Esinye sezinkomba ezicatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa okuhlukahlukene ukugcina ikhwalithi. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi amazambane adinga ukutshalwa, nawo adinga ukugcinwa.
Yini ukugcina ikhwalithi? Leli likhono lamazambane okufanele ligcinwe isikhathi esithile ngaphandle kokulahleka okukhulu kwesisindo, ukulimala ngamagciwane e-phytopathogenic kanye nokuphazamiseka komzimba, ukuwohloka kwezimakethe ezithengiswayo, ukunambitheka nembewu.
Ukugcinwa kwesitshalo samazambane kuyisigaba sokugcina sonyaka okhulayo futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, ukuqala kwaso - uma kukhulunywa ngezinto zembewu ezizayo.
Ngenqubo yokuzalanisa izinhlobo ezintsha, kanye nesivuno, ukumelana nezimo zezulu ezimbi, izifo nezinambuzane, ukugcina ikhwalithi kuthathwa njengenye yezinqubo eziyinhloko. Ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yokugcina izilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi sokugcina kwenziwa esikalini samaphoyinti ayi-9, lapho amaphuzu ayi-9 eyiphuzu eliphakeme kakhulu, elihle kakhulu; 6 - medium to good, 1 - iphansi kakhulu. Isibonelo, izinhlobo zeNorika zinenani eliphakathi lokugcina izinga lokugcina eliyisi-1 esikalini esisuka ku-9 kuye ku-7, esibonakala njengekhwalithi enhle yokugcina. Le mininingwane isisiza ukuthi siqonde ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zingagcinwa isikhathi esingakanani, ukuthi amazambane alala kanjani, noma ngabe ajwayele ukuhluma - konke lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sinqume isikhathi esifanele sokuthengiswa komkhiqizo futhi, uma kunesidingo, silungise umbuso wesitoreji. Izici zezinhlobonhlobo ezithile nazo zibaluleke kakhulu. Isibonelo, izinhlobonhlobo ze-Inara zinamaphuzu ama-5 ngokuya ngohlelo lokugcina amaphuzu, ngenkathi izinhlobonhlobo zizinzile ngesikhathi kugcinwa, azesabi ukuqhuma kwamahlumela, izilimo eziyizigaxa zingamila kuze kube kathathu - lokhu akuphazamisi ukuhluma nokukhiqiza, okuyinto ebalulekile lapho utshala.
Ikhwalithi yokugcina izilimo eziyizigaxa incike kwinani elikhulu lezici: izici zofuzo zezinhlobonhlobo, izimo zokuvuna, ukugcinwa okulungile (isikhathi sokwelashwa) futhi, imodi yokugcina uqobo.
Amazambane ayisidalwa esiphilayo esinomjikelezo waso, lapho isigaba ngasinye sibalulekile. Izinto zokutshala ezinempilo ziyisisekelo, lapho-ke sidinga ukuzikhulisa, sithole isivuno esihle, bese sizivuna ngokucophelela, sizigcine, sizivikele ekwakhekeni kwezifo, ukuhluma, i-hypothermia, njll. Isitoreji sithatha ngokwesilinganiso izinyanga eziyi-7 kwezingu-12 Kungani isikhathi sokugcina sibaluleke kangaka, ngaphandle kobude besikhathi sakhe? Kulesi sigaba, izinqubo ezahlukahlukene zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezenzeka kwizilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane, imiphumela yayo ethinta ikhwalithi lamazambane. Isibonelo, ngezinhlobonhlobo ze-chip, ukwakheka koshukela kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze uthole ama-chips amahle amnandi ngaphandle kwamabala lapho uthosa, futhi izinkomba ezifunwayo zingatholakala kuphela uma izinga lokushisa elilungile ligcinwa (8-10 ° C ukuze isitashi ayiphenduki inciphise ushukela, ngaphandle kwezinhlobonhlobo, ezikwazi ukungashintshi ukwakheka koshukela ku- + 4 ° C nokugcina ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo edingekayo ekukhiqizeni ama-chips - lokhu kufaka, isibonelo, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-Kibits).
Ikhwalithi yokugcina engafanele ngesikhathi sokugcina kungabangelwa izizathu eziningi: ukulimala kwemishini yezilimo eziyizigaxa, izimo zezulu ezingezinhle ngenkathi yokukhula nokuvuna, ukwephulwa ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kwamazambane, izici ezahlukahlukene.
