Kungani izinhlelo zokubikezela izifo zezitshalo zidinga ukubuyekezwa njalo ngokubandakanya ochwepheshe abavela emikhakheni eyahlukene
Potato okulimaza sekwephuzile okubangelwa Ama-infestans ama-Phytophthora, ingesinye sezifo zezitshalo eziyingozi kakhulu esidinga ukusetshenziswa njalo kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukuze sizivikele.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo kuncike kakhulu esimweni sezulu, ngakho-ke, izinhlelo ezimbalwa zokubikezela ziye zathuthukiswa emhlabeni wonke ukuze kwehliswe izindleko kubalimi ukulwa nalesi sifo.
"Imithetho yase-Ireland" yathuthukiswa ngawo-1950 futhi yalinganiswa ukubikezela kwesimo sezulu, izindlela zokukhiqiza amazambane kanye nomfutho we-pathogen. P. infestans zisasebenza njengesisekelo sezeluleko kubalimi.
Kodwa-ke, kusukela ekusungulweni kwemodeli ye-Irish Rules, kube nezinguquko eziningi ekubunjweni nasekuguquguqukeni kokubola okuphuzile. Iqembu lososayensi base-Ireland abavela e-Teagasc Crop Research Centre, Maynooth University kanye ne-Irish Meteorological Service bahlole imodeli ngaphansi kwezimo zamanje futhi baphakamisa inani lezichibiyelo.
Isifo esibulalayo sekwephuzile siyashintsha futhi siba nolaka
Ukubola okuphuzile (noma ukubola kwamazambane sekwephuzile) kungesinye sezifo ezibhubhisa kakhulu izitshalo zamazambane ngenxa yomjikelezo wokuzala osheshayo we-phytopathogen kanye nolaka. Uma kungabhekwanga, ukubola sekwephuzile kungaholela ngokushesha ekuhlulekeni okuphelele kwezitshalo, kokubili ensimini nasendaweni yokugcina izinto ngemva kokuvuna.
E-Ireland, ukuqubuka komlando okulimaza amazambane kube nomthelela omkhulu kwezamasiko nezomnotho, okuholele endlaleni enkulu kanye nokufuduka okwalandela kwengxenye enkulu yabantu ngeminyaka yawo-1840.
E-Ireland kuphela, cishe ama-euro ayizigidi ezi-5 manje asetshenziswa minyaka yonke kuma-fungicides ukulawula ukubola kwamazambane sekwephuzile, kuyilapho izindleko zomhlaba wonke zokulawula izifo nokulahlekelwa kwezitshalo zingaphezu kwe-€ 1 billion ngonyaka.
Isivinini salolu bhubhane sincike kakhulu esimweni sezulu, okuguquguqukayo okubaluleke kakhulu izinga lokushisa, umswakama olinganiselwe kanye nemvula, lezi ezimbili zokugcina zihlobene eduze.
Izinkathi ezinde zezulu ezimanzi nezipholile zidala izimo ezivumayo zokubhebhetheka kwamagciwane ahlakazwa imvula nomoya.
Lesi sifo sibangela ukulimala kokubili ngokungaqondile nangokuqondile: ngokungaqondile, ngokunciphisa indawo ye-photosynthetic, futhi ngokuqondile, lapho ama-zoospores ehlanza amahlamvu ethelela izilimo eziyizigaxa emhlabathini.
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, ukwanda kokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuholele ekufudukeni komhlaba wonke kwe-pathogen genotypes, eye yashintsha imigqa ebusayo, emidala ye-clonal noma i-genotypes, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-US-1, futhi ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa nokusabalala kwemigqa emisha, eminye yayo khombisa ulaka olwengeziwe.
Kutholwe ama-genotypes amasha e-Ireland futhi kubikwe kaningi eminyakeni yamuva nje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhiqizwa okuningi kwamazambane e-Ireland kusekelwe ezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane ezisengozini kakhulu ezinguqulweni ezintsha zamagciwane.
Ukuhlukahluka kwamagciwane okulimaza sekwephuzile, kuhlangene nomthelela wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kwenza ukulawula kube nzima kanye nengozi yezifo eziwubhubhane ibe phezulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, abalimi bavame ukufaka isivikelo esinamandla sokubulala isikhunta, kuze kufakwe izicelo ezingaphezu kweziyi-10 ngesizini ngayinye eNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Isidingo sokuthuthukisa amamodeli abikezela ukubola kwezambane sekwephuzile kudala sabonwa njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokulawula lesi sifo, ligqugquzelwa yizo zombili izici zemvelo nezomnotho.
Ukuphendula ukukhathazeka kwezemvelo okuvela ngenxa yokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ezolimo, i-European Community Directive 128/2009 mayelana nokusetshenziswa okusimeme kwezibulala-zinambuzane inikeza imihlahlandlela eqinile yokusetshenziswa okusimeme kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo ukuze kwehliswe izingozi empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo.
Ukubikezela okuthembekile kwezifo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwezitshalo kanye nesivuno ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezimbi, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthethelelwa okuyiqiniso kokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo ngokuhambisana nemithetho kazwelonke neyamazwe ngamazwe.
Amasistimu wokuqagela awakwazi ukuphila kudatha yakudala neyabanye abantu
Emgogodleni wabo, izinhlelo zokubikezela izifo zezitshalo zisebenzisa ama-algorithms, ayisisekelo futhi asekelwe ngokwamandla, ukubikezela imijikelezo yezifo.
Amamodeli abalulekile athuthukiswa kusukela ekuhlolweni kwaselabhorethri emakamelweni alawulwa imvelo, ezindlini ezibamba ukushisa, noma ezinkundleni futhi achaza ingxenye eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ezithonywe imvelo yobudlelwano bokusingatha nezinambuzane.
Ekuqaleni, ukuthuthukiswa kwezibonelo zesibikezelo sezifo zezitshalo kwakugxile kakhulu ocwaningweni lwezehlakalo zesimo sezulu ukuze kubikezelwe ukukhula nokuqala kwezifo eziwumshayabhuqe, futhi kwakunobufakazi ngokwemvelo, obusekelwe ubude besikhathi sezehlakalo zezulu ezingaphezu kwemingcele kanye nesigaba sokukhula kwezitshalo.
Muva nje, izindlela eziyisisekelo ziye zasetshenziswa kakhulu ukubamba izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi zezifo eziwumshayabhuqe, kanye nezinqubo zezolimo nokuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali.
U-Austin Burke, omunye wabasunguli bokubikezela ukubola kwezambane sekwephuzile, wakha imodeli ye-PLB ebizwa ngokuthi Imithetho Yase-Ireland. Le modeli ibifuna ukufaka ulwazi mayelana nomjikelezo wempilo yesifo, ngokuphambene nendlela yokuhlola kuphela. Isibonelo, ukukhethwa kwemibandela yesimo sezulu efanelekile yokuthuthukiswa kwesifo kwanqunywa ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwaselabhorethri okubhaliwe, esikhundleni sokuhlaziya okubukeziwe kwesimo sezulu esingokomlando phakathi nokuqubuka kwezifo.
Kodwa-ke, muva nje, njengengxenye yohlelo lwe-pan-European, ukuqhathaniswa kwethiyori namamodeli amaningana okubikezela ubungozi baseYurophu kubonise ukuthi imodeli yase-Ireland inikeza abalimi amaphuzu engozini ephansi kakhulu ngenxa yemibandela yayo eqinile.
Ukuhlolwa kwenkundla yokusebenza kwemodeli yase-Ireland kubonise ukuthi ukulawula ngokuya ngedatha yakhona kuphumele ekuncipheni okukhulu kokusetshenziswa kwesikhunta, kodwa ngokulawulwa kabi kwe-phytophthora uma kuqhathaniswa nolunye uhlelo lokusekela izinqumo zomlimi we-Negfry (noma i-DSS) noma umkhuba ovamile wokuvikela isikhutha.
Kepha ngenkathi esikhathini esidlule “kwakulula” ukuthi abalimi basekele izinqumo zabo ezincomweni ze-DSS ukuze bathethelele ukwanda kwenani lemithi yokwelapha ngamakhemikhali, manje lo mkhuba usuhlukile - bafuna ukukhulisa izinzuzo zomnotho ngokunciphisa izindleko nokuthobela isibulala-zinambuzane. sebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezidingwa amaketanga esuphamakethe.
“Ngakho-ke, manje yisikhathi sokubuyekeza Imithetho Yase-Ireland futhi sihlole uhlelo ukuze sicacise imithetho maqondana nezinguquko zakamuva. Kuyadingeka ukuhlinzeka ngendlela ebanzi, ehlelekile futhi esobala yokusetshenziswa kohlelo lokusebenza kumongo wezinguquko ku-epidemiology yesifo kanye nokwanda kokulawulwa (imakethe / inqubomgomo)," kubhala ososayensi emsebenzini wabo.
“Ngokuphambene nemibiko yakamuva, sithole ukuthi ubungozi bezifo eziwumshayabhuqe sekwephuzile buhlala buphansi emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-12°C. Ngokutholakala kwedatha yokuqubuka engcono nokuqonda kangcono inani le-pathogen, sikholelwa ukuthi izinga lokushisa kumodeli lingase likhuphuke. ukusuka ku-10°C. C. kuya ku-12°C, okunikeza indawo eyengeziwe yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane,” bayaphawula.
“Imodeli yokubikezela ubungozi iwusizo kuphela uma inikeza izinga elifanayo lokuvikela njengomkhuba ojwayelekile kuyilapho yehlisa izindleko nomsebenzi odingekayo...Okwamanje, izikhawu zokufufaza ziyahlukahluka kusukela ezinsukwini ezi-5 kuye kweziyi-7 ezimeni zesi-Irish, esizibalile kulolu cwaningo.
Sicabanga ukuthi ukutshala kuqala ngosuku olulandela izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi lansuku zonke lidlula u-8°C izinsuku ezintathu ezilandelanayo ngemva komhla lu-1 kuMbasa. Lokhu kuwumkhuba ojwayelekile e-Ireland njengoba kunconywe inhlangano kazwelonke yabeluleki i-Teagasc. Abalimi bavame ukuqala ukufaka isibulala-sikhunta ngokushesha nje lapho ukuhluma kuka-50% sekufeziwe futhi kuqhubeke kuze kube yilapho ingxenye engaphezulu komhlaba isifile ngokuphelele, ngokuvamile ngemva kwamasonto amathathu omile. Lapha sicabanga ukuthi isikhathi sokukhula sithatha izinsuku eziyi-120. Nokho, ukuvikelwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuyaqhubeka kulawa masonto amathathu kuze kube yilapho amazambane angaphezulu komhlaba omile.
Sibonise ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, ukusetshenziswa kwamamodeli okubikezela ingozi kubangela ukuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala isikhunta uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela evamile yabalimi base-Ireland. Ukwehliswa okungaba khona kumthamo kanye nenani lokwelashwa kubonisa umehluko phakathi nesikhathi socwaningo. Lokhu kukhombisa uhlobo lomkhiqizo wezolimo futhi kugcizelela isidingo sendlela edidiyelwe yokulawula izinambuzane nezifo ukuze kunqunywe izikhawu zokwelashwa.
Amamodeli okubikezela izifo zezitshalo avame ukuhlolwa abacwaningi abawathuthukisile futhi asetshenziswa ngaphandle kokulinganisa kuma-agroecosystem ngaphandle kwalawo ezakhelwe wona.
Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi amapharamitha wemodeli yemithetho yase-Ireland kudingeka abuyekezwe mayelana nezinhlelo zemvelo ezihlukene namandla okusebenza, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemodeli.
Sincoma ukuthi unciphise imikhawulo yomswakama ohlobene ukusuka ku-90% ukuya ku-88% kanye nobude besikhathi se-sporulation ukusuka emahoreni ayi-12 kuye kwayi-10; futhi sethule ukwamukelwa kwenkomba eyