Kubalimi bamazambane, u-2019 bekungunyaka oxubile. Kule sizini, abakhiqizi abaningi banqume ukuqala ukutshala amazambane ukuze acutshungulwe, futhi lokhu kudala izinselelo ezintsha kubalimi kanye nezazi zezolimo namahlathi futhi kuhlanganisa nokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwemakethe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinguquko ezintsha emazingeni wombuso, ngokusho kochwepheshe, zibiza ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni umbuzo.
Abalobeli balo magazini “bahlola ukuthi abalimi bamazambane bangaqhubeka kanjani beqinile.”Ubuchwepheshe bezolimo nobuchwepheshe".
Ngo-2018, kwavulwa ukuhlanganyela okukhulu kweQembu Lezinkampani esifundeni saseLipetsk.Belaya Dacha" kanye neWundlu Weston / Meijer (umholi wezwe ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yamazambane) - isitshalo sokukhiqiza amafrimu aseFrance. Ibhizinisi alikafinyeleli umthamo ogcwele, kodwa, ngokusho kwabahlaziyi bemakethe, umthamo wokungeniswa kwamafrimu aseFrance eRussia usuvele wehlile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amafrimu e-Lipetsk nawo akhiqizwa ukuze athunyelwe kwa-Israyeli, eYurophu namazwe ase-Afrika.
Ama-chips nama-fries aseRussia
"Silindele ukuthi engxenyeni yesibili ka-2019 isitshalo esifanayo esifundeni saseMoscow sizosebenza ngokugcwele - inkampani"U-Agriko“—okunamandla okucutshungulwa okungamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-70 ezinto ezingavuthiwe,” kusho u-Alexey Krasilnikov, umqondisi omkhulu wePotato Union. "Abatshalizimali baseRussia nabo banezinhlelo zesikhungo sokucubungula ingxenye ethile e-Tyumen ngesisekelo se-Agrofirm."CREDIT” enamandla amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30 wamazambane nemifino. Asiwaboni amanye amaphrojekthi amakhulu kuleli cala okwamanje, yize ngonyaka ka-2019 kuhlelwe ukuthi kuqalwe ukwakhiwa kwegatsha lesitshalo sokukhiqiza ama-chips esifundeni saseSiberia, kodwa lokhu kuyiphrojekthi okwamanje. "
Ngokukhula kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane afuywayo, acutshungulwa amabhizinisi okudla okusheshayo, kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi abakhiqizi bazophinde bakhulise intshisekelo ezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha eziklanyelwe lezi zinhloso. Okwamanje, ngeshwa, abakhiqizi baseRussia, nakuba bezitshala bodwa amazambane anjalo, basebenza ngokukhethwa kwamanye amazwe - azikho nje izinhlobo zasekhaya ezifanele ukukhiqizwa kwama-chips noma amafrimu aseFrance.
