Iqiniso lokuthi inkinga yokushintshwa kwempahla evela kwamanye amazwe endaweni yezimboni zezolimo iphuthuma kakhulu kufakazelwa imfundiso kazwelonke esanda kugunyazwa yokuvikeleka kokudla. Isazi sezolimo namahlathi esihlonishwayo saseRussian Federation, uDokotela wezeSayensi u-Yuri Loginov, inhloko yesikhungo sokukhetha kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu ye-Agrarian University of Northern Trans-Urals u-Alexander Kharalgin kanye nenhloko yelabhorethri yokukhetha amasiko emifino nezobuchwepheshe u-Alexey Starykh.
Ekukhetheni izitshalo zokusanhlamvu, iRussia isenesikhundla esiqinile. Isithombe: Tatiana Andreeva / RG
Ukuhlolwa kokukhuthazela
Ekukhetheni izitshalo zokusanhlamvu, iRussia isenesikhundla esiqinile, futhi isifunda saseTyumen asikho eceleni lapha. Lesi sifunda sivuna isivuno esihle kakhulu ngenxa yesisekelo saso sembewu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngisho neminyaka engu-40 edlule, ukolweni wawungatshalwa lapha. Kwabe sekuthi iqembu lososayensi abavela ku-Tyumen Agricultural Institute kanye ne-Research Institute of the Northern Trans-Urals banikezwe umsebenzi wokudala uhlobo lwangempela olukwazi ukunikeza isivuno esizinzile sokusanhlamvu kwekhwalithi ephezulu kulawa ma-latitudes. Ukuze kuhlanganiswe, izinhlobo ezidumile zasekhaya "awnless-1" kanye ne "Saratovskaya-29" zazisetshenziswa njengezinhlobo eziyisisekelo, lapho amashumi ezigidi zamahektha ahlwanyelwa ezweni naphesheya ngasikhathi sinye.
- Yebo, azikho izinhlobo ezifanelekile zomhlaba wonke. Ngakho-ke, ku-"Saratov-29" isiqu sibuthakathaka, ngokuvundiswa okuningi sibeka phansi. Ukuba nesisekelo esihle sempahla nezobuchwepheshe, sidale i-Tyumen-15 engazweli endaweni eminyakeni engu-80. Izinhlobonhlobo, ezinezinzuzo ezisobala kwezinye izikhundla eziningi futhi ezivumela ukuvuna kufikela ku-50-60 centner ehektheleni, zithathe okungenani amaphesenti angu-40 wedge yokusanhlamvu yesifunda. Yayisetshenziswa ngokuzithandela abalimi baseSverdlovsk nezinye izifunda ezisondelene nesimo sezulu, - kusho uYuri Loginov.
Kodwa-ke, ngokushintsha kwesakhiwo somnotho wezwe, lawo mapulazi abhekana nokuntula imali ngezikhathi ezithile noma ngezikhathi ezithile, "yeshumi nesishiyagalombili" seliyekile ukuhambisana, njengoba ukubuya okuhle okuvela kulo kwatholwa kuphela ngokukhulelwa okunamandla. Futhi azishibhile. Lesi simo sigqugquzele ukuthi kudalwe enye inhlobo - engancikile kakhulu enanini lokuphakelwa, kodwa inikeze umphumela ozinzile. Yavela kanje "i-Tyumen Jubilee". Ifakwe kurejista yombuso ngo-2019, kuzothatha iminyaka engu-2-3 ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yesigaba "esiphezulu". Enye yezinzuzo ze "jubili" ukumelana kwayo okuphezulu ne-stem rust, isifo esithinta kakhulu okusanhlamvu emasimini aseNtshonalanga yeSiberia.
“Ngenxa yohlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lokuthuthukisa izinhlobo zikakolweni nommbila, sasebenzisa ufuzo oluvela eRussia, Kazakhstan naseMexico. I-hybridization yezinhlobonhlobo ezivela emazweni ahlukene kanye namazwekazi kusivumela ukuthi sifinyelele ukusebenza okuphezulu. Futhi ngokuvamile, ukukhetha kuhilela ukuhlola okunesibindi. Isibonelo, sanquma esikhathini esizayo ukusebenzisa kokubili isipelingi sasendle kanye ne-endemic yaseTranscaucasia - ukolweni kaTimofeyev wokuwela, - kusho usosayensi.
Ngokusho kwakhe, namuhla esifundeni saseTyumen kunezinhlobo ezingu-14 zokusanhlamvu ezisakazwayo. Abekho abezizweni phakathi kwabo.
