Amazambane ayaziwa e-China iminyaka engaphezu kuka-400. Ngalesi sikhathi, umkhiqizo ongaziwa ekuqaleni awuzange ube yingxenye yezinto ezibalulekile zokudla kwendawo, kodwa futhi ube yingxenye yesiko lesizwe.
Kukholakala ukuthi amazambane avela eChina ngesikhathi sikaWanli seMing Dynasty (1572-1620). Abacwaningi bathola ubufakazi balokhu ezincwadini ezabhalwa ngaleso sikhathi. Omunye wababhali, uJiang Yikui, owasebenza njengobulungiswa bokuthula eLingchuan County ngekhulu le-XNUMX, futhi kamuva wasebenza njengomphathi esifundeni esisentshonalanga yeBeijing, uchaze emsebenzini wakhe zonke izinto ezingavamile nezehlakalo ahlangabezana nazo. , kanye namazambane - "okufana nokunambitheka kwamakinati." Iqiniso lokuthi amazambane afakwe ohlwini lwe-curiosities liphakamisa ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi isiko lalingakatholakali kakhulu eChina.
U-Xu Guangqi, uNgqongqoshe Wezamasiko ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Chongzhen Wobukhosi Bakwa-Ming, ushiye incazelo enemininingwane eminingi yezambane: “Ubhatata omisiwe, owaziwa nangokuthi izambane. Inamaqabunga afana nomvini afana nobhontshisi; izimpande eziyindilinga ezifana namaqanda enkukhu, ezinenyama emhlophe nesikhumba esiphuzi. Ingabiliswa ukwenza isobho elimpunga noma isitimu. Ijusi ebilisiwe ingasetshenziselwa ukuwasha izingubo, izishiye zihlanzekile futhi zibe mhlophe njenge-jade.”
Ekupheleni kobukhosi bakwaMing, amazambane afakwa ohlwini lwezibiliboco zasesigodlweni. Lokhu kugcizelelwa nguLiu Ruoyu eZuo Zhong Zhi, nakuba umbhali ngokwakhe engaboni lutho olukhethekile emkhiqizweni: “Phakathi kwamakhulukhulu ezibiliboco, amazambane awaphawuleki - kusukela ekunambithekeni kuya ekubukekeni. Okukhanga kakhulu ngamazambane ukuthi aphuma emazweni angaphandle.”
Izambane ekuqaleni lalitshalwa esifundeni saseBeijing-Tianjin, kodwa lapho kuphela uBukhosi baseMing kanye nokuqala koBukhosi bukaQing, lasakazekela kwezinye izindawo. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza izitshalo sebuthuthuke kakhulu, isivuno sandile. Amazambane atholakala kubantu abaningi.
Maphakathi ne-Qing Dynasty, i-China yabhekana nokukhula okusheshayo kwenani labantu, okwandisa isidingo sokudla. Inkinga yokudla yaholela esiqongweni sokuqala sokutshalwa kwamazambane. Ngalesi sikhathi, izakhamizi zakwezinye izifunda zezwe zafunda ukugaya amazambane zibe ufulawa futhi zithengise imikhiqizo egayiwe ezweni lonke.
Kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala yokubusa koMbusi uQianlong (wabusa kusukela ngo-1735 kuya ku-1796), abalimi babekwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululeka ezweni lonke. Ngenxa yalokhu, imbewu yamazambane nezindlela zokutshala zisakazeke kakhulu, ngisho nasezifundeni ezikude eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga kanye nethafa leShanxi eliseningizimu. Amazambane asheshe ajwayela indawo yemvelo enzima futhi abonisa isivuno esiphezulu ngisho nasemhlabathini ompofu: isitshalo esisodwa sakhiqiza izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili, okwakumangaza ngalezo zikhathi.
Ngenkathi ye-Daoguang (1820-1850), amazambane aqala ukutshalwa ezindaweni ezimaphakathi nezisenyakatho yeShanxi, kancane kancane aba isifunda esikhiqiza amazambane ezweni. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, amazambane akhiqizwa ngamanani abalulekile ezifundazweni zaseYunnan, eGuizhou, eShanxi naseGansu.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amazambane ayethandwa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakeme ezikhiqiza okusanhlamvu okuphansi, lapho i-buckwheat kuphela yayikhula khona. Yayiwumthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwabampofu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, yahlanganiswa nobumpofu. Inkulumo ethi “Ngakhulela emazambaneni” eShayina yayisho ukuthi umuntu wakhulela endaweni empofu, enezintaba.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwezinye izifunda, amazambane akwazi ukunqoba isikhundla somkhiqizo wesifunda ojwayelekile, osebenza njengesisekelo sokulungiselela izitsha zezwe ozithandayo. Ngakho-ke abantu baseNyakatho-mpumalanga bathanda "amazambane aphekwe ngezimbambo zengulube", eNyakatho naseNyakatho-ntshonalanga ungathola izinketho eziningi zezingcezu zamazambane athosiwe, futhi e-Yunnan bapheka "izingcezu zamazambane ngama-pickle". Izidlo zamazambane zaseShayina zesifunda zazinikezwa ezindaweni zokudla ezimaphakathi nezwe, kanti amafrimu namazambane agayiwe aphiwa emakhefi esitayela saseNtshonalanga.
Kodwa-ke, amazambane bekulokhu kubalulekile eChina, hhayi kakhulu ngoba kwandisa isibalo sezitshalo ezitshalwayo ezweni futhi kwandise ukudla kwezakhamuzi, kodwa ngoba kwasiza ukubhekana nezinkinga zokudla ezibangelwa ukwanda kwabantu (ukuqhuma kwabantu). Ukuze siqonde ubukhulu benkinga, ake sibale izibalo: ngo-1741, inani labantu baseShayina lalingabantu abayizigidi ezingu-143, ngo-1790 - kakade izigidi ezingu-301, ngo-1835 - 402 million. ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe.
Ngekhulu lama-1960, intshisekelo kumazambane eShayina yaqala ukwanda ngeminyaka yawo-1970 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1993, ngemuva kweNdlala Enkulu YamaShayina. Khona-ke umkhiqizo wenyuka kakhulu ngo-XNUMX ngenxa yokwehla okukhulu kokutshala eYurophu. Ngalesi sikhathi, iChina yafika phambili emkhakheni wokukhiqiza amazambane wamazwe ngamazwe. Yiqiniso, izinga lokusetshenziswa kwamazambane ngomuntu ngamunye eChina lahlala lingaphansi kakhulu kwesilinganiso somhlaba.
Ngo-2015, i-Chinese Academy of Sciences yancoma ukuthi iziphathimandla zamukele isu lokukhuthaza amazambane njengokudla okuyisisekelo (kanye nelayisi, ukolweni nommbila) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvikeleka kokudla kwezwe. Ngo-2016, uhulumeni waseShayina wakhulula "Iziqondiso Zokuphromotha Ukuthuthukiswa Kwamazambane". Kamuva, kwathathwa nezinyathelo ezifanele ezifundazweni nasemadolobheni ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa nokwandisa isidingo samazambane.
Ukuzikhethela okuvuna amazambane akuzange kwenziwe ngenhlanhla. Ososayensi bathembele ekutheni lesi sitshalo singatshalwa cishe kunoma yisiphi isifunda saseShayina, sidinga amanzi amancane (uma siqhathaniswa nokolweni nelayisi) futhi sinomsoco. Esikhathini lapho izwe kufanele londle ingxenye yesihlanu yabantu bomhlaba, nomhlaba wokulima ulokhu uncipha kancane ngenxa yokukhula kwamadolobha, lezi zindlela zibalulekile. Njengoba inani labantu okulindeleke ukuthi lifinyelele ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2030 ngo-1,5, i-China ilinganisela ukuthi izodinga ukukhiqiza amathani okudla ayizigidi eziyi-100 njalo ngonyaka.
Uhulumeni waseChina uphinde wabona amazambane njengethuluzi lokuqeda ububha. Izifunda ezimpofu kakhulu zezwe zigxile kakhulu ezintabeni, lapho isimo sezulu sibi kakhulu futhi kunokuntuleka kwengqalasizinda yezokuthutha. Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane kulezi zifunda ngeke kunikeze izakhamuzi ukudla kuphela, kodwa futhi kuzohlinzeka ngamathuba okwandisa imali engenayo yamapulazi amaningi omndeni omncane, ngoba kunenzuzo enkulu ukulima amazambane lapha kunelayisi, ukolweni, ubhontshisi wesoya noma ummbila.
Esinye isizathu sokunakwa okukhethekile kwamazambane eChina ukukhuthazwa kwemibono yokudla okunempilo. Amazambane aqukethe izinhlobonhlobo zamavithamini, amaminerali kanye nama-phytonutrients futhi, ngokusho kososayensi baseShayina, abalulekile ekudleni kwabo bobabili abahlali basemadolobheni amakhulu namadolobhana. Ngokwezincomo ezithuthukisiwe zezazi zokudla okunomsoco, ukudla kwansuku zonke kwezingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-14 kufanele kufake ama-25-50 g amazambane, izinga lokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke lezingane ezineminyaka engu-14 ubudala kanye nabantu abadala ngu-50-100 g (CNS, 2017) .
Imithombo: Ukuphathwa Kwemininingwane Yomnyango Wezolimo waseShayina; Iwebhusayithi yeNdodana yaseChina (sonofchina.com)