"Sisenalo ithemba elincane mayelana nokuzalanisa izinhlobo zamafrimu nama-chips amazambane, nakuba kufanele kube khona," kusho u-Alexey Krasilnikov, "ngoba kunohlelo lokuhlola lokuthuthukisa ukukhetha nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane, ezingaba ngu-11 ezabelwa isabelomali sikahulumeni kuphela.” Ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane Ezinye zalezi zimali sezinikeziwe abaculi. Balinganiselwa ku-24 ababambiqhaza ohlelweni. Ngokwalolu hlelo, kulindeleke ukuthi ngo-2025 abalimi baseRussia bazobe sebethuthukise okungenani izinhlobo eziyi-12 zokukhethwa kwasekhaya ezingekho ngaphansi kwekhwalithi kunezinhlobo zokukhethwa kwamanye amazwe. Futhi nakuba sigcizelele ukuthi, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwalezi zinkomba, izinhlobo zokucubungula izimboni kufanele zenziwe ngokuhlukana, ngeshwa, asizange sizwe. Ngakho-ke, singaqagela ukuthi abalimi bethu bazosinika ini ngo-2025. ”
Namuhla, ukukhetha kwenziwa ngendlela eshiwo umthengi wokugcina womkhiqizo, kuphawula u-Anna Khrabrova, umphathi wezohwebo wenkampani. HZPC I-Sadokas (ukuzalanisa amazambane kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu). “Imakethe yamazambane ihlukaniswe izigaba: ngokwesibonelo, kunezinhlobo ezihlukene ezihloselwe ukuwashwa, futhi ngokwehlukana ukuze zicutshungulwe, futhi kunezinkomba ezimbalwa lapha, kufaka phakathi amafrimu aseFrance, amazambane ama-chips namazambane okukhiqiza isitashi sekhwalithi ephezulu. Kunezinhlobo ezehlukene zemakethe yendabuko. Ngayinye yalezi zingxenye nayo ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ngaphakathi kwayo. Ngakho-ke, kucatshangelwa izifiso zomthengi wokugcina womkhiqizo, kuye ngezici zawo nezidingo, ukukhetha kuyathuthuka. " Isibonelo, kumafrimu aseFrance, izinhlobonhlobo ezinenyama ephuzi ephuzi, ukwakheka kwe-tuber emide kanye nokuqukethwe okuzinzile koshukela oncishisiwe kuso sonke isikhathi sokugcina kuyadingeka, uchwepheshe uyanezela.
Ngokwesicelo somthengi
Namuhla, abathengi abanaki kuphela ukunambitheka, kodwa futhi nokubukeka kwamazambane, njengoba umkhiqizo emashalofini "ukhethwa ngamehlo abo," kuphawula u-Anna Khrabrova. Ngakho-ke, abalimi babhekana nomsebenzi owengeziwe - ukwenza umkhiqizo ubukeke ukhanga. “Ezikhathini eziningi, izinhlobo ezazaliswa eminyakeni engama-20-25 edlule zinamehlo ajulile, futhi akukho ukukhuluma mayelana nokukhanya kwekhasi nhlobo. “Namuhla, imfuneko ebaluleke kakhulu ukukhanga okubonakalayo komkhiqizo,” kusho uchwepheshe. - Futhi imfuneko yesibili, imfuneko yomkhiqizi, isivuno esikhulu. Ngakho-ke, kumakhasimende ethu, abakhiqizi bamazambane amazambane okuqala, inkomba ebaluleke kakhulu isivuno esikhulu ekuvuthweni kokuqala. Le mingcele (ukubukeka, isivuno, isikhathi sokuvuthwa) izoba khona ezinhlobonhlobo kuphela uma umfuyi egxile kuzo ekuqaleni, ekhetha amafomu omzali anemingcele edingekayo yokuqala. Ngeke ngisho ukuthi imakethe yamazambane iyalandela, kunalokho iyimakethe yezinhlobo ze-analog. Abakhiqizi bezolimo bafuna futhi bakulungele ukusebenzisana nezinhlobo ezintsha, kodwa badinga uhlobo olusha ukuze lube uhlobo oluthuthukisiwe lwezinhlobo ezithandwayo.” Amapulazi athuthukile asebenza esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obujulile enza konke okusemandleni awo ukunciphisa izindleko zomkhiqizo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ikhwalithi. Lokhu kungazuzwa ngokukhuphula isamba sesivuno somkhiqizo ojwayelekile. Izinhlobonhlobo ezazaliswa esikhathini esidlule zazinemihlahlandlela ehlukene. Isibonelo, babegxile kakhulu ebukhoneni bokumelana nezifo, njengoba ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwabo kwakungakabi bikho uhlelo olunamandla lokuvikela izitshalo njengoba lukhona manje, kusho umphathi wezohwebo. HZPC AmaSadoka.