Esinye sezigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwekhwalithi yokugcina amazambane ukuvuna. Ngesikhathi sokulungiselela, kuyadingeka ukuqapha isimo seziqongqo bese ususa ngesikhathi esifanele (ngamakhemikhali noma ngomshini). Le misebenzi yenziwa lapho amaqabunga efa ngo-70% noma u-75% wobude besiqu ngaphandle kwamaqabunga (lokhu kusebenza ezinhlotsheni zeqembu laphakathi naphambi kwesikhathi). Uma kwenzeka kuba nokulimala sekwephuzile, iziqongo zisuswa ngaphambili.
Sisusa iziqongo ukuze:
- ukwenza lula inqubo yokuvuna (isisindo sezingqimba singama-20-30 t / ha esimweni esiluhlaza kanye no-2-3 t / ha esimweni esomile);
- shesha ukuvuthwa komzimba kwezilimo eziyizigaxa + wandise amandla ekhasi ukugwema ukulimala ngomshini;
- ukunciphisa ubungozi bokutheleleka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinesifo, kubandakanya negciwane.
Ngemuva kokuthi ukususwa kweziqongo kuqediwe, kufanele kudlule okungenani amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu ngaphambi kokuqala kokuvuna ukuze isikhumba sezilimo eziyizigaxa sibe lukhuni.
Qaphela futhi ukuthi ekukhiqizeni imbewu yamazambane, iziqongo ezisanda kukhula ziwumthombo oyinhloko wokutheleleka ngegciwane lesitshalo. Izindlela zokususwa kwe-haulm, ukulandelana kwazo, amalungiselelo kanye namazinga wokufaka isicelo akhethwa ngamunye ecaleni ngalinye. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi akuwona wonke amalungiselelo afanele ukukhishwa kweziqongo zamazambane embewu, ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi emhlabathini othambekele ekwakhekeni kwesigaxa, kunconywa ukuthi uqale usebenzise ama-desiccants, bese ususa iziqongo ngomshini . Ezinhlobonhlobo ezineziqongqo ezibuthakathaka, ukususwa ngemishini kungakhishwa ngokufaka izifutho ezimbili.
Kubalulekile futhi ukunaka ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwezidakamizwa, ngoba ukwephulwa kwezinkambiso zokufaka isicelo kungadala ukufiphala kwendandatho yemithambo (kulokhu, lokhu akusikho ukubonakaliswa kwesifo), ukubola kwesitimela ukuphela i-tuber ("amazambane umbilical cord"), okuholela ekugcinweni kwekhwalithi embi nasekulahlekelweni kwekhwalithi yezentengiselwano.
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuvuna, umlimi kufanele enze yonke imizamo ukunciphisa ukulahleka nokulimala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Izinhlobonhlobo zemishini yokuvuna (ngokukhethwa kwezindlela ezisebenza kahle zobuchwepheshe besiza esithile) kuyasiza ukufeza lo msebenzi; ukulungiswa kwemishini yokuvuna nokuhlunga; ukukhetha okufanele ijubane lokusebenza. Kubalulekile ukusungula ukujula okunembe kakhulu kwemigodi, lapho izilimo eziyizigaxa zingeke zonakaliswe futhi zingahlali phansi; cabanga ukutholakala kwamatshe nama-clod emfudlaneni womkhiqizo.
Amazambane avuthiwe avunwa, ngesikhumba esiqinile, okungcono esimweni sezulu esomile.
Izimo ezithandekayo zokuvuna amazambane ukungabi khona kwemvula, izinga lokushisa kwenhlabathi nomoya akulona elingaphansi kuka-10 ° C (lapho uvuna ngaphansi kuka-8 °, iphesenti lokulimala komshini liyanda), umswakama wenhlabathi awudluli u-70% inani lomswakama wensimu ophelele.
Futhi amagama ambalwa ngaphezulu mayelana nombuso wokushisa. Uma izinga lokushisa lomoya ngesikhathi sokuvuna nokubekwa kokugcina lingaphansi kuka-5 ° C, inqubo yokuphulukisa yemvelo kwizilimo eziyizigaxa ayenzeki, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezitshalo ngesikhathi sokugcinwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezimanzi ezivunwa lapho kubanda azinaso isikhathi sokomisa, nakho okunomthelela ekwehliseni izinga lokugcina.