Omunye ensimini, omunye ensimini
Ngokuqondene nesinkwa sesibili, isithombe asicaci ngaso. Elinye lamapulazi amakhulu amazambane ezweni lisebenza esifundeni saseTyumen. Ukubamba kunelabhorethri enamandla yokukhiqiza imbewu eyinhloko yokukhula kwembewu ye-elite, kusukela esigabeni sezitshalo ze-test-tube, ngokubambisana nososayensi baseYekaterinburg, idale izinhlobo ezinhlanu zesifunda, kodwa, njengangaphambili, ihlakulela ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zamaDashi. Ababoni esikhundleni sabo lapha, ngoba babhekwa njengabangenakuqhathaniswa ngokuhambisana nenhlanganisela yezimpahla kanye nezici zobuchwepheshe: isivuno, ukumelana nezifo, ukugcina ikhwalithi, "ukulunga" kobukhulu nokuma kwe-tuber. Izimfanelo ezimbili zokugcina zibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlanzeni izithelo ngomshini, zivumela ukunciphisa imfucuza ekwenzeni imikhiqizo eqediwe, imikhiqizo yokucubungula okujulile. Ukungalandelwa kwezindinganiso ezamukelekayo kuzoholela ekulahlekelweni kwezivumelwano nezinkampani ezinkulu.Imakethe yembewu yemifino yathathwa yizinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe: abathengi banikezwa "imbewu enhle kakhulu yokuvivinywa", ngenxa yalokho, abalimi bawela ogibeni lokumaketha.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imakethe yokuthengisa yamazambane amazambane inkulu, futhi akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi abakhiqizi abakhulu bamazambane ezweni lakithi bangabalimi kanye namapulazi abalimi. Ababaningi abazibophezela ukukhulisa "owesifazane waseDutch". Okokuqala, kudinga ukunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni yokunakekelwa, ukucubungula okuphindaphindiwe ngokucophelela, ngaphandle kwalokho uzomba ikhala ku-gulkin ekwindla. Okwesibili, akuwona wonke umuntu oyithandayo. Kwabanye, ake sithi, sebenzisa i-antipode yesiDashi - i-crumbly, isitashi.
- Siqondiswa isidingo sebutho labanikazi bamapulazi, izindlu zasehlobo, abalimi abancane. Ngabafundi base-canteens sazama izitsha ezivela ezinhlobonhlobo ezimbili ezingenasizotha esizitholile ngamagama asebenzayo "Kuznetsovsky" ne "Nadezhda". Ziyisithelo sokuqala sokubamba iqhaza kwenyuvesi ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile zikahulumeni nezesifunda zokuzalanisa amazambane ahlukahlukene. Qaphela ukuthi ukuhoxiswa akukona nje ukuthola isampula evumelana nabalimi, kubalulekile ukuphindaphinda imbewu, lapho inqubo ivame ukuyeka, - kugcizelela u-Alexander Kharalgin. - Labo abenza lokhu, betshala imali kakhulu, ngokuhambisana nesimemezelo sikahulumeni sakamuva sokuxhasa ukukhiqizwa kwembewu, banxeshezelwa ngamaphesenti angama-70 ezindleko. Isinyathelo esiphusile uma kubhekwa imfundiso kazwelonke yokuvikeleka kokudla. Ake nginikhumbuze ukuthi ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okungenani izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zembewu yezitshalo ezitshalwayo zifuywa ekhaya.
Buyisela "ubuzwe" baseRussia izaqathi
Ngokuphathelene nezitshalo nemifino yefolishi, isimo e-Russian Federation siyethusa: ngokusho koMnyango Wezolimo, ukuthembela ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe kufinyelela kumaphesenti angama-90 ezintweni ezithile, ngokuvamile, izimpahla zangaphandle ngokwemibandela ye-ruble zibalwa ingxenye yevolumu. Ngaphandle kwembewu yangaphandle, akunakwenzeka ukukhulisa izaqathe, u-anyanisi, ama-beet. Ingabe isikhathi sokumemeza "gada"?
- Mhlawumbe akufanele uthathe isimo kabuhlungu kangaka? Kubukeka kuyisono ukukhononda ngembewu, abahlinzeki bathembekile. Yini ingozi, ukubanjwa? - Ngibuza u-Alexey Starykh.
- Engxenyeni yembewu ezindlekweni zokukhiqiza. Ekuqaleni yayingabonakali, manje iphakeme kakhulu - amaphesenti angu-25-40. Imakethe yathathwa yizinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezithengisa imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo. Abathengi banikezwe "imbewu enhle kakhulu yokuvivinywa." Kunzima ukwenqaba ngaphandle kwesizathu. Ngenxa yalokho, abalimi bawela ogibeni lokumaketha: intengo yanda kancane kancane, kuyilapho ukuguqulwa kwembewu engenisiwe kwaholela ekwandeni kwezindleko zokucubungula amakhemikhali, ukukhulelwa, ukugcinwa, - kuchaza umcwaningi.