Into eyinhloko ubuchwepheshe
Uhlobo ngalunye ludinga ukuhambisana nobuchwepheshe obuthile bokukhiqiza. "Isibonelo, emgqeni wethu womkhiqizo kunezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane okwamanje ezingomunye wabaholi bokuthengisa," kusho u-Anna Khrabrova. “Manje imakethe iyazi ngezimfanelo zakhe, futhi empeleni uyazithengisa, kodwa akazange abe kanjalo ngaso leso sikhathi. Omunye umsebenzi wenziwa nabalimi. Kwabaningi, kwakuyintsha isidingo sokuthi lezi zinhlobonhlobo kufanele zitshalwe ngo-2 cm ukujula kunokunikeza ubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile. Futhi lawa masentimitha anikeza i-tuber isikhala esengeziwe sokwakheka kwama-stolons, okuyivumela ukuthi ibone amandla ayo aphezulu. " Esinye isibonelo izinhlobonhlobo ezinokubusa kwe-apical (ukuthuthukiswa kwehlumela le-apical le-tuber, elikhula ngokushesha futhi libambezele ukukhula kwama-lateral buds), kuqhubeka uchwepheshe. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezinjalo, kodwa zikhona, futhi phakathi kwazo kunezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu. Lesi sici somuntu ngamunye sezinhlobonhlobo kufanele sicatshangelwe ukuze kukhethwe ubuchwepheshe obufanele bokulungiselela izinto zokutshala. Kunconywa ukuthi unqamule ihlumela le-apical ngesikhathi esifanele, okuzonikeza ithuba lokuvuka kwe-lateral buds. Uma sicabanga ukuthi isiqu ngasinye sikhiqiza izilimo eziyizigaxa ezi-3, khona-ke izibalo zenqubo zisobala. Esikhundleni sesiqu esisodwa se-apical, lesi sitshalo sakha amahlumela angu-3-4, ngalinye likhiqiza izilimo eziyizigaxa ezi-3. Ukwazi ama-nuances okuhlakulela izinhlobonhlobo kuletha izinzuzo ezisobala zezomnotho.
Abalimi bamazambane esifundeni saseVologda bazi mathupha ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokulima obufanele bungakhuphula kanjani ibhizinisi lezolimo emanxiweni. Kwakulapha, esizeni sebhizinisi elikhulu lezolimo elihlangene elawa eminyakeni yamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, lapho kwakhiwa khona amapulazi amazambane azimele.
"Ochwepheshe baseFinland benza izingqungquthela mayelana nokutshala amazambane," kukhumbula uVasily Solovyov, inhloko yepulazi labalimi (isifunda saseVologda), "owayemenywe abaphathi besifunda. Bakhuluma ngokulima ngendlela efanele kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulima amazambane. Kwabe sekuvela umhlahlandlela womsebenzi. Bese kuba nezinqolobane ongazibheka futhi uthole ukuthi yini okumele ugxile kuyo. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, besinendawo yokugcina izinqwaba. Saboniswa indlela yokuhlela inqubo yokukhiqiza; uchwepheshe waseFinland weza epulazini futhi walawula ngokuphelele inqubo yokutshala amazambane eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala yomsebenzi wethu. Wabala izindlela futhi wafundisa nokuhlela isivuno. Ngisebenzisa amafomula, ngibale ukuthi izoba yini isivuno esengeziwe. Kwangimangaza-ke. Ukuphusha kwakunamandla kakhulu. Kulapho kwaqala khona konke.”
Manje uVasily Solovyov ugxile ekukhuleni amazambane embewu yokukhiqiza okuphezulu, aqala ngama-tubers amancane futhi aphethe ngokukhiqiza kokuqala. Indawo engaphansi kokutshalwa kwembewu yamazambane ithatha ngaphezu kwamahektha ayi-150. “Abasebenzi abayisithupha basebenza ngokugcwele emsebenzini wokukhiqiza,” kusho umlimi. "Okusho ukuthi, kuvele ukuthi abantu abambalwa, besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe besimanje, bakhiqiza amathani amazambane angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezi-5." Amazambane embewu athengiswa ezifundeni eziningi zaseRussia - ukusuka esifundeni saseVologda kuya e-Astrakhan. Sekukonke, ipulazi likhula izinhlobo ezingaphezu kweshumi nanhlanu zamazambane, lihlanganyela inhloko yepulazi labalimi. Ipulazi liyingxenye yesakhiwo sokukhiqizwa kwembewu eyisisekelo esifundeni saseVologda; ukuthengiswa kwembewu ekhiqiza kakhulu kuwumthombo omkhulu wemali engenayo.
Amanye amapulazi amaningi asebenza ekutshaleni imbewu yamazambane akhiqiza kakhulu endaweni eyayiyibhizinisi lezolimo. Bonke bayingxenye ye-Ustyuzhensky Potato cooperative, usihlalo wayo nguVasily Solovyov.
Izinga elingaqediwe
Khonamanjalo, naphezu kwakho konke ukulunga kwangaphandle kwesimo ngokuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yembewu yamazambane kanye nokuvuselelwa kokukhiqizwa kwembewu yasekhaya, ochwepheshe bahlola imithetho emisha esungulwe kule ndawo ngokungaqondakali. NgoJanuwari 1, 2018, i-GOST 33996-2016 entsha yamazambane okukhiqiza imbewu yaqala ukusebenza, enikeza impumuzo ethile emkhakheni wezifo zamazambane futhi ibambe iqhaza ekusabalaleni kwawo kulo lonke elaseRussia.
"Izigaba eziyinhloko zamazambane atshalwa abalimi yi-elite (ES) kanye ne-reproductive (RP), ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa kokuqala noma kwesibili, lapho i-GOST entsha ibeka izidingo "ezithambile" ezincane kakhulu," kuchaza u-Alexander Hütti, inhloko yomkhakha wePotato. ILabhorethri Yezifo Yezitshalo Zokuzivikela Ezifweni VIZR. Ubalula ukuthi lezi zigaba (ES, RP1 kanye ne-RP2) zihamba phambili ngendawo yokutshala nokuthengwa kwembewu yamazambane, ikakhulukazi emazweni angaphandle. Lokhu kokugcina kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba "ukuhlanzeka" kwembewu engenisiwe kanye nokungabikho kwamagciwane okuhlukaniswa yedwa kanye nokungahlukaniswa kwabantu kuyisici esibalulekile esikweni lokutshala amazambane kanye nesihluthulelo sokutshala ngempumelelo nokuthola isivuno esikhulu samazambane, uchwepheshe. uyaqiniseka.
Iphuzu elibalulekile: amazambane ukuphela kwesitshalo lapho ukulahleka kwezitshalo kusuka ezifweni "zesikhunta" kungafinyelela kuhhafu wamandla, noma kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokuvikela, kuqhuba u-Alexander Hütti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isivuno esiba umphumela cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi sizoba "sihlanzekile" noma sinezimpawu ezibuthakathaka zezifo ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-GOST entsha ayinaki ingxenye yokuqala kwenqubo yokutheleleka, ebizwa noma echazwe njengefomu "elifihlekile". Ingozi yefomu elinjalo "elifihlekile" licacile egameni: ngokungabikho kwezimpawu ezibonakalayo ze-ejenti eyimbangela yalesi sifo, amazambane athintekile "yibhomu lesikhathi esithathelwanayo", okuzoholela ngokuqinisekile esikhathini esizayo. ukuqoqwa kokutheleleka nokulahlekelwa isivuno ngamazinga ahlukahlukene, uchwepheshe uyaxwayisa.
Ngokusho kwabamele i-Potato Union, ukungqubuzana okuningi kuphakama namuhla ngenxa yokuthi i-GOST entsha ingeyamazwe ngamazwe - yathuthukiswa kuyo yonke indawo yamazwe e-Eurasian Economic Union. “Kulo nyaka, i-All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming eqanjwe ngalo. U-A. G. Lorkha, owayengomunye wabathuthukisi be-GOST, wathi uhlose ukuthuthukisa i-GOST kazwelonke yembewu yamazambane, kuphawula u-Alexey Krasilnikov. - Ngendlela, le ndinganiso kwaxoxwa ngayo kabanzi, futhi sathatha indlela elinganiselayo kakhulu yokwamukelwa kwayo. Yebo, saphoqeleka ukuthi singaqinisi izidingo zamazinga ezifo, ngoba, ngaphandle kwalokho, izinkampani eziningi zembewu ngeke zikwazi ukuhlangabezana nazo. Besingavele sisale singenambewu yamazambane. Okusho ukuthi, izoba khona, yebo, kodwa ibingeke isahlangabezana nezidingo,” kufingqa uchwepheshe.
U-Alexander Hütti, Inhloko Yomkhakha Wezifo Zamazambane weLabhorethri Yezitshalo Zokuzivikela Ezifweni ze-All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection "Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni embalwa edlule, izimpawu zamagciwane ezifo zefungal zamazambane zishintshe kakhulu. . Isibonelo, i-agent causative ye-scab emnyama (i-fungus Rhizoctonia solani JG Kuhn) noma, njengoba ivame ukubizwa kanjalo, i-rhizoctoniosis iya ngokuya itholakala kuma-tubers ngendlela yezilonda eziyindilinga ezithize ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene ukusuka kokukodwa kuye kweziningi, zihlakazeke ngesiphithiphithi phezu kwe-tuber. Izilonda ezinjalo zingadideka kalula nokubonakaliswa kwesifo esiyingozi njenge-tuberous scab. Ngaphezu kwezilonda ezithile ezimise okwendilinga, lesi sifo sizibonakalisa ngesimo se-necrosis, imifantu, i-sclerotial mesh, ukubola kwamehlo nama-lentils, futhi kancane kancane ngesimo se-black sclerotia eyaziwayo, kuyilapho i-GOST entsha. ihloselwe kancane kuphela ukuhlonza i-sclerotia eshiwo ngenhla, futhi i-tuber akufanele imbozwe ngayo ngaphansi kwe-10% yendawo yonke ehlala kuyo. Uma kungenjalo, ngomonakalo omncane, i-tuber enjalo ibhekwa njengenempilo futhi ingasetshenziselwa izinjongo zembewu esigabeni esifanele sokuzala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyamangaza ukuthi akukho lwazi lokuthi ubukhulu be-sclerotia bubaluleke kakhulu ngokwekhono lokutheleleka kanye nokulimala okubangelwa, njengoba i-sclerotia inkulu, iyingozi kakhulu. Futhi i-sclerotia encane ivame ukuholela ekubeni khona kwe-saprophytic ngaphandle kokulimaza i-tuber, futhi isibonelo, ukuba khona kwe-sclerotia eminingana yikona okungaba yingozi kakhulu: kuzodala umonakalo omkhulu kunezincane eziningi.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwezinye izifo zesikhunta, i-GOST entsha ihlangothini olulodwa, ngoba ngesizathu esithile ibheka ukubonakaliswa okukodwa kwezimpawu zesifo esithile. Njengomthetho, amagciwane amaningana ezifo zamazambane abandakanyeka enqubweni yokutheleleka, umehluko kuphela ukuthi isifo esisodwa sisebenza njengembangela yalesi sifo, kanti abanye bayabandakanyeka kamuva, okwenza ukuxilongwa kube nzima noma okuholela ekuhlonzweni okungalungile kwesifo. i-pathogen ngenxa yezimpawu ezingacacile. Mayelana nalokhu, ukuhlonzwa kwanoma iyiphi i-pathogen eyodwa ngaphandle kocwaningo olunzulu lwenkimbinkimbi yonke ye-pathogenic kungase kuholele ekwabiweni okungalungile kwesigaba sokuzala. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ku-GOST entsha, lapho amagciwane amaningana etholakala ku-tuber, kukhethwa eyodwa kuphela ohlwini ngokulandelana kwezinto eziza kuqala ezihlongozwayo, kanti ezinye azinakwa nhlobo, okubukeka kungavamile. Izibonelo zifaka amagciwane e-anthracnose ne-blackleg, i-phomosis, i-fusarium ne-alternaria, engenzeka ku-tuber ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi iholele ekuxilongweni okungalungile.
Source: https://www.agroinvestor.ru