USergey Banadysev, Udokotela Wezesayensi Yezolimo, iNhloko yohlelo lokuzalela kweDoka-Gene Technologies LLC
Ukulima okulinyiwe kanye nokukhula kancane ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhula kunquma ukuzwela okuphezulu kwamazambane ekungcoleni kwamasimu. Ukhula lunciphisa kakhulu isivuno samazambane, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuncintisana ngokukhanya, ukudla namanzi kukhushulwa yizimo ezikhulayo noma izifo. Ukhula luye luthikameze kakhulu ukuvunwa, luvale izingxenye zokusebenza kwemishini futhi lonakalise ukwehlukaniswa kwenhlabathi. Ziyizinqolobane zezifo eziningi nezinambuzane zamazambane, okuholela ekuwohlokeni okuqondile kwekhwalithi yesitshalo. Indima yokhula ekusakazekeni kwezifo kungenxa yokuxhumana kwabo ngqo nezitshalo zamazambane uma kwenzeka kusakazeka ngomshini kanye nezintwala. Isikhathi esikhulayo samazambane sivumela iningi lohlobo lokhula ukuba lukhule, okuholela ekulondolozweni kwamagciwane embewini. Imbewu isabalalisa izifo hhayi kuphela kusuka esitshalweni sikamama kuya enzalweni, kodwa nakwezinye izindawo. Ukhula njengomthombo wezifo lubaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni imbewu yamazambane, umsebenzi omkhulu wayo ukukhiqiza okokuhlwanyela imbewu ngaphandle kwamagciwane.
Phakathi kokhula olusakazekile, kunezinqolobane eziningi zezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwekhulu ziqoqa i-Y-virus namazambane tuber viroid. Lezi yi-hemlock stork, i-black henbane, i-cornflower eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-veronica (izinhlobo), i-field bindweed, i-galinsoga enezimbali ezincane, inyoni yase-highlander, i-scaly mountaineer, i-bindweed buckwheat, i-clover emnandi, i-doze emhlophe, i-barberry, i-starweed evamile, i-jaundice lacfiol, i-flaxwort ejwayelekile , uMary omhlophe, umama nosingamama, i-euphorbia sungazer, i-field mint, uhlwanyela amakhakhasi, i-dandelion yokwelapha, i-nightshade emnyama, isikhwama somalusi, ukhukhamba ovamile, i-bedstraw eqinile, i-plantain enkulu, umhlonyane ovamile, i-wheatgrass, isithombo sasendle, i-resin evamile, i-horsetail yasensimini , isigaxa semashi, i-field violet, i-sorrel yamahhashi, i-bristle eluhlaza, isiphepho esiguquliwe, ukushaya izandla okunsomi. Ingozi enkulu njengabaqoqi bamagciwane ukhula olungapheli - hlwanyela amakhakhasi, utshani bukakolweni obukhulayo, ukhova, umhlonyane, ngoba ukutheleleka kuqhubeka kuma-rhizomes ebusika futhi kudluliselwa ezitshalweni zezitshalo zesizini ezayo. I-Nightshade, i-henbane, ihlwanyela inkunzimalanga, i-gauze elimhlophe, i-woodlice, i-mint yasensimini, i-dandelion, i-nettle, i-clover, i-hops yizitshalo ezenzelwe i-stem nematode, esiye saba yizinambuzane ezihlwaya kakhulu zembewu namazambane. Izinhlobo zasendle zomndeni we-nightshade - njenge-black nightshade, i-bittersweet, i-henbane emnyama-igcina ukutheleleka kwamagciwane emasimini isikhathi eside. Amazambane okhula, angandiseli kuphela ezindaweni zokulahla udoti, kodwa nasemasimini ngenxa yobusika obuningi ngokwengeziwe, aba ngumthombo okhethekile wamagciwane. (izindlela zokulawula amazambane njengokhula zichazwe ephephabhukwini elithi "Potato System" No. 100, 3).
Ukulawulwa kokhula ngamakhemikhali yinto esemqoka yobuchwepheshe besimanje bokukhulisa amazambane. Ukuqinisekiswa komhlaba Imithi yokubulala ukhula esetshenziselwa amazambane ihluke kakhulu futhi ifaka izinto ezisebenzayo zokubulala ukhula ngaphambi kokutshala, ngaphambi kokuhluma nangesikhathi sokukhula kwamazambane. Ngaphambi kokuhluma kwamazambane emazweni ahlukahlukene, izithako ezisebenzayo (d.v.-va) ziyasetshenziswa: glyphosate, diquat, paraquat, ammonium glufosinate, dimethamide, fomesafen, methobromuron, linuron, prometrin, metribuzin, eptam, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, clomazone, clomazone , propisochlor, prosulfocarb, pendimethalin, flurochloridone, flufenacet. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, iqoqo eliphelele le-d.v ehambisana namazambane lifaka i-bentazone, i-MCPA, i-metribuzin, i-rimsulfuron, i-chizalofopethyl, i-fluazifop - i-P-butyl, i-cedodim, i-propachizafop. Inani lokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene asebenzayo lihluka kakhulu ngenxa yamazinga ahlukahlukene okufaneleka kobuchwepheshe bendawo yokulima, inhlabathi nezimo zezulu, namaphethini okhula. Ngakho-ke, ama-herbicides asuselwa ku-eptam, treflan, C-metolachlor, adinga ukufakwa enhlabathini, empeleni asetshenziswa kuphela emazambane akhula e-USA naseCanada. Imithi yokubulala ukhula eqhubekayo equkethe i-glyphosate, i-diquat, i-paraquat, i-piraflufen, i-ammonium glufosinate isebenza kuphela ngokumelene nokhula lwemifino, ayithinti izitshalo ezizovela kamuva. Akuwona wonke ukhula olunesikhathi sokuhluma ngaphambi kwamahlumela amazambane. Futhi lawa malungiselelo akufanele angene kumazambane noma kunjalo. Ngakho-ke, imithethonqubo yokusetshenziswa kwabo ifaka amagama alandelayo - "Kuze kuvele imifantu emhlabathini noma ukubhoboza kwenhlabathi." - isithombe 1,2. Kulokhu, sisho imifantu eyenziwe ngamazambane ahlumayo. Ngalokhu kuqhekeka, ukubulala ukhula okuqhubekayo kulimaza amazambane.
Into ngayinye esebenzayo ye-herbicides ekhethiwe inokubukeka kwayo kokukhula kokhula. Kukhona ukhula oluvimbela yonke i-herbicides ekhona - i-dope ejwayelekile, insimbi yamahhashi yasensimini, i-geranium elahliwe (Ithebula 1-3). Akukho D.-in., Ukukhetha amazambane, kodwa okwazi ukuqothula zonke ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo. Ama-molecule we-hizalafopetil, i-fluazifop-P-butyl, i-propachisaphop, i-celodime yenzelwe ukucindezela kuphela izinhlobo zokhula ezinhlamvu. IMetobromuron, i-metribuzin, i-linuron, i-promethrin, i-rimsulfuron inesibonakaliso esikhulu kakhulu sokusebenza. I-cobweed imelana ne-metribuzin, i-black nightshade, i-bluegrass enonyaka owodwa, i-prometrin - i-bluegrass yonyaka, insimu ye-aimurea, i-aimurea ngenhloso, i-butyl emhlophe, i-gauze emhlophe ukuya ku-rimsulfuron, izintaba eziphakeme, i-bindweed, i-Sophia decurania, i-dope ejwayelekile, i-black nightshade, i-porcine. Ngalesi sizathu, ama-herbicides ahlanganisiwe, ahlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili, ukuxutywa kwamathangi nokwelashwa ngezikhathi ezihlukile zesikhathi sokukhula kwaqala ukusetshenziswa kaningi.
Ithebula 1. Isibuko sesenzo sezinto ezisebenzayo ze-herbicides (Rebarz K., 2019)
Into esebenzayo | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ukhula | Bentazone | I-Hizalafoptil | Clomazon | I-cyclocidim | I-Fluazitop-R-butyl | I-Flufenacet | I-Fluorochloride | Kletodim | I-MSPA | I-Metobromuron | Metribuzin | I-Pendimethalin | Iphromo | I-Propizochlor | Prosulfocarb | I-Rimsulfuron | I-Tepraloxydim |
I-Datura ejwayelekile | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
IGeranium ihlulwe | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
I-bilberry ejwayelekile | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | + | ++ | - | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | ++ | ++ |
Dymyanka officinalis | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | - | - | - | ++ | - |
I-Field violet | + | - | - | - | - | ++ | + | - | - | ++ | ++ | + | - | + | + | + | - |
I-Asterisk medium | ++ | - | ++ | - | - | + | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | - | + | ++ | ++ | - |
Iwundlu lithwala isiqu. | ++ | - | ++ | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | - | ++ | ++ | - | - | - | ++ | - |
UMary White | + | - | + | - | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | + | ++ | + | - |
Umakhi | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Inkambu yeCirsium | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - |
Ukolweni utshwala ezinwabuzelayo | - | ++ | - | ++ | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | ++ | ++ |
Pikulnik ezejwayelekile | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | + | - |
UVeronica | + | - | + | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | + | - | - | ++ | - | - |
Canadian encane yaseCanada | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Abahlanza | ++ | - | ++ | - | - | ++ | + | - | - | + | - | ++ | - | - | ++ | ++ | - |
Imnyama emnyama | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | + | - |
IHighlander | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | - | - | + | + | - |
IHighlander | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | - | - | - | - | + | - |
IHighlander Bindweed | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | - | - | + | + | - |
UMayweed | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | - | - | + | - | ++ | - | ++ | - |
Ukudlwengula okuzenzakalelayo | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | + | ++ | ++ | - | - | - | + | ++ | - |
Ihhashi | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
UShakedwe waphonsa emuva | - | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | ++ | - | ++ | - |
Isikhwama sikaMelusi | ++ | - | ++ | - | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | - |
I-yacht yasensimini | ++ | - | ++ | - | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | ++ | - |
I-Bluegrass minyaka yonke | - | ++ | + | - | - | - | ++ | ++ | - | ++ | + | ++ | - | ++ | + | - | ++ |
Bristle luhlaza | - | ++ | - | ++ | ++ | - | + | ++ | - | - | - | ++ | ++ | ++ | - | ++ | ++ |
Izimbali ezincane zeGalinsoga zaqhakaza | ++ | - | - | - | - | - | ++ | - | - | ++ | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | + | - |
Inganekwane: ++ - ukhula olubucayi; + - ukhula luzwela ngokulingene; - - ukhula luyamelana.