Imboni isicishe yalahlekelwa inethiwekhi enkulu yeziteshi zokuhlola ezisebenze, futhi ngaphandle kwempumelelo, ngisho naseNyakatho Ekude. E-Salekhard, isibonelo, izinhlobonhlobo zamatheniphu "e-Arctic" zakhuliswa. Imali yokukhiqiza imbewu yemifino incane ngokweyisa, ayikukhangi ukutshalwa kwezimali. Yona, ngokungafani nokusanhlamvu, lapho amavolumu emakhulu, futhi izinzuzo zokuthekelisa zesikhathi esizayo zisebenza njengesisusa esengeziwe, akuqinisekisi isidingo esiqinile kanye nenzuzo esheshayo. I-Agrarian University yathatha - ngengozi yayo, ubungozi kanye nezindlela eziphansi - ukuqalisa uhlelo locwaningo lwenyuvesi mayelana nokujwayela, ukuwela, ukutshala imifino yendabuko nengavamile ezindaweni zethu.
- Isethi evamile yemifino yaseRussia ihlanganisa ubuningi bezinhlobo ezingu-7-8. EJapane, uma kuqhathaniswa, imakethe yabathengi imelelwa ngaphezu kwekhulu nengxenye. Sisebenzisa iqoqo lebhange lembewu yembewu ye-Vavilov neminye imithombo, sahlola izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaba ngu-90 ezikhula emazweni ahlukene omhlaba. Sizikhulisa ezindaweni ezivulekile. Inqubo yokukhetha imi kanje: izakhi ezihlukahlukene zokulandelela ezidingekayo kumuntu ezithelweni nasezigabeni, izinga lokusinda, ithuba lokusebenzisa amakhemikhali amancane, umanyolo wamaminerali. Okusho ukuthi, silandela indlela yokuthuthukiswa kokulima okuphilayo, - u-Alexey Starykh wembula ingqikithi yomsebenzi.
Uma ungahlwanyeli, awuvuni
Izinkinga zokukhiqiza imbewu ekhethiwe, abakhulume nabo abakhuluma ngazo, akuzona ezendawo kuphela - zitholakala kuzo zonke izifunda. Kokubili isipiliyoni neziphakamiso zososayensi bakwa-Tyumen zingasiza ozakwabo ekuzixazululeni.
- Sinomnyango omuhle kakhulu we-aeroponics ohlangabezana nezidingo zesimanje zokuzalanisa amazambane. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye enkulu, imishini ekhethekile yenyuvesi kanye nesikhungo socwaningo lwezolimo eNyakatho yeTrans-Urals ayisasebenzi noma isiguge kabi. Akuthengeki ukuthenga okuthile phesheya, njengetafula le-pneumosorting elibiza ama-euro ayizinkulungwane eziyi-17, ayikho i-analogue yasekhaya, - u-Alexander Kharalgin wenza enye yazo. - Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zama ukuthenga lokho amafekthri aseRussia akhiqiza, ngisho noma ufaka uhlelo lokusekela lukahulumeni. Abakhi bomshini abaqali umhlangano womhlangano wemishini ethile ebizayo - besaba ukushisa. Bakulungele ukuletha, bathi, inhlanganisela enelayisensi ngentengo yama-ruble ayizigidi ezingu-10 ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, kodwa imithetho yendali idinga ukuthengwa okuphuthumayo kwemishini yangempela. Indlela yokuphuma isekubunjweni komyalelo wombuso yinkonzo efanele eneqoqo lokuqala lezicelo ezivela ezikhungweni zokuzalanisa.
U-Alexey Starykh ubheka enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko zokuqeqesha abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe:
- Awukwazi ukuzuza imiphumela yempumelelo ngaphandle kwabasebenzi kanye nemishini eyanele yobuchwepheshe. Kuzo zonke izindawo ezikhungweni zokuzalanisa, ochwepheshe bayagezwa. Uma ngaphambili abantu abangu-7-8 basebenze kusiko olulodwa, manje kungase kube ngaphansi ngokuphindwe kane kubo. Ayikho neyodwa inyuvesi kuleli eqeqesha abafuyi abangochwepheshe. Kusasele ukuthembela entshisekweni yabafundi abafunda "ukukhetha okujwayelekile" okukhethekile entshisekweni yozakwabo. Kuphela ngeke uhlale isikhathi eside kukho, - uthi.