Ku-eseyi yakhe yango-1957, eyayiyingxenye ye-Mythology, isazi sefilosofi saseFrance nomgxeki wezemibhalo uRoland Bart wabiza ama-potato chips (la frite) umkhiqizo "wokuthanda izwe" kanye "nophawu lobuFrance."
Okubaluleke kakhulu kwaba amazambane emlandweni we-Ireland. "Indlala yamazambane" maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX phakathi neminyaka eminingana yanciphisa inani labantu bezwe lelo ngesigamu.
Namuhla, abakhiqizi bamazambane abahamba phambili emhlabeni yiChina, India, Russia ne-Ukraine. Leli siko libalulekile kulawo nalowo kula mazwe, kepha alikho kuwo elingabiza ngokuthi lidabuka ngempela.
Ubhatata onesizotha waphathwa ezindlini zaseNingizimu Melika Andes cishe eminyakeni engama-8000 edlule futhi walethwa eYurophu maphakathi nekhulu le-16, ukusuka lapho lasakazekela eNtshonalanga naseNyakatho, emuva eMelika nangale.
"Yize iqiniso lokuthi amazambane avele e-Andes, lokhu kungukudla okuphumelela kahle emhlabeni," kusho uSolwazi uRebecca Earle onguchwepheshe wezomsoco. USolwazi Earle ulandelela indlela yamazambane azungeze umhlaba kulencwadi yakhe, iNutrition of People: The Potato Policy. Babhala: “amazambane akhula cishe kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni, futhi cishe kuyo yonke indawo abantu bakubheka njengomunye“ wemikhiqizo ”yabo.
URebecca Earle ubiza amazambane "njengowokufika ophumelela kakhulu emhlabeni." Abalimi be-Idaho kanye nabase-Italiya abathanda i-gnocchi bazofuna amazambane njenganoma iliphi iPeruvia, ngoba umlando walesi siko awusiwo umlando wezwe noma isifunda kuphela, kepha futhi nendaba yokuthi abantu babuguqula kanjani ubudlelwano babo nomhlaba nokudla ezizukulwaneni eziningana .
Amazambane yisilimo sesine esibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni ngemuva kwelayisi, ukolweni nommbila futhi kungokuqala phakathi kwezilimo ezingezona ezenhlamvu. U-Andean tuber wayengawunqoba kanjani umhlaba ngamakhulu ambalwa eminyaka nje?
Yini eyenza amazambane abukeke kangaka ezizweni ezahlukene? Okokuqala, inani layo lokudla okungenakulinganiswa. Ukudambeka okulula kokutshalwa (ngokuqhathaniswa nezilimo ezithile) kanye nezici zokutshala (amazambane aboshwe “ngokucashile” ngaphansi komhlaba kusuka kubaqoqi bezintela namabutho ezitha) nawo ayabonakala.
Indawo ekahle yokuqala lapho ufunda umlando wezamasiko yi-International Potato Center (IPC), isikhungo sokucwaninga esifunda futhi sikhuthaza konke okuhlobene namazambane. Itholakala endaweni engamanzi eyidolobha elikhulu lasePeru laseLima futhi igcina izinkulungwane zamasampula amazambane avela kulo lonke izwekazi.
URene Gomez, umphathi ophakeme we-IPC Genbank, uthi amazambane abekwe phezulu e-Andes, eduze neLake Titicaca, cishe ne-1000 km eningizimu mpumalanga yeLima. Ngemuva kokuqothelwa ekhaya, amazambane okuqala asakazeka kuyo yonke i-Cordillera futhi aba ngumthombo wokudla obalulekile emiphakathini yendabuko, okubandakanya ama-Inca, ikakhulukazi njengokudla okuyisisekelo okubizwa ngokuthi yi-chuno, umkhiqizo wamazambane omisiwe ongaba iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka.
Kusuka emazweni aseMelika
Ngo-1532, ukuhlasela kwaseSpain kwaqeda ama-Inca, kodwa hhayi ukulinywa kwamazambane. Abahlaseli bathutha nezilimo eziyizigaxa ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic, futhi benza nezinye izilimo ezinjengotamatisi, ukwatapheya kanye nommbila. Izazi-mlando ziye zalibiza ngokuthi yiGreat Colombian Exchange. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni, amazambane ahamba ngalé kweMelika.
Izinhlobo zase-Andean zakuqala zazingavunyelwe ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zaseSpain nakwamanye amazwe ezwekazi laseYurophu. Esifundeni sokukholwa, lapho amazambane abekwa khona okokuqala, isikhathi sosuku sihlala sikhona unyaka wonke.
Njengoba isazi sofuzo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo uHernan amanothi weBurbano Roa, izinsuku zasehlobo zaseYurophu ezinde zazidida izitshalo zamazambane, kanti nezilimo eziyizigaxa azizange zikhule ezinyangeni ezifudumele; esikhundleni salokho, bakhula ekwindla, futhi isithwathwa sabavimbela ukuba basinde. Amashumi eminyaka okuqala kokufika kwi-Old Continent ahlala engaphumeleli.
Kepha-ke (ngeminyaka yama-80 yekhulu le-16) amazambane athola izimo ezinhle kakhulu e-Ireland, lapho ekwindla epholile kodwa engenakho eqandeni yanikeza ithuba lokuthi isivuno sivuthiwe. Eminyakeni eyikhulu yokusebenza, abalimi bazenzele izinhlobonhlobo zabo, ezakhombisa imiphumela emihle.
