Amazambane okulimaza sekwephuzile ngesinye sezifo ezilimaza minyaka yonke amazambane akhula eRussian Federation, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezinemvula eyandayo namazinga okushisa aphansi aphakathi naphakathi. Kubangela ukufa kwezitshalo ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukushoda kwezitshalo ngokulahleka okulandelayo ngesikhathi kugcinwa. Ngokuya ngemininingwane yethu, uhlobo lweziqu zokulimaza sekwephuzile lwenzeka kuyo yonke indawo futhi ezimweni eziningi luziveza ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuneqabunga.
Ubungozi obukhulu bokulimala sekwephuzile yi-plastikiity kanye nekhono lokwakha izakhiwo zokuphumula (ama-oospores) eziqhubeka isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-pathogen iyakwazi ukuqhubeka nokukhula kwayo ngisho nasezingeni lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu (3 ° C) kanye nomswakama (60%).
Abalimi abaningi abanolwazi bayazi ukuthi ukuhlela ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwama-fungicides nokukhethwa komuthi kunethonya elinqumayo ekusebenzeni kahle kokuvikela amazambane ekulimaleni sekwephuzile. Ngokuya ngesilinganiso semvula kusukela ngoMeyi kuya maphakathi noJuni, ukwelashwa kokuqala kungadingeka ngaphambi kokuba izihloko zivaliwe noma kamuva kakhulu. Ukufafaza ngesikhunta kufanele kwenziwe ezinsukwini ezingama-5-7 ngaphambi kokukhula okukhulu kokutheleleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekusebenzeni kahle kwezomnotho kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, kubalulekile ukuthi ukukhetha kwabo kuguqulwe ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo, isimo sezulu kanye nobuchwepheshe obukhulayo. Ukwenza izinqumo nokuhlolwa kwensimu kungamathuluzi abalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwesikhunta okufika ngesikhathi.
Inhloso yokwelashwa kokuqala kokukhubazeka kungukunciphisa ukusakazeka kokutheleleka kusuka kuma-tubers kuya esiqwini samazambane. Emhlabathini osindayo, kumele kusetshenziswe amalungiselelo aqukethe izinto ezisebenzayo (propamocarb hydrochloride, metalaxyl, mefenoxam).
Isibonelo, ungafaka i-Metaxil. Uma ubungozi bokutheleleka kusuka kumazambane embewu ephezulu (umswakama omkhulu womhlabathi uhlala), kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa umkhiqizo wohlelo ukwelashwa kwesibili. Ngenxa yengozi yokwakheka kokumelana ne-metalaxyl, futhi ngokuvamile emikhiqizweni ehlelekile, kuyadingeka ukuguqula izidakamizwa ngezinto ezihlukile ngokuya ngomshini wesenzo. Amalungiselelo othintana noTalant, Idol ukwelashwa kokuqala kunganconywa uma kunesimo sezulu esomile kanye nempahla yembewu emsulwa.
Esigabeni sokukhula okusebenzayo kwamahlamvu ngemuva kokwelashwa, isitshalo sivikelwe izinsuku ezingama-4-7 kuphela. Ngokuthuthuka okuqinile kokulimaza sekwephuzile, ingozi yokutheleleka kwamaqabunga angavikelekile ngokwanele iphezulu kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, kunconywa ukusebenzisa ama-fungicides e-systemic. Zingena emaqabungeni futhi zingavikela ukukhula okusha ngezinga elithile, ziyasebenza futhi uma ukhunta usuvele ungene kwizicubu (umphumela wokuvikela nokwelapha). Kepha kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi le mithi ingamisa lesi sifo kuphela kungakapheli amahora angama-24-48 ngemuva kokutheleleka, noma ngabe isetshenziswa ngokugcwele. Uma kunezimpawu ezibonakalayo zokuthuthuka kokulimaza sekwephuzile, ngalesi sikhathi lesi sifo asisakwazi ukumiswa ngokuphelele.
Imikhiqizo equkethe i-cymoxanil - i-Ordan ne-Ordan MC - inomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokupholisa ("stop effect"). Ngakho-ke, zikulungele kakhulu ukufafaza okwelaphayo kwamabala abumba izinhlamvu. Umphumela wokwelashwa ungathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa ingxube yethangi yale mithi enama-fungicides eqembu lokuxhumana (i-fluazinam, i-mancozeb) ngesilinganiso esigcwele sokusetshenziswa. Uma isimo sezulu sisasivumela lesi sifo, ukufafaza kufanele kuphindwe ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-4-6. Ububi bama-fungusides aqukethe i-cymoxanil yisikhathi esisebenza esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izithako ezisebenzayo zesistimu.
Lapho ukukhula okuqinile kwezitshalo zamazambane sekuyekile, kusukela esikhathini sokuqhakaza, ukutheleleka okulimaza nokufika sekwephuzile kungatholwa ngezifo eziphakeme neziphakathi nendawo ngokwethula amalungiselelo othintana asuselwa kwizithako ezisebenzayo ezinjenge chlorothalonil, fluazines, njll, ngokwesibonelo, iTalant.
Endabeni yengcindezi yokulimaza esezingeni eliphansi, kungakhathalekile ukuthi isigaba sokwakhiwa kwamazambane, ukuvikelwa kunganikezwa ngama-fungicides wokuxhumana okonga asuselwa ezintweni ezisebenzayo (i-tyram, i-metiram, i-mancozeb, i-tribasic copper sulfate, njll.). Ngokuphambene ne-flusinam ne-ciazofamide, lezi zinto ezisebenzayo ezingathintana nazo zisebenza kakhulu ngokumelene ne-Alternaria solani. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuvuthwa kwesikhathi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, ngezikhathi lapho amazinga okushisa aphezulu nemvula kuvame ukushintshana.
Lapho nje amazambane eseyeka ukukhula bese amaqabunga engezansi eqala ukuphenduka ophuzi, kuyadingeka ukuvikela ama-tubers ekuthelelekeni sekwephuzile. Uma kunokutheleleka okubonakalayo nge-blight sekwephuzile ngaphambi kokuvuna, kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-fungicides ngedosi elwa nokuphefumula (ama-fluazines, mandipropamide).
I-Phytophthora ikhiqiza izinhlamvu uma nje izingxenye eziluhlaza zamazambane zikhona. Ngomoya, amazolo namaconsi zifinyelela emhlabathini futhi lapho zingathelela izilimo eziyizigaxa zesitshalo esisha cishe amasonto amathathu. Ingozi enkulu yokuhlaselwa yisifo sofuba kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokumba. Ukuze itheleleke, izinhlamvu kumele zihlangane ngqo nezilimo eziyizigaxa, futhi umonakalo ongaphezulu wenza kube lula ukungena kwe-pathogen. Ukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka okuhle kakhulu kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, kungcono ukufaka umuthi wokubulala isikhunta osuselwa ku-fluazinam noma i-mandipropamide ezinsukwini ezingama-21 ngaphambi kokumba, bese uwukhipha nge-diquat-based Dry Hove cishe emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokuvuna. Izinga nobuningi bokusetshenziswa kweDry Hove kuncike enhlobonhlobo kanye nenqwaba yemifino eqongelelwe, kanye nezimo zezulu.
Ikhwalithi yokucubungula ibalulekile. Ngokusho kokuhlola, ukuze kufinyelelwe ukusebenza ngempumelelo okuphezulu kokubulala, ukufafaza kumele kwenziwe ngesilinganiso sokusebenza sokuxazulula esingu-400 l / ha. Kungasetyenziswa ama-300 l / ha kuphela ngesisindo esibuthakathaka semifino (ngaphambi kokuvalwa kwe-tier nangemva kokuqala kokuvuthwa). Kodwa-ke, ngokwakhiwa okuqinile kwamahlamvu (isigaba sokuqala sokukhula noma izinhlobo ezinamahlamvu athuthukile kakhulu), kunconywa indlela evamile engama-500 l / ha.