Manje mayelana nokulimala kwamazambane. Ukuvuna izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingakavuthwa ngesikhumba esintekenteke kumele kwenziwe ngokucophelela, uma kubhekwa ukuthi zonakala kalula. Ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi, kubalulekile ukulawula ukumba ukuqonda ukulungela amazambane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akumele sikhohlwe ukuthi izinhlobo zinamazinga ahlukene wokumelana nomonakalo womshini. Kufuna kakhulu ukuhlanzwa ngobumnene, izinhlobo ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesitashi. Izinhlobo ezineshubhu ezinkulu nezihlanganisiwe azikubekezeleli ukushaywa kahle. Futhi ngamazambane amazambane, ubukhona bemivimbo (imiphumela yokushaywa) yisizathu sokubona i-batch njengengakulungele ukuthosa.
Esigabeni sokugcina, kunikezwa izikhathi eziningana:
- isikhathi sokwelashwa;
- isikhathi sokupholisa;
- isikhathi sokugcina esikhulu;
- Ukushisa ngaphambi kokukhipha / ukufika.
Inqubo yokumisa amazambane ngemuva kokuvuna ibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwekhwalithi yokugcina. Ngalesi sikhathi, ikhono lamazambane lokuphulukisa ukulimala liyagcwaliseka. Futhi, umenzi uthola ithuba lokulungisa izinkinga ezavela ngesikhathi sokuhlanza: isibonelo, uma umsebenzi wenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo zomswakama ophezulu.
Ngesikhathi sokupholisa, izinga lokushisa endaweni yokugcina lincishiswa ngo-1 ° C ngosuku. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokungenisa umoya onomswakama (ukugcina i-turgor yezilimo eziyizigaxa). Ukungena komoya omningi kakhulu noma ukulethwa komoya owomile kuzoholela ekulahlekelweni umswakama ezilwaneni eziyizigaxa kanye nokwehla kwesisindo sawo, kuvimbele inqubo yokuphulukisa futhi kungadala ubungozi bokubola okomile. Ukushaywa komoya kufanele kumiswe ngokushesha uma ungqimba oluphezulu lwezilimo eziyizigaxa luyoma bese lubonakala lumbozwe ngothuli.
Isikhathi senkathi yokwelashwa sincike ezimeni zezulu, inani lomswakama, uhlobo lwesitoreji (shaft / container) nekhwalithi yamazambane avuniwe. Ekupheleni kwalesi sigaba, ukuhlaziywa kwesibhubhu kwangemva kokuvunwa kwenziwa ukuze kuqondwe impilo yenqwaba futhi kuthathwe ezinye izinyathelo zokulondoloza kangcono umkhiqizo.
Ngesikhathi sokupholisa, izinga lokushisa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa lincipha kancane kancane liye phezulu. Futhi-ke, ngesikhathi sokugcina esikhulu, izimo zokushisa kanye nomswakama kufanele zigcinwe ezingeni elihlala njalo (ngaphandle kwama-surges) ngokushaya. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, izinqubo zokuhluma zivinjelwe kumazambane, yize kunezinhlobonhlobo ezijwayele ukuvuka ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke, kubo, "izinga lokushisa lokuvimbela" lizodinga ukwehliswa (kubhekiswa kumazambane embewu).
Masithinte nesihloko sezifo zokugcina. Ukulwa kwabo kuqala emkhakheni, impilo yeqembu elizayo ibekwa ngenkathi yokukhula. Amazambane "athanda" kakhulu izifo, ayindawo enhle kakhulu yokuthuthuka kwawo. Ngesikhathi sokugcina, izifo zingathuthuka. Kepha! Ungaziqukatha uma unaka inani lezilimo eziyizigaxa ezilimele kumthamo ophelele wokukhiqiza ngesikhathi esifanele, yenza inkathi yokwelashwa kahle, bese ubheka izinga lokushisa nomswakama kwisitoreji. Amazambane ngokwawo akhombisa "amaphuzu ebuhlungu" awo, adinga kuphela ukuqondwa kahle futhi azame ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi.
Halala kubo bonke abantu ngokuqala kwesizini entsha, sikufisela isimo sezulu esihle nokuvuna okunothile kwekhwalithi enhle kakhulu!
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