Ithebula 2. Ukusebenza kwe-herbicides enkulu yezentengiso, eJalimane 2020
Ithebula 3. Isibuko sokusebenza kwe-herbicides (Phelan S., Scotland, 2017)
Uhlobo lokhula | Amandla weZencor | UZenkor ngemuva. | Stomp | I-Linuron dovsh. | Hlasela i-довсх. | Lingo dovsh. | I-Stallion довсх. | I-dikvat dovsh. | Spotlight engeza. | Thithu emva. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I-Bluegrass minyaka yonke | S | S | S | MR | S | MS | S | MS | ||
I-nettle yonyaka | S | S | MS | S | S | |||||
IHighlander Bindweed | R | MS | S | S | ||||||
Imnyama emnyama | R | MS | R | S | S | S | S | MS | ||
IHighlander Bindweed | MS | S | MS | S | S | S | MS | |||
Utshani obumnyama? | S | MS | S | MR | MR | S | ||||
Isilo sasendle | S | S | S | S | MR | S | S | S | ||
I-Asterisk medium | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
Abahlanza | R | R | MS | MR | S | S | MS | S | S | S |
UMayweed | MS | S | S | S | ||||||
Insimu yensimu | R | S | ||||||||
IGeranium ihlulwe | MS | S | MS | |||||||
Ukolweni utshwala ezinwabuzelayo | R | S | ||||||||
Isiqu uLobule | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
UMary White | S | S | S | S | MS | S | S | S | MR | |
I-yacht yasensimini | S | S | S | S | S | MS | ||||
Dymyanka officinalis | S | S | MS | R | MR | S | MS | S | ||
Ragwort | S | S | S | S | MS | S | S | MS | ||
Pikulnik ezejwayelekile | S | S | S | S | MR | S | S | S | ||
Buckwheat | MS | MS | S | MR | MS | S | S | S | MS | |
UMayweed | S | S | S | S | MR | MS | S | MS | S | |
Isinaphi esimhlophe | S | |||||||||
Ukuhlwanyelwa ngokwakho | S | S | S | R | S | MR | MS | S | S | |
I-swan iyasakazeka | S | S | S | S | MS | MS | S | S | MS | |
IHighlander | S | S | S | S | MS | MS | S | S | MS | |
I-Field violet | S | MS | S | S | MS | MR | S | S | MS | |
I-poppy ejwayelekile | S | S | S | S | MR | S | MS | |||
I-Highlander Scaley | S | S | S | S | S | MS | MS | S | S | S |
I-Bonfire rye | MS | R | ||||||||
I-ryegrass yonyaka | S | S | MR | |||||||
I-Flaxseed | R | R | R | MS | ||||||
Umakhi | S | S | S | |||||||
Isikhwama sikaMelusi | S | S | MS | S | S | S | S | |||
I-Curly sorrel | S | S | ||||||||
U-Osot uphuzi | MS | MS | MS | S | MS | S | MS | |||
I-Veronica | S | S | S | S | S | MS | S | S | S | |
I-Ovsyug | R | MS | MR | S | MS |
S = ebucayi, I-MS = ibucayi obuphakathi R = uqinile MR = ukumelana okuphakathi
Ngakho-ke, e-USA ngonyaka ka-2020 kuhlongozwa ukusebenzisa izingxube zamathangi ekwelashweni ngaphambi kokuvela okususelwa ku-pendimethalin, eptam, C-metolachlor, metribuzin, rimsulfuron ne-zetoxydim. ECanada, kunconywa nemixube ye-metribuzin ne-linuron, glufosinate, sulfentrazone (Ithebula 4).
Ithebula 4. Ukunikezwa kwe-herbicides yamazambane eCanada ngo-2020
ISICWANGCISO SOKUFUNDA I-HERBICIDE | Indawo eBuffer | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ngemininingwane engaphezulu, sicela ubheke Amanothi we-Herbicide, Ithebula le-Herbicide Selection kanye namalebula womkhiqizo. | Ukubunjwa | Hazard | Isikhashana Esinqunyelwe Ukungenela | Isikhashana Sokuvuna | Group | |||||
Igama leKhemikhali | Product | Umkhiqizo / ha | I-Surfactant | I-Terrestrial | Amanzi <1m | |||||
NGAPHAMBI KOKUHLELA | ||||||||||
EPTC | ePTA | 4.25-8.5 L / ha | None | EC | I-VLH | 24 | 45 | 8 | 4 | 1 |
i-glyphosate 1 | Okuhlukahlukene: Round-up njll. | 2.5-7 L / ha | Akuphoqelekile | SN | I-VLH | 12 | - | 9 | 15 | 15 |
s-metolachlor | I-Dual II Magnum | 1.25-1.75 L / ha | None | EC | I-VLH | 12 | - | 15 | - | 29 |
LUNGA EMERGENCE | ||||||||||
i-dimethenamid-p | UFrontier Max, u-Outlook | 0.756-0.963 L / ha | None | EC | LH | 24 | 40 | 15 | 3 | 1 |
ukulele | Reflex | 1 L / ha | Akuphoqelekile | SN | LH | 12 | 70 | 14 | 15 | 15 |
ushukela | Ignite | 2.7-5 L / ha | None | SN | I-VLH | 12 | - | 10 | 1 | 1 |
i-glyphosate 1 | Okuhlukahlukene: Round-up njll. | 2.5 L / ha | Akuphoqelekile | SN | I-VLH | 12 | - | 9 | 15 | 15 |
i-linuron | I-Lorox L | 2.25-4.5 L / ha | None | SU | I-VLH | 24 | - | 7 | - | - |
i-linuron + s-metolachlor | I-Lorox LDual II Magnum | 1.9-2.3 L / ha 1.25-1.75 L / ha | None | SU EC | I-VLH | 24 | - | 7 15 | - | 29 |
metribuzin | I-Sencor, iTricor, i-squadron Sencor 500 FL, iMetrix | U-0.55 - 1.5 kg / ha noma u-0.85 - 2.25 L / ha | None | I-DF SU | I-VLH | 12 | 60 | 5 | 10 | 5 |
metribuzin + glufosinate | I-Sencor 500 FL, Metrix Ignite | 1.1 L / ha 2.7-5 L / ha | None | SU SN | I-VLH | 12 | 60 | 5 10 | 10 | 5 |
metribuzin+ i-linuron | I-Sencor, iTricor, i-squadron I-Lorox L | 0.55 - 1.1 kg / ha 1.6-3.75 L / ha | None | DF SU | I-VLH | 24 | 60 | 5 7 | 10 | 5 |
metribuzin+ s-metolachlor | I-Sencor, iTricor, i-squadron I-Dual II Magnum | 0.55 - 1.5 kg / ha 1.25-1.75 L / ha | None | DF EC | I-VLH | 12 | 60 | 5 15 | 10 | 29 |
metribuzin+ s-metolachlor | ITiedown: iTricor + I-UPI S-MET | 0.55 kg / ha 1.3 L / ha | None | DF | I-VLH | 12 | 60 | 5 15 | 10 | 29 |
metribuzin / s-metolachlor | Umngcele we-LQD | 1.85-2.5 L / ha | None | EC | I-VLH | 12 | 60 | 5 15 | 10 | 29 |
I-metribuzin + sulfentrazone | I-Sencor STZ | 0.6 - 0.8 kg / ha 0.16-0.22 L / ha | None | I-DF FL | I-VLH | 12 | 60 | 5 14 | 10 | 5 |
NGEMVA KOKUZEZA EMERGENCE (BHEKA NAMaphuzu) | ||||||||||
metribuzin | I-Sencor, iTricor, i-squadron I-Sencor 500 FL, Metrix | 0.55 - 1.5 kg / ha 0.85 - 2.25 L / ha | None | DF SU | I-VLH | 12 | 60 | 5 | 10 | 5 |
metribuzin+ mthokozisi | UTitus Pro: UTricor + Prism | 0.28 - 0.375 kg / ha 60 g / ha + 0.2% v / v | Okungeyona i-ionic | DF SG | LH | 12 | 60 | 5 2 | 10 | 5 |
I-PER EMERGENCE | ||||||||||
ubuhlakani | Khetha / Umcibisholo | 0.19-0.38 L / ha + 0.5-1.0% v / v | I-Amigo noma i-X- Act | EC | I-VLH | 12 | 60 | 1 | 15 | - |
i-fluazifop-p-butyl | I-Venture L | 1.0 - 2.0 L / ha | None | EC | I-VLH | - | 45 | 1 | 15 | 15 |
mthokozisi | I-Prism, iRimsulfuron | 60 g / ha + I-0.2% v / v | Okungeyona i-ionic | SG | LH | 12 | 30 | 2 | 5 | 1 |
umuntuxydim | IPast Ultra | 0.32-1.1 L / ha + I-1-2 L / ha surf | Hlanganisa noma Usize | EC | I-VLH | 12 | 80 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Ukwakheka: DF - Dry Flowable; EC - Ukugxila Okugudluzayo; I-SN - Isixazululo; I-SU - Ukumiswa; I-SG - I-Soluble Granule Ingozi: LH - IHazard Ephansi; I-VLH - Izingozi Ezincane Kakhulu Qaphela: 1) Amanani abekelwa okwenziwa okungu-356 g okusebenzayo / L. Bheka amalebuli womkhiqizo othile ukuze uqinisekise amanani afanele wohlelo lokusebenza. Faka isicelo ngemuva kokuvela kokhula, kodwa ngaphambi kokuthi kuqhamuke amazambane, awukho umsebenzi osalayo. |
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Ububanzi bemithi yokubulala ukhula emazweni aseYurophu muva nje buye bancipha ngokushesha, futhi namandla okuphatha ezazi ngemvelo e-EU anamandla kakhulu. Muva nje, i-linuron, i-diquat ivinjelwe, futhi kukhulunywa ngokuvinjelwa kwe-metribuzine. Ngakho-ke, imithethonqubo yokuvikelwa kwamazambane eJalimane kanye nawo wonke amanye amazwe amazambane wango-2020 aqukethe kuphela ama-molecule asebenzayo (Ithebula 5). Uma kwenzeka kungcoliswa okuphezulu kwezinkundla, kunconywa ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela ye-bandura + zenkor, novotron + zenkor, proman + novotron, artist + centium 36 esikhathini sangaphambi kokuvela (Ithebula 2,5).
Ithebula 5. Ukunikezwa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula eJalimane ngo-2020.
Ukhula | Izidakamizwa | I-GHS | Imikhawulo yohlelo | WZ | Hamba | Izincazelo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Imbewu yokhula dicotyledonous, i-bluegrass yonyaka | Ibhokisi (prosulfocarb) | 07 08 09 | NW - (- / - / *) m NT145,146,170 | F | 4,5 - 5,0 l | Ngokulwa nokhula olu-monocotyledonous ne-dicotyledonous. Ngaphambi kokuhluma, ngaphambi nje kokuhluma amazambane. Ngokuphikisana nezinhlobo ze-chamomile, i-Highlander, i-marie emhlophe, sebenzisa ingxube nge-Sencor Liquid 0,3 - 0,5 l / ha. Sebenzisa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nomswakama ophansi ezitshalweni ezibucayi (isb. Imifino, amakhambi, ama-beet, ...) kufanele kugwenywe. |
I-Boxer Sencor Liquid Pack (prosulfocarb + metribuzin) | 07 08 09 | NW - (- / - / *) m NW706 NT103,145,146,170 | 42 | 3,0 - 5,0 l + 0,3 - 0,5 l | Ngokulwa nokhula olu-monocotyledonous ne-dicotyledonous. Ngaphambi kokuhluma, ngaphambi nje kokuhluma amazambane. Ngokuphikisana nezinhlobo ze-chamomile, i-Highlander, i-marie emhlophe, sebenzisa ingxube nge-Sencor Liquid 0,3 - 0,5 l / ha. Sebenzisa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nomswakama ophansi ezitshalweni ezibucayi (isb. Imifino, amakhambi, ama-beet, ...) kufanele kugwenywe. | |
Imbewu yokhula dicotyledonous, i-bluegrass yonyaka | I-Sencor Liquid (metribuzin) | 09 | I-NW 5 (5 / * / *) m I-NW706, NT103 | 42 | I-0,9 l | Ngokumelene nokhula wamabele waminyaka yonke kanye nokhakhayi dicotyledonous. Ngemuva kokuqubuka, ukuvela ngaphambi kwesikhashana. |
I-Mistral (Metribuzinum) | 09 | I-NW 5 (5 / * / *) m I-NW706, NT103 | F | 0,75 kg | ||
I-Sencor Liquid (metribuzin) | 09 | NW 5 (* / * / *) m I-NW701, NT102 | 42 | 0,4 - 0,6 l | Ngokumelene nokhula. Ikhulukazi enhlabathini enomquba enokhula okhula aze afike ku-5 cm, amazambane aze afike ku-10 cm. Ukuzwela okuhlukahlukene, naka! | |
I-Mistral (Metribuzinum) | 09 | NW 5 (* / * / *) m I-NW701, NT102 | 42 | 0,3 - 0,5 kg | ||
I-Metric (метрибузин + кломазон) | 09 | NW 5 (5 / * / *) m NW701, NT109,127,149 | F | I-1,5 l | I-Dovskhodovo, ngokumelene nokhula lwezinhlamvu zommbila nezingamakhaza. Ingxube neBandur noma i-Proman yokuvezwa okuphephile futhi kunwetshwe isibuko sesenzo. Akukho ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni imbewu. | |
Ukhula lwe-dicotyledonous ukhula, unyaka nonyaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amazolo | Idamu le-NovitronTec (i-alconifen + clomazone) | 07 08 09 | NW - (20/15/5) m NW701, NT108,127,149 | F | 2,4 kg | Kusengaphambili, ngaphambi kokuhluma, eceleni kwamagquma okwakhiwe |
Ukhula lwe-dicotyledonous ukhula, unyaka nonyaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amazolo | I-Arcade (prosulfocarb + Metribuzin) | 09 | NW - (- / - / 5) m NW706, NT112,145,146,170, NG405 | F | 4,0 - 5,0 l | I-Dovskhodovo, kuya ekubumbeni futhi kamuva esiteji se-BBCH 15. Sebenzisa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nomswakama ophansi ezitshalweni ezibucayi (isb. Imifino, amakhambi, ama-beet, ...) |
Umculi (flufenacet + metribuzin) | 07 08 09 | NW 5 (* / * / *) m I-NW706, NT103 | F | 2,0 kg | Kusengaphambili, ngaphambi kokugaywa. Emhlabathini omncane kuze kufinyelele ku-2,0 kg / ha, enhlabathini ephakathi nendawo nesindayo kuze kufike ku-2,5 kg / ha. Ukusetshenziswa kwenhlabathi enama-humus akunakwenzeka. Bheka ukuhambisana kokuhlukahluka. | |
NW 5 (5 / * / *) m NW706, NT103 | F | 2,5 kg | ||||
Ukhula lwe-dicotyledonous ukhula, unyaka nonyaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, amazolo | I-Cato (rimsulfuron) | 05 07 09 | NW 5 (5 / * / *) m NW705, NT108 | F | I-50 g + 0,3 l FHS | Lapho ukuphakama kwezitshalo zamazambane kungu-5-20 cm. Gwema ukumboza ukhula ngamaqabunga amazambane. Hhayi kumazambane wembewu hhayi ezinhlamvwini zokuqala noma ekuqaleni. |
I-Rimuron 25 WG (rimsulfuron) | 05 07 09 | NW 5 (5 / * / *) m NW705, NT108 | F | I-50 g + 0,2 l FHS | ||
I-Proman (metobromuron) | 08 09 | NW 5 (* / * / *) m NG404, NT102 | F | 2,0 - 3,0 l | I-Dovskhodovo. Ngokubhekene nombhede wengxubevange ingxube ka-2,0 l / ha Proman + isibonelo Metric 1,0 l / ha noma iBoxer 3,0 l / ha kuyadingeka. | |
Amaperethi, ngaphandle kwe-bluegrass yonyaka | I-Agil-S (propaquasifop) | 07 09 | F | 0,5 - 1,0 l | Ngemuva kokuvela kokhula, esigabeni 2-- isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa siyashintshwa kucatshangelwa uhlobo lokusanhlamvu. Leaf. Amanani aphakeme ngokumelene notshani obusika, umhlanga kanye ne-sedge. | |
Gxila Pack Active = Gxila ku-Ultra + Dash (cycloxydim) | 05 07 08 09 | NT101 | 56 | 1,0 - 1,5 l + 1,0 -1,5 l |
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I-Fusilade MAX (fluazifop-P-ethyl) | 07 08 09 | NT101 | 90 | I-1,0 l | ||
I-Targa Super (Quasilofopethyl) | 05 07 08 09 | NT101 | 49 | 0,75 - 1,25 l | ||
AmaCereals kanye noMvuno weGrain | Khetha u-240 EC + Radiamix (kletodim) | 07 08 09 | NT108 | 60 | 0,75 + 1,0 l | Ngemuva kwezithombo kusuka ku-BBCH 12 kuya ekuvuleni imigwaqo eya kwi-BBCH 29. Ngokumelene ne-bluegrass minyaka yonke esigabeni sokubhalisa. |
Ukuba khona kukakolweni utshani ezinwabuzelayo | UCato | 05 07 09 | NW 5 (* / * / *) m NT103 | F | 30 g + 0,18 l 20 g + 0,12 l | Ngokumelene nokhula kanye dicotyledonous ukhula. Ukulandelana kokufafaza ekuphakameni kwama-5-20 cm ngokuphumula kwezinsuku ezingama-8-10. Hhayi ekukhiqizweni kwembewu kanye nezinhlobo zokuqala kakhulu noma zokuqala |
I-Rimuron 25 WG | 05 07 09 | NW 5 (* / * / *) m NT103 | F | 30 g + 0,2 l 20 g + 0,2 l |
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Gxila Pack Active = Gxila ku-Ultra + Dash | 05 07 08 09 | NT101 | 56 | 2,5 + 2,5 l | Ngemuva kokuvela kwamazambane kuphakama ngokumelene ne-wheatgrass 15-20 cm ukuphakama. Isimo sezulu esifudumele sithanda umphumela. I-Select 240 EC nayo ibamba ukubukwa kwensimbi. | |
I-Fusilade MAX | 07 08 09 | NT103 | 90 | I-2,0 l | ||
Khetha u-240 EC + Radiamix | 07 08 09 | NT109 | 60 | 1,0 + 1,0 l | ||
Ipuleti Super | 05 07 08 09 | NT102 | 49 | I-2,0 l | ||
*) - gcina imithetho eqondene nezwe ethile yebanga ukusuka emizimbeni yamanzi! Isigaba se-GHS - ingozi; I-WZ yisikhathi sokulinda.
Abalimi bamazambane baseRussia bavunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukusebenzisa ama-herbicides asuselwa ku-glyphosate, diquat, MCPA, metribuzin, prometrin, prosulfocarb, flurochloridone kanye nenhlanganisela ye-flufenacet + metribuzin esikhathini sangaphambi kokuvela. Ngemuva kokuhluma, izinto ezilandelayo zavunyelwa: i-cethodim, i-rimsulfuron, i-propaquasifop, i-cycloxydim, i-fluazifop-P-butyl, i-chizalofopethyl kanye nokulungiselela okuhlangene okususelwa ku-cletodim ne-haloxyfop-R - methyl. Ama-molecule amaningi asebenzayo (i-clomazone, i-bentazone, i-eptam, i-C-metolachlor, i-pendimethalin, njll.) Nawo asetshenziswa ngokusemthethweni kwezinye izitshalo, kepha awanamvume esemthethweni yamazambane. Umehluko ekuhlanganisweni kweRussia yamazambane okubulala ukhula emkhakheni wokulwa nokusanhlamvu awubalulekile; endaweni enkulu yokhula olunamakhasi abanzi, kubonakala ngokungabikho kwamalungiselelo amaningi anamuhla ahlanganisiwe, izinto eziningi ezisebenzayo ezisebenzayo kanye nokwakheka kwesicelo. Uma kwamanye amazwe kusetshenziswa amalungiselelo ahlukahlukene, isibonelo, eNgilandi, i-herbicide No.
Umdwebo 1. Izindawo zokuhlaziya amazambane nge-herbicides eNgilandi, 2015.
I-Metribuzin ingadala ukusabela kwe-phytotoxic ezinhlotsheni eziningi. Ukusabela kwezitshalo zamazambane kule nto esebenzayo kuncike ezicini eziningi: izici zofuzo zezinhlobonhlobo, isikhathi sokucubungula, inani lezulu kanye lokushisa komoya ngemuva kokufaka isicelo, okuqukethwe kwe-organic enhlabathini. Imvamisa, ukusabela kwe-phytotoxic kwenzeka lapho amalungiselelo asuselwa kule nto esebenzayo esetshenziswa ngemuva kokuhluma kwezitshalo zamazambane. Ezimweni ezingezinhle, ukuvela kwayo kungenzeka futhi ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwe-herbicide ngesikhathi sangaphambi kokukhula (isithombe 3,4).
Ukusabela kwe-phytotoxic kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwembewu, ngoba kungenza kube nzima noma kube nzima ukwenza kahle ukukhetha okungalungile ngenxa yezimpawu ezifanayo ezibonakalisa izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Kuliqiniso, kwesinye isikhathi amalungiselelo asuselwa ku-metribuzin asiza ukuhlanza uma ngabe ukuxubana kwe-varietal kunokuzwela okuphezulu ku-AI enikeziwe. (isithombe 3). Ekukhiqizeni ezentengiselwano, ukulimala okuvela ku-metribuzin kungadala ukwehla kwesivuno kanye nokwehla kwenani lezilimo eziyizigaxa, okubonakala kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezinesikhathi esifushane sokukhula, esinesikhathi esincane kakhulu sokululama kwe-chlorophyll. Imisebenzi eminingi ephathelene nokuphendula kwe-phytotoxic yezitshalo emithini yokubulala ukhula igcizelela ukuthi isivuno sincipha ngomonakalo owandayo. Kulandela ezifundweni ezithile ukuthi izimpawu ezincane ze-phytotoxicity azigcini nje ngokunciphisa isivuno, kepha, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwanda kuyabonakala ngomphumela ophezulu wokucindezela ukhula. Ngakho-ke, imininingwane enembile mayelana ne-phytotoxicity ye-metribuzin yezinhlobo ezithile zamazambane ivumela ukwakhiwa kwemithetho ephephile yokusetshenziswa kwe-herbicide ethile.
Kunezincomo ezivela ku-European Society of Weed Researcher (EWRC) zokuthola i-phytotoxicity (Ithebula 6). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imininingwane enembile yezinhlobo kunzima ukuyithola. Uma uhlola ngokuzimela uhlobo ngalunye olusha lwe-phytotoxicity, isikhathi sokusebenzisa umuthi wokubulala ukhula siyobe sesihambile. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuqondiswe izincomo zamafemu okuzala. Lesi sici sezinhlobonhlobo sibhekisela ngokusobala kulowo obalulekile, futhi ezimeni eziningi ezihola amafemu okuzala azinikeza ngempela.
Ithebula 6. I-EWRC Scale of Plant Sensitivity to Herbicides
Isikali | Ukulimazeka kwesimilo | Isimo sokuzwela, amaphuzu wesilinganiso | Uhlobo lomonakalo ezingxenyeni zasemoyeni zezitshalo |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Akukho monakalo | Akunandaba | Akukho monakalo |
2. | Izimpawu ezimnene kakhulu | Umuzwa ophansi (1,1-2,0) | Kukhanye kancane imiphetho yamaqabunga noma imithambo yamaqabunga |
3. | Izimpawu zobumnene | Ukuzwela okuphakathi (2,1 -4,0) | Ukukhanya okuqinile kwemiphetho yamaqabunga noma imithambo yamaqabunga |
4. | Izimpawu ezinkulu - azihlali zithinta isivuno | Ukukhanyisa kanye necrosis encane yamaqabunga amaqabunga - kuze kufike ku-2% | |
5. | Ukulimala okukhanyayo | I-Hypersensitivity (4,1 - 6,0) | Ukukhanyisa kanye necrosis yamaqabunga amaqabunga - kuze kufike ku-10% |
umonakalo ezinzima - necrosis | Ukukhanyisa kanye necrosis yamaqabunga amaqabunga - kuze kufike ku-25% | ||
6. | Umonakalo omkhulu - i-necrosis | Ukuzwela okuphezulu (> 6,1) | Ukukhanyisa kanye necrosis yamaqabunga amaqabunga - kuze kufike ku-50% |
7. | Umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu | Ukukhanyisa kanye necrosis yamaqabunga amaqabunga - kuze kufike ku-75% | |
8. | Ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwezitshalo | Qedela ukubhujiswa izingxenye sendawo izitshalo |
Ekubonakaliseni izinhlobonhlobo zokuzalelwa kwamazambane HZPC ISadokas inikeza lokhu kuhlola okulandelayo kokuzwela kwi-metribuzin: ukungazweli, ukuzwela kancane, ukungazweli, ukuzwela kancane, ukuzwela ngokwanele, ukuzwela ngokulingene, ukuzwela. Noma kuboniswa ukuthi kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-metribuzin ngaphambi kokuhluma. Kunzima ngokwengeziwe ukwakha i-gradation oda ngalelo gama. USolana wenza izincomo ezithile. Abazweli - Arosa, Rosara, Felox, Zecura, Red Lady, Rodriga, Queen Anne, Miranda, Opal, Figaro, Verdi. Ukuzwela, sebenzisa kufika ku-250 g / ha we-mertibuzin kuzithombo - uNatasha, uLabella, uLeoni, uLaperla, uCaruso, uLyudmila. Ungasebenzisi i-metribuzin kuzithombo - iVitesse. I-Agrico isebenzisa amagoli. Ayimelani ne-metribuzin (amaphuzu angu-3 kwangu-9); ukuzwela okuphezulu, ukumelana nobuthakathaka (amaphoyinti angu-5-6) - ukusetshenziswa ngemuva kokuhluma kuholela ekushintsheni kwemisipha nokuncipha kwesivuno; ukuzwela okuphakathi (amaphuzu ayi-6-7 kwayi-9) - ukusetshenziswa kwangemva kokuvela kungaholela ekushintsheni kombala eziqongweni, kepha ngaphandle kokunciphisa isivuno; ukuzwela okuphansi (amaphuzu angu-8 kwangu-9) - akukho ukusabela okungalungile Ngakho-ke, isikali se-Agrico sakhiwe ngokulandelana okuphambene, okuboniswa ngokuhlobene nesikali se-EWRC. Esikalini senkampani, amaphuzu ayi-9 asho ukuzwela okuphansi kakhulu ku-metribuzin, futhi esikalini se-EWRC, okuphezulu kakhulu.
I-Europlant ihlukanisa izigaba ezintathu zezinhlobo maqondana ne-metribuzin - engazweli, ebucayi kancane, kanye nomthamo wento ngemuva kokuhluma kufanele kulungiswe ukugwema ukulimala. INorika ayinikeli ngemininingwane, yize kwaziwa ngokwenza ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zizwela kakhulu (Molly, Vega). Ngezinhlobonhlobo ze-Stet kukhonjisiwe - ukumelana okuqinile, ukumelana okuphakathi, ukumelana okulingene, ukuzwela, nokuzwela kakhulu. Izinhlobo zamazambane zokukhethwa kweDoka - Gennye Tekhnologii LLC - iCarmen, Prime, Indigo, Kalinka, Flamingo ayinandaba ne-metribuzin ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhula. Emibhalweni, umuntu angathola imininingwane ehlukanisiwe yokumelana nezinhlobo zaseBelarusian, imininingwane esemthethweni yezinhlobo zaseRussia ayitholakalanga. Ngezansi isici esizimele sezinhlobo zamanye amazwe ezivamile ezweni (Ithebula 7). Ochwepheshe baseJalimane bahlukanisa ukumelana okuphansi ne-metribuzine ezinhlobonhlobo i-Vineta, i-Red Fantasy, i-Vega, i-Madeira, i-Verdi, i-Europrima, i-BP 808, i-Lady Claire (i-Scheid L. et al., I-2020).
Ithebula 7. Ukuzwela kwezinhlobo zamazambane kuya ku-metribuzin, ukusetshenziswa kwangemva kokuvela kwama-350 g ebanga w / ha metribuzin, (Urbanowicz, 2019)
Isikali | nokuhlola | Izinhlobo |
---|---|---|
1 | Akunandaba | Felsin, Habib, Saturn, Cerat, Labadia, Canberra, Colomba, Isibindi |
1,1 -2,0. | ukuzwela okuphansi | Accent, Arsenal, Bellarosa, Verdi, Ngokucophelela, iMpala, Caratop, Carlena, Ludmila, Madeline, Manitou, Marquis, Melody, Rocco, Russet Burbank, Saline, Ramos, Mozart, Challenger |
2,1 - 4,0. | ukuzwela okulingene | Agria, Arizona, Asterix, Bellaprim, Brooke, uColette, El Mundo, Gala, Jelly, Curas, Lady Claire, iMadeira, Mondeo, Pyrrole, Queen Anna, Red Fantasy, Red Sonya, Riviera, Sagitta, BP 808, Panther, Silvana, Red Scarlett, saseNevsky, Timo, Sifra, Jarla, Crispforol |
4,1 -6,0. | Hypersensitivity | Umcibisholo, Eurostar, Innovator, Molly, URosalind, Sante, Vignette, URosalind, Fable |
7,1 -9,0. | ukuzwela okuphezulu | Umfanekiso |
Nge sensitivity high izinhlobo (EWRC amaphuzu ngenhla 5), imithi ebulala ukhula esekelwe metribuzin (ngokukhethekile, Zenkor) ingasetshenziswa emva ukuvela in umthamo ezingekho ngaphezu 0,5 l, kg / ha. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukubonakaliswa kwe-phytotoxicity kanye nokwehla kwesivuno kungenzeka. Uma ukuzwela kungaphezu kwamaphuzu ayi-7, khona-ke uhlelo lokuphuma-ukuvela alulungele kakhulu. Overseas, metribuzin injalo emsulwa kakhulu izibambe, it is hhayi Kunconywa ukuyisebenzisa izinhlobo nge ikhasi elimhlophe, amalungiselelo exubile kanye ethangini Izingxube nge ongaphakeme Zencor kuyinsakavukela esingcono. Ukuzwela kwezinhlobo zamazambane kuya ku-metribuzin kufanele kubhekwe kakhulu ekukhiqizeni imbewu, ngoba ukubonakala kwe-necrosis emaqabungeni kuhlanekezela isimo sokuba khona kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane futhi akuvumeli ukwenqatshwa okufanelekile kwezitshalo ezinesifo, okuthinta ngqo ikhwalithi yento yembewu.
Isimo sifana nokubulala ukhula okususelwa ku-rimsulfuron. UTitus kanye nama-analogs amaningi nawo abangela ukushintsha kombala kweqabunga noma ngisho nekhophi eliqondile lezimpawu zamazambane mosaic (isithombe 5,6). Izitshalo zivame ukululama kulokhu kulimala zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-7-10 ngemuva kokwelashwa, ngaphandle komthelela esivunweni. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ezicindezelayo njengesimo sezulu esipholile, esinomswakama noma esishisayo nesinomswakama, nokufakwa kwesicelo kamuva kumazambane amade, ukwelashwa kwe-rimsulfuron kungenza okubi kakhulu. Ukunciphisa amathuba okulimala kwamazambane, kunconywa ukuthi kusetshenziswe le herbicide ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu ezilandelanayo zesimo sezulu esishisayo.
Isici esibalulekile sokuhlukahluka ekubonakalisweni kwe-phytotoxicity sinciphisa amathuba okusebenzisa i-metribuzin ne-rimsulfuron kumazambane akhulisa imbewu. Udinga ukugxila ekusetshenzisweni kwangaphambi kokuvela kwalezi zinto noma ekusetshenzisweni kwezinye d.v. EJalimane, kunconywa ukuthi kusetshenziswane ne-herbicides proman, isibhakela, i-bandura kanye ne-novitron ngendlela emsulwa noma emixubeni yezilimo ezizwelana nezinkomo (Ithebula 2,5). E-USA naseCanada, kuqala kunikezwa amalungiselelo ahlanganisiwe noma amamiksi wamathangi anezinga eliphansi le-metribuzine (Ithebula 4). Akuzona zonke izinketho ezivela kulawo asetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe ezitholakala kubalimi bamazambane baseRussia, kepha uhla lwamakhemikhali angaphambi kokuvela lwanele. Kodwa-ke, umthelela kwikhwalithi yamazambane embewu, kufaka phakathi umphumela, kufanele ubhekwe, okokuqala, maqondana nokubulala ukhula okuqhubekayo. Lawa amalungiselelo asuselwa ku-glyphosate, diquat, ammonium glufosinate. Imininingwane eminingi iqoqwe ezincwadini zomhlaba nge-glyphosate kumongo wethonya elibi kumazambane embewu. Imithi yokubulala ukhula isiyonke akufanele ikwazi ukuthola izitshalo zamazambane kanye nezithombo. Ukuphela kwemifantu emhlabathini nokuqhekeka kwamazambane ahlumayo (isithombe 7) ukufinyelela okuvulekile, umuthi awugcini nje kuphela ngesitshalo, kodwa futhi udluliselwa ngenzalo. Izimpawu eziyinhloko zokulimala kwe-glyphosate kumazambane zisesithombeni 8, ukuphazamiseka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa nezimpawu zezilimo eziyizigaxa kusesithombeni 9,10. Ngonyaka olandelayo, umphumela we-glyphosate ubonakala ekwehleni kokuhluma nasekunciphiseni kwezitshalo. (isithombe 11,12) futhi umphumela uvele kuze kube yiminyaka emithathu.
Ukulimala okufanayo kwamazambane embewu kubangelwa ama-herbicides angacacisi - i-clopyralid, i-dicamba, i-sulfonylureas, izimpawu zayo ezikhonjiswe esithombeni 13,14, 15. Vele, akekho noyedwa owasebenzisa ngqo kumazambane. Amazambane angadalwa kuphela ukugeleza komoya kusuka kwamanye amasimu nezinsalela ku-sprayer ngokuhlanza ngokunganaki noma ngokuntuleka kwawo. Lokhu kusebenza nasemithini yokubulala ukhula eqhubekayo. (isithombe 16). Kunamaqiniso okulimala kwamazambane embewu ne-chlorprofam, asetshenziswa ezindaweni zokugcina ukuze kunqandwe ukuhluma kwamazambane amazambane (isithombe XNUMX). Le nto inamandla kangangokuba ithinta ukuhluma kwezinhlamvu zembewu eziseduze noma igcinwe emakamelweni aphethwe yi-chlorprofam kwisizini edlule.
Ngakho-ke, ukulawula ukhula okuthembekile kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni imbewu yokhula esezingeni. Ukhula alunciphisi isivuno kuphela, kodwa futhi lufaka isandla ekulimaleni kwezifo kumazambane. I-assortment yesimanje yamazambane yokubulala ukhula inamagama amaningi, kepha ukulungiselela ngakunye kunemikhawulo yayo ekusetshenzisweni. Ekukhuleni kwembewu yamazambane, ukulimala kwezitshalo ngamakhemikhali okubulala ukhula akumele kuvunyelwe, ngoba umphumela omubi walokhu ubonakala ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.