Ishubhu yesizotha
Abantu bendawo balithokozela kakhulu leli amazambane ngoba lithela umkhiqizo ongakaze ubonwe ngehektha ngalinye. E-Ireland, ikakhulukazi, abalimi, njengomthetho, babengabaqashi bomhlaba ababewulima, futhi izindleko zentela zazihlala zikhula njalo. Ngakho-ke, baphoqelelwa ukukhiqiza ukudla okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka endaweni encane kakhulu. “Akunasiko lakhiqiza ukudla okwengeziwe ngehektare, bekudingeka kulinywe okuncane, futhi bekungagcinwa kalula njengamazambane,” kubhala isazi sezenhlalo uJames Lang encwadini yakhe, amanothi ePotato Observer.
Ubhatata uqukethe cishe wonke amavithamini nezakhi ezibalulekile, ngaphandle kwamavithamini A no-D, okwenza izakhiwo zawo ezisekela impilo zingabi nalutho. Kuyafuneka ukuthi ungeze eminye imikhiqizo yobisi enikeza amavithamini amabili alahlekile, futhi uthola nokudla komuntu okunempilo.
Kubaqashi abangenamhlaba e-Ireland ngekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, ihektare elilodwa lomhlaba eligcinelwe amazambane nenkomo eyodwa yobisi lalanele ukondla umndeni omkhulu wabantu abayisithupha kuya kwabayisishiyagalombili. Akukho okusanhlamvu okukodwa okungabiza umsebenzi onjalo. Kwaqala kanjalo-ke ukudingiswa okwenziwe emakhulwini eminyaka ama-Irish namaNgisi ngamazambane.
Ukusuka eziqhingini zaseBrithani, amazambane asakazekela eNyakatho Yurophu. NgokukaLang, ngo-1650 isiko lase likhule emazweni asezingeni eliphansi (iBelgium, iNetherlands, iLuxembourg), ngo-1740 eJalimane, ePrussia nasePoland, kwathi ngo-1840 eRussia. Ngemuva kokukhethwa komlimi ukuhlunga izinhlobo ezingafani nezimo zesimo sezulu zasendaweni, amazambane achuma.
Izakhamizi zamathafa aseYurophu abhujiswe yizimpi zathola masinyane enye inzuzo yamazambane akhulayo: Kunzima impela ukubamba intela futhi akunakwenzeka ukukuthola ngesikhathi sokuhlasela okusheshayo. U-Earl uyachaza: “Uma unensimu kakolweni, awukwazi ukuyifihla. - Abathengisi bangabona ubungako besakhiwo bese bebuya ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Kepha nezilimo eziyizigaxa zifihlwe ngaphansi komhlaba futhi ungazimba ngayinye, njengoba kudingeka. ”
“Lokhu kuvuna okuncane bekufihla ukuvuna kubaqoqi futhi kuvikele nokudla kwabalimi ngesikhathi sempi,” kubhala uLang encwadini yakhe. "Amasosha aseMarauder adura izitshalo futhi aphanga amadepho okusanhlamvu." Bebevame ukuma bambe indawo ethile yamazambane. ”
Iziphathimandla zangalesosikhathi zalibona leli qiniso. Inkosi yasePrussia uFrederick the Great yayala uhulumeni wakhe ukuthi asabalalise imiyalo yokuthi atshalwe kanjani amazambane, ngethemba lokuthi abalimi bazoba nokudla uma amabutho ezitha ehlasela izwe phakathi nempi yamafa ase-Austrian ngo-1740. Amanye amandla alandela lokho, kwathi ngesikhathi seMpi kaNapoleonic ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1800, amazambane eseyindawo yokudla yaseYurophu, ngokusho kombiko we-UN Food and Agriculture Association (FAO).
Eqinisweni, nezilimo eziyizigaxa zaziyisiko elibaluleke kakhulu phakathi nempi kangangokuba “wonke umkhankaso wamasosha enhlabathini yaseYurophu emva kweminyaka engaba ngu-1560 waholela ekwandeni kwendawo okwakulinywa kuyo amazambane, yaze yahlanganisa iMpi Yezwe II,” kubhala isazi-mlando uWilliam McNeil esihlokweni sakhe esithi “Njengamazambane ushintshe umlando wezwe ”(1999).
Umsoco nokudla okunempilo
Ngokuhamba kwamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, amazambane angenile kwezomnotho zaseYurophu nezomhlaba njengesilimo esikhulu. Sekuphele amashumi eminyaka, ochwepheshe bomlando wokudla okunempilo bezichaze lokhu kusakazeka okunqobayo ngenxa yezenzo zabasuki abahle, abakhanyisiwe abakwaziyo ukukholisa inani labantu abalimazayo ukuthi bamukele amazambane. Kepha uRebecca Earle unokungabaza. Kwaba ngabalimi abaphenduka amazambane wavumelanisa nezimo zaseYurophu, uyaphikisana, ngakho-ke akudingeki baqiniseke. Iziphathimandla azitholanga isiko elisha: kunalokho, zazinokuqonda okusha kokuthi yikuphi ukudla okunempilo. Esikhundleni sokufaka "i-superfood" phakathi kokudla kwase-Yuropa, babona ukuthi ukondliwa kufanele kudlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu, futhi baqalaze lapho bafuna lezo zilimo ezingasiza injongo yazo. Ishubhu elithobekile lalivele likhona.