be-acorn obuphendukile, i-knotweed kanye ne-bedstraw. Kulokhu, ukuphakama kwezithombo zezitshalo akufanele kube ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-5-10. UKonstantin Onatsky igcizelela ukuthi i-aclonifen akufanele ihlanganiswe nama-graminicides nama-adjuvants.
Ezimeni lapho kuhlaselwe kakhulu ukhula olungapheli olufana nokhula oluhlala njalo, i-rose thistle kanye ne-bindweed, uchwepheshe weluleka ukuthi kusetshenziswe amalungiselelo asuselwa ku-MCPA (10 g/l ngethamo lika-15-500 l/ha) ezitshalweni zamazambane ezingu-0,6-0,8 cm. Akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi ukuphathwa okunjalo kuwukucindezeleka okukhulu kwesitshalo, futhi imiphumela yako kufanele incishiswe ngemikhiqizo elwa nokucindezeleka esekelwe kuma-amino acid.
Uma amazambane etshalwe ensimini enokhula oluningi kusetshenziswa imishini eyinkimbinkimbi eyenza ngokushesha i-ridge, ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokuhluma kuyadingeka ukwengeza amalungiselelo asekelwe ku-glyphosate noma i-MCPA kuma-herbicides asekelwe ku-clomazone, i-metribuzin noma i-aclonifen. Lapho i-ridge yakhiwe ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ukususwa ngomshini kwamahlumela okhula akwenzeki. Ngenxa yalokho, ukhula luvela ngaphambili kakhulu.
UKonstantin Onatsky futhi ukhumbula umkhuba wokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ezisekelwe ku-prosulfocarb ngaphezu kwe-metribuzin noma i-aclonifen. I-Prosulfocarb ikuvumela ukuthi ulawule ikakhulukazi i-bedstraw ne-nightshade, kanye nokhula oluthile lotshani.
Nikolay Rozhnov ibiza ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezisekelwe ku-metribuzin ekulawuleni ukhula "izinga legolide". Kodwa udonsela ukunakekela ku-drawback ephawulekayo yalesi sithako esisebenzayo - ukubola kancane emhlabathini, ogcwele ukuvinjelwa kwezitshalo eziningi ezitshalwe esikhathini esizayo. Lokhu kungagwenywa kuphela ngokwethula imikhawulo ekujikelezweni kwezitshalo, okuvumeleke isikhathi esingafika ezinyangeni ezingama-24. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, esifundeni saseBryansk inkinga ixazululwa ngosizo lwezidakamizwa zakamuva ezisekelwe ku-prosulfocarb, ezingenazo izici ezinjalo.
Ngezinyathelo ze-agrotechnical
Ochwepheshe bavumelana ngazwi linye ngombono wokuthi ukulawula ukhula akukwazi ukulinganiselwa ezindleleni zamakhemikhali kuphela.
Amakamu amise kahle abaluleke kakhulu. Nikolay Rozhnov igcizelela ukuthi ukunyakaza kwenhlabathi okujulile phakathi nale nqubo, ukugqugquzelwa kwezitshalo ngokuphindaphindiwe kanye nokutshalwa nge-harrow enhlabathini enesihlabathi nesihlabathi evundile kungazuza imiphumela emihle kakhulu. Emhlabathini osindayo, ukusebenza kahle kokulawula ngomshini ngokuvamile akwanele.
Ngokuvumelana ne ULyudmila Kostyagina, Ukuncishiswa kokhula emasimini kwenziwa lula ukuhambisana nokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo, kanye nokutshalwa kwezitshalo ngesikhathi kuhlangene nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali. Uhlanganisa nokutshala ubulongwe obuluhlaza njengendlela ephumelelayo yokulawula ukhula.
U-Irina Berg