I-potato enesizotha kanjani yaba yinto yesine yokuphepha kokudla kwaseChina
Ngemuva kokubonga amandla aphelele amazambane, iChina eminyakeni engamashumi amabili eyedlule ikhuphule kakhulu umkhiqizo walesi sitshalo futhi yaba ngumkhiqizi omkhulu wamazambane emhlabeni.
Emuva ngonyaka ka-2015, iChinese Academy of Science isincome ukuthi abaphathi bamukele isu lokuthuthuka kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamazambane njengokudla okuyisisekelo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokudla kwasekhaya okwenziwa ezweni. Ngo-2016, uhulumeni wase China wakhipha "Imihlahlandlela Yokukhuthaza Ukuthuthukiswa Kwamazambane". Ngemuva kwalokho, izifundazwe namadolobha nawo amukele imigomo efanelekile yokwenza ngcono ukukhiqizwa nokukhulisa isidingo samazambane.
Abasasazi babhekene nomsebenzi wokubeka amazambane njengokudla okuyisisekelo kwamaShayina ngazo zonke izindlela.
Ngokwalokho okuthandwa ngabathengi baseChina, sekukhiqizwe izinhlobo eziningi zemikhiqizo yamazambane ekhangayo, kufaka phakathi isinkwa samazambane, isinaphi amazambane nofulawa. Imikhiqizo yezambane yamazambane engaphezu kwama-200, enjengefriza efriziwe efriziwe, amazambane, amazambane, amazimba okudla amazambane, ilayisi yamazambane nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinye izinto ezifakiwe.
Lokhu kwasheshisa isidingo samazambane aluhlaza. Ngakho-ke amazambane e-China aba ukudla kokudla okuyisisekelo, kanye nelayisi, ukolweni nommbila, ngokomlando bekungeyona ingxenye eyinhloko yokudla kwaseChina.
Ukusuka ngonyaka we-2007 kuya kowezi-2016, ukusetshenziswa kwamazambane okusha ezweni laseChina kwenyusa kusuka kuma-30 kg kuye kuma-52 kg, kukhule ngesilinganiso se-5,6% ngonyaka, futhi kusenendawo yokuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe ngokuzayo.
Kusukela ngo-2007 kuya ku-2016, le ndawo engaphansi kwamazambane ku-PRC inyuke isuka kumahektare ayizigidi eziyi-4,5 yaya kumahektare ayizigidi ezi-5,6, kanti kulindeleke ukuthi kube nokukhula kancane kwesikhathi esizayo.
Ngalesi sikhathi, isivuno samazambane sikhuphuke sisuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingama-65 saba ngamathani ayizigidi ezingama-97.
Izinga lokukhiqizwa kwamanje liphawuleka kakhulu, ngoba ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane eChina bekungaphansi kwamathani ayizigidi eziyishumi muva nje ngo-10.
Indawo ezakhiwayo yendawo ngayinye ikhuphukile isuka kumathani ayi-15 / ha kuya kwamathani ayi-17 / ha ukusuka ngo-2007 kuya ku-2016.
Kodwa-ke, isivuno esitholakele singaphansi kwesilinganiso somhlaba (amathani angama-20 ngehektha), futhi siphansi kakhulu kunasemazweni athuthukile (amathani angama-40 amahektha), njengeNetherlands, iFrance, i-USA neNew Zealand.
Ngakho-ke, kukhona amandla okukhula okukhulu kwezivuno zamazambane, futhi ososayensi babeka imizamo kulokhu.
Izindawo ezihlwanyelwa amazambane zigxile kakhulu eChina, ngamaphesenti angama-49 endawo ehlwanyelwe eNyakatho China, lapho kuvuna khona isivuno esisodwa ngonyaka.
Amaphesenti angama-39 aseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina, lapho kutholakala khona ukuhlanza okukodwa nokuphindwe kabili.
Amaphesenti ama-5 awela eCentral China, lapho kuvuna khona izilimo ezimbili.
Ekugcineni, ama-7% amazambane atshalwe eningizimu yeChina, kubandakanya iFujian, iGuangdong, iGuangxi, iHainan neTaiwan, lapho bavuna khona izilimo ezimbili.
Isikhathi esifushane sokukhula kanye nokuvumelana nezimo okubanzi kwamazambane kukwenza kulungele izindawo nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezulu eChina, kukuvumela ukuthi uthole umkhiqizo omusha unyaka wonke.
Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene, amazambane anamandla amakhulu okuqhubeka kokuthuthuka kwezindawo ezitshalwe nezithelo ezweni laseChina kunelayisi, ukolweni noma ummbila.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhona, esikhathini esifushane nje, umuntu angalindela ukukhuphuka kwesivuno samazambane esisilinganiso sisuka kumathani ayi-17 / ha siye kumathani angama-22 / ha nokukhuphuka kwendawo ehlwanyelwe sisuka kumahektare ayizigidi ezingama-5,6 iye kumahektare ayi-8,0. Ngokusho kwabahlaziyi, ukukhula okuthe xaxa ekukhiqizweni kwamazambane kuzosiza ukunxephezela ukungakwazi kwezilimo ukumboza ngokuphelele izidingo zomsoco wabantu, kucatshangelwa izinhloso zokuphepha kokudla kuzwelonke.
Izinzuzo zezolimo zamazambane, kufaka phakathi ukumelana nesithwathwa, ukubekezelela isomiso, ukuzivumelanisa nezindawo nokukhiqiza okuphezulu, kungonga izinsiza futhi kuphazamiswe ekukhiqizeni okusanhlamvu okubizayo.
Amazambane njengengxenye ekwakhiweni kwezindawo ezimpofu
Esinye isizathu sokukhula kukhiqizwa kwamazambane ngumphumela wemizamo ehlangene yokunciphisa ubuphofu.
E-China, izindawo ezimpofu zivame ukugxila ezindaweni ezinezintaba, lapho isimo sezulu esinzima khona, futhi nengqalasizinda yezokuthutha inganele. Ukukhulisa amazambane kuzosiza ukuhlinzeka abantu ngamakhalori adingekayo wokudla okunempilo.
Ngokuvamile, ngaphezu kwe-70% yendawo yonke yokutshala amazambane isatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezinempilo zase China.
Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, uhulumeni ubheke kakhulu ukulwa nobuphofu, ikakhulukazi ngokuthuthukisa imboni yamazambane kulezi zifunda. Lokhu akufanele kunikeze abahlali ukudla kuphela, kodwa futhi kunikeze namathuba okwandisa imali yamapulazi emindeni emincane ezindaweni ezingenampilo lapho amazambane enenzuzo enkulu yokutshala kunelayisi, ukolweni, soya noma ummbila.
Unempilo futhi unempilo
Ososayensi bathi amazambane ahlinzeka nge-carbohydrate eyinkimbinkimbi ukufeza izidingo zamandla futhi aqukethe amavithamini amaningi, amaminerali nama-phytonutrients. Lokhu kwakhiwa kuthandwa kakhulu ngabathengi baseChinese, phakathi kokudla okunempilo okufashini.
Ngokunyuka kwemali engenayo eChina, abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe baba nentshisekelo ebuhlotsheni obuphakathi kokudla okunempilo nempilo.
Isibonelo, inani lokudla okunempilo kwezilimo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ama-nokunye okufana nokolweni, ubhontshisi, kanye nenyama. Isihloko sokudla okunempilo simbozwa njalo emaphephandabeni, futhi ngenxa ye-Intanethi, imininingwane ihlanganiswa kabanzi.
Amaresiphi esidliwayo esi-Chinese namazambane ahlukile kulawo amukelwa ejwayelekile eYurophu nase-USA, lapho amazambane evame ukuphekelwa ebhotheni noma kudliwe nenyama ethosiwe, ehlukile kwimodeli yokusetshenziswa kwaseChina. Akumukelwa ukuthi kudliwe amazambane ebhotela eChina.
Ngabe iChina idingani ukuze kuthuthukiswe imboni yamazambane
Umkhawulo ekukhiqizweni kwamazambane e-China ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela ezi-zoned, kanti kuyadingeka okuningi ukukhiqizwa okuhle ngezimo zasendaweni.
Ngakho-ke, kudingeka eminye imizamo ukusebenzisa izinsiza ze-germplasm ukuze kutholakale izinhlobo ezintsha ze-PRC.
Amazambane embewu angenazo izifo angenye inkinga, ngoba abiza kakhulu eChina. Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi kuyadingeka ukusungula ukukhiqizwa kwembewu ethuthukisiwe, eyisisekelo neyokuhweba, kufaka phakathi ukwethulwa kokutholwa kwegciwane okufanele kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula ikhwalithi.
Ekugcineni, ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wokulungiselela amazambane waseChina kuyadingeka. Njengamanje, amaprosesa asendaweni afaka kuphela ama-5-10% wokukhiqizwa kwamazambane, kanti e-United States kudlula ama-70% wezitshalo zamazambane.
Kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda ukuze kuthuthwe futhi kugcinwe amazambane, okungelula ukuwugcina noma ukuhambisa, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwamanzi okuphezulu. Amazambane amasha aqhuma kalula, futhi ikhwalithi yawo ingonakala lapho ihanjiswa amabanga amade. Lapho kuhanjiswa ngefomu efriziwe noma ngesimo sesitashi, izindleko zenyuka kakhulu.
Ngokomlando, izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni zokuxhasa ukudla ziye zagxila elayisi, kakolweni nakwezinye izilimo, kepha azisetshenziswa kangako emazambane.
Ngokuzayo, uhulumeni we-PRC kufanele ahlinzeke ukusekelwa okufanayo kwamazambane njengamabele.
(Umthombo: link.springer.com. Ababhali: uWang Su, uJian Wang).
Funda ngokugcwele: https://www.agroxxi.ru/stati/kartofelnyi-kitai-istorija-uspeha-kultury-v-otdelno-vzjatoi-strane.html