Ukusetshenziswa kwamanyolo aluhlaza ezinhlelweni zamazambane - okudingayo ukwazi ukuthi ukutshala umquba oluhlaza wenza okuhle ngempela futhi akulimazi isiko.
Izitshalo zaseSidereal ziyisihloko esidumile ekukhiqizweni kwezitshalo. Ososayensi nezazi zezolimo zezinkanyezi kuzo zonke benza inani elikhulu kakhulu lokuzama kwabavikeli abahlukahlukene bomhlabathi, ukushicilela abakutholile esizindeni somphakathi.
Yini amasende amazambane: okuhle nokubi
Ngakho-ke, ngokokunye ukuhlola okwenziwa ososayensi baseDashi, i-clover ebomvu ngaphambi kokutshala amazambane yandisa isivuno sama-tubers ngaphezu kwengxube yama-oats / peas / vetch.
Kodwa-ke, i-clover isengozini ye-verticillosis wilt, eyingozi ekulimeni amazambane alandelayo. Futhi i-clover emhlophe, njengokwandulelwa amazambane, ngokuvamile inomphumela omubi esivunweni.
Ama-oats asendle noma i-oats yasendle, inkathazo enonya yezinhlamvu zokudla okusanhlamvu, yazibonakalisa ilusizo kumazambane. E-Argentina, kwenziwa imizamo yokuhlola iminyaka emibili. Ama-oats asendle, asetshenziswa njengomanyolo oluhlaza, abe nomthelela omkhulu ekuvuneni nasezenzakalweni zesibazi. Isithelo se-nezilimo eziyizigaxa besisikhulu, futhi ingcindezi yesibazi ezindaweni ezingena-pathogen yayingencane.
I-Soy iyisandulela esihle kakhulu samazambane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifudumele. I-Soy ibekezelela kakhulu i-acidity yenhlabathi kunemidumba eminingi futhi isebenze kahle ekulweni notwayi. Ububi bosoya obulinywa njengesitshalo ukuthi ukhiqiza izinsalela ezincane ngakho-ke awunikeli ekunakekelweni kwamazinga endaba yomhlabathi.
ILupine iyintandokazi eMpumalanga Yurophu njengesitshalo sokumboza amazambane esandulele.
Umphumela wazo ekukhiqizweni uvame ukuhlala iminyaka emibili ngokushintshana kwezitshalo. Ubhontshisi we-Lupine unomthelela ovimbela ama-nematode ne-rhizoctonia futhi ungaba ukhetho oluthokozisayo.
Kwamanye amazwe, i-rye yayiyisembozo esithandwa kakhulu noma isivuno sokujikeleza izitshalo samazambane, ikakhulukazi emhlabathini olula. Ngokungafani nama-legamu, i-rye ayidingi i-pH ephezulu futhi incintisana kakhulu nokhula. Lesi ngesinye sezitshalo ezingcono kakhulu zokuvimbela ukulethwa kwe-nitrate ekwindla. I-Rye ibekezelela kakhulu amazinga okushisa aphansi ebusika. Ngeshwa, i-rye kunzima ukuyibulala entwasahlobo, kanti-ke, yisitshalo esiqukethe amazambane ahlasela amazambane.
Izilimo zomndeni weklabishi, ezinjenge lwesinaphi esimhlophe, isithombo samafutha, nezidlwenguliwe, zinezinzuzo eziningi. Zikhula ngokushesha, zimelana nokubanda, ziqongelela kahle i-nitrogen, imbewu yazo ishibhile, bese ifa ebusika. Cindezela ama-nematode. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwavela ukuthi isinaphi siyasebenza ngokulwa nesibazi kanye ne-rhizoctonia. Ukuphazamiseka okungenzeka kube i-phytotoxicity entwasahlobo epholile. Amasiko wokulwa ngenkani ngokuvamile akhulisa okuqukethwe okwomile kusiko lamazambane alandelayo.
Bathini ososayensi? Umbono wesazi sezolimo zakudala
Uma ubheka ama-siderate amazambane, kungaba usizo ukufunda i-athikili ngu-Andrew McGuire, isazi sesayensi yezolimo esisetshenzisiwe e-University of Washington. Umbhali ubiza umquba oluhlaza wamazambane umquba oluhlaza noma umquba oluhlaza, ohambelana ngqo nenhloso yezilimo ezimboze umhlabathi.
“Umanyolo oluhlaza yisilimo esilinywayo bese sifakwa emhlabathini ngenkathi sihlala siluhlaza. Lo mkhuba wawusetshenziselwa kabanzi ukwenza ngcono inhlabathi nokunikeza izakhi zomsoco ezitshalweni ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale umanyolo wokwenziwa.
Muva nje, abalimi bamazambane baphinde baba nentshisekelo kulobu buchwepheshe obudala, bekhetha kakhulu umquba oluhlaza kusuka lwesinaphi ukukhulisa umkhiqizo ngokwenza ngcono izindawo ezivundile zomhlaba.
Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nenzuzo ephansi, yomanyolo eluhlaza ongaphansi wesikhathi esedlule, umanyolo oluhlaza lwesinaphi udinga ukugqokwa okuphezulu, ubuchwepheshe obuthile bezolimo futhi, kwezinye izikhathi, ukunisela.
Zidinga ukuqonda kwesimanje kwemvelo yemvelo, izinambuzane zenhlabathi, isayensi yokufunda izinto eziphilayo, kanye nezindlela zokukhetha nokubukisisa. Kukholelwa ukuthi ngokungafani nomanyolo wokwenziwa, ama-siderates angathuthukisa izakhiwo zomzimba, zamakhemikhali nezokuzalwa.
Isitshalo somquba oluhlaza wesinaphi sisikiwe bese sivalelwa ekwindla ngaphambi kokutshala amazambane esizayo.
Izici zomzimba zenhlabathi, ezinjengomthambeka, ukungena kwamanzi, ukugcinwa kwamanzi kanye ne-aeration, ngokuvamile zithuthukiswa ngokungeza izinto eziphilayo enhlabathini, noma ngabe ngumquba, umquba oluhlaza, umquba noma izinsalela zezitshalo. Lokhu kuholela ekukhuleni kwezimpande ezinkulu nezinempilo izimpilo ezisiza izitshalo ukubhekana kangcono nengcindezi.
Izici zezinto eziphilayo zenhlabathi, ezinjenge-micobial biomass, umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinto eziphilayo, nazo zingathuthukiswa ngomanyolo oluhlaza. Lezi zinguquko kwi-biology yenhlabathi zinikeza isikhuthazo sezomnotho esifushane sokusetshenziswa kwezilwanyane zezimbungulu eziluhlaza ezinhlelweni ezikhula ngamazambane, ikakhulukazi ezilawula izinambuzane zomhlaba kanye namagciwane anjengezifo zokukhunta kanye namagciwane.
Izici zamakhemikhali zenhlabathi zenziwa ngamazinga akhulayo wezakhi zomzimba nezinto eziphilayo. Lapho sisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezithile ezikhulayo, umquba ohlaza okotshani ubambele okokufutha okubizayo.
Kodwa-ke, ubukhulu kanye nesikhathi sale miphumela enenzuzo kuncike ezintweni eziningi, njengokugcwala kwenhlabathi, izinga lokushisa nomswakama, izinhlobo zezitshalo nezitshalo, isimo sezulu, izindlela zokutshala kwenhlabathi, izinhlobo zezinambuzane namazinga, nokujikeleza kwezitshalo. Ngenxa yalokho, izinzuzo zesinaphi njenge-siderate yamazambane ziyahlukahluka emasimini.
Umthelela womquba oluhlaza ezilokazaneni zenhlabathi ungumphumela wezindlela eziningana zokusebenzisana ezisebenza kuxhaxha oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuxhumana emhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, akukakakwazi ukusho ukuthi iyiphi indlela ebaluleke kakhulu noma ukuthi isebenza kanjani ngokubambisana nenye - singabona kuphela ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ezingasebenza futhi zibaluleke ekukhuleni kwamazambane.
I-Sevo-board
Ngaphambi kokuthola imiphumela ku-micobiology yenhlabathi, izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo zokumboza umhlabathi zihlanganiswa ohlelweni lokujikeleza kwezitshalo.
Ukushintshwa kwezilimo ezifanele kunciphisa izinkinga zezinja ngokuguqula izimo zezemvelo nezezifo ensimini.
Unambuzane ngamunye unesethi yezimo azithandayo. Uma izinambuzane zivunyelwe ukuba nezimo zazo ezizithandayo isikhathi eside kakhulu, zanda ngokushesha futhi zibangele izinkinga.
Ngokuvamile, ukushintshanisa kwezilimo ngezinsuku ezahlukahlukene zokutshala (entwasahlobo nasekwindla), izitshalo ezahlukahlukene (zonyaka nezingapheli; zinde futhi zimfushane; ngezinqubo zezimpande ezibalulekile nezinemisipha) kanye nokusindeka okuhlukile ezinambuzaneni (utshani ngokumelene nokhula olubanzi olusindayo) sekuba ngumsizi obalulekile kubakhiqizi bezitshalo nabazimbiza kufaka phakathi.
Ukucindezelwa kwezifo zenhlabathi
Indlela yesibili yezitshalo ezithile ezimboza umhlaba ibizwa ngokuthi ukucindezelwa kwezifo eziphilayo. Ososayensi bakubona njengokucindezelwa okubonakalayo kwezifo ezidluliselwa ngomhlabathi, noma ngabe i-pathogen isekhona emhlabathini kulabo abangaba yingozi.
Ngokuqondile amazambane esimweni sokudonsa kwe-verticillary (I-Verticillium dahliae) Abaphenyi baphawula ukuthi lapho ama-siderate athile (ibhali, isinaphi, udlwenguliwe, utshani baseSudan nommbila omnandi) kutshalwe emhlabathini ngaphambi kokutshala, izinga lokutheleleka I-Verticillium laliphansi, ngisho nangesilinganiso esiphezulu sefungus enkundleni.
Umquba oluhlaza usebenza njengomthombo wamandla wezinto eziphilayo ezinenzuzo. Lezi zidalwa kucatshangwa ukuthi zishiya indawo I-Verticilliumanda ngobuningi.
Ngemuva kwalokho, ngemuva kokutshala amazambane, angafaka ngaphandle iVerticillium endaweni esezimpandeni zamazambane abizwa ngokuthi i-rhizosphere. Le ukuphela kwendawo lapho ama-verticillin wilt pathogen angathinta khona izitshalo zamazambane.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi emzabalazweni wesitshalo sakho, kunezinye izindlela, kufaka phakathi ukuphazamiseka (ukukhuphuka kanye noma ukwehla kwamamephu okuvela) kwezimpawu zamakhemikhali phakathi kwamagciwane nezitshalo.
Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izinsalela zezitshalo ezomile azisebenzi kahle njengezitshalo ezintsha. Ngakho-ke, vala isivuno sesembozo ngenkathi kuseluhlaza.
I-Biofumigation
Leli gama lisetshenziselwa ukukhombisa umphumela wokushintshwa kwezilimo noma izitshalo ezisontekile kuzilokazane ezithwalwa inhlabathi.
Izitshalo ezinjenge-rapeseed kanye nesinaphi ziqukethe amakhemikhali asebenzayo abizwa ngokuthi yi-glucosinolates.
Emhlabathini, amanye ama-glucosinolates ezimpandeni, amahlumela namaqabunga egqekeza abe isothiocyanates (ITC) namanye amakhemikhali.
Ama-Isothiocyanates aziwa ukubulala noma ukucindezela ama-phytopathogens athile kanye nama-nematode. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-glucosinolates akhiqiza izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-ITC ezinobuthi obuhlukile bezilokazane ezihlukile.
I-Methyl ITC ikhemikhali elisebenzayo futhi, njenge-fumigant ejwayelekile yokwenza, ivimbele ukukhula kokubola okumhlophe, i-powdery scab ne-pink bola ngaphansi kwezimo zelebhu. Ukuhlolwa kwensimu kukhombisile imiphumela exubile, futhi ucwaningo luyaqhubeka.
Utshani baseSudan (noma amabele aseSudan) namabele kukhonjisiwe ukuthi kuyasebenza ekulweni nezimpande zematode ngokukhiqiza i-durrin, yona, efana ne-glucosinolates, eyakha isakhi esinobuthi lapho isetshenziswa enhlabathini - kulokhu i-hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
Njengomthetho, ukugcwala kwama-glucosinolates kufinyelela esiqongweni sawo ngaphambi kokuqhakaza futhi kuphikelele kuze kube yilapho izitshalo ziqala ukoma.
Umkhuba wamanje ukugaya umquba oluhlaza ngaphambi kokuwusebenzisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lama-bio-fumigants ahlangana nenhlabathi. Ithuluzi elihle kakhulu kulokhu lingaba i-high chop chopper. Ekugcineni, ukukhiqizwa kwe-ITC kungaphezulu kwenhlabathi emanzi kune eyomile ngakho-ke uma kunokwenzeka amanzi insimu ngemuva kokufaka isicelo.
Le ndlela, ehambisana nokucindezela kwezifo zemvelo, kwenzeka lapho izidalwa ezithile zikhipha amakhemikhali ahlangana nezimpande zezitshalo futhi avuse isivikelo semvelo sesitshalo.
Chaza izinhloso ngaphambi kokukhetha i-siderate
Ngaphambi kokufaka isivuno sezitshalo zomquba oluhlaza ekushintsheni kwesitshalo sakho, kufanele unqume ukuthi yini ofuna ukuyifinyelela: lawula i-nematode ethile, isifo, ukhula lwenkinga, noma umane uthuthukise inhlabathi.
Uma usenqumile enhlosweni enkulu, kufanele uthathe izinqumo zokuphatha ukuze wandise umphumela ozokuholela kule nhloso.
Ukulungiselela izinhloso kufanele kubhekwe ingxube eyodwa yezilimo, inhlabathi nezinambuzane epulazini lakho noma kuyo yonke indawo lapho kwenziwa khona ezolimo.
Njengoba izinhlobo ezithile zomquba oluhlaza zizokuba ngcono ezimeni ezithile, kufanele ufunde ubuhle nobubi bohlobo ngalunye lwesilimo bese uzama ukwenza lezo ezibonakala zilungele kangcono isimo sakho.
Impumelelo noma ukwehluleka ukuthola izinzuzo zesitshalo sabavikeli benhlabathi kuya ngemininingwane: indlela yokutshala, usuku lokutshala, izinga lokuhlwanyelwa, umanyolo, ukulawula ukhula, kanye nendlela nesikhathi sokutshala. Ngaphambi kokuthenga imbewu, qiniseka ukuthi unayo yonke imininingwane ngesitshalo osikhethile.
Imbewu yesembozo esikhethekile ingabiza. Noma kunjalo, umquba oluhlaza okhiqizwayo usebenzisa imbewu eshibhile ezindaweni ezingenamvula futhi ngokunisela okuningana uvame ukunganikezi imiphumela egculisayo, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokulwa nama-phytopathogens kanye nematode.
Lapho ubheka izindleko zamanyolo aluhlaza, kubalulekile ukucubungula yonke imihlomulo. Yize kulula kakhulu ukubona izinzuzo, uma ungakwazi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kunzima kakhulu ukuhlola izinzuzo zezinhlaka zomzimba ezithuthukisiwe noma ezinye izinzuzo zesikhathi eside.
Futhi, khumbula ukuthi enye imali oyisebenzisayo ukunakekela ikhava yomhlaba ibizosetshenziswa noma kunjalo. Lokhu kusebenza kumanyolo - iningi lazo lizohlala emhlabathini izitshalo ezizayo.
Cabanga isikhathi nomsebenzi odingekayo ukuze uthole imiphumela emihle. Ngabe lezi zinsizakusebenza zizotholakala lapho zidingeka? Ngabe unayo eminye imicimbi ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka engakuvimbela ukuthi unake isivuno esifanele somquba? Kuzodingeka uthenge imishini eyengeziwe uqashe nabasebenzi. ”
Funda ngokugcwele: https://www.agroxxi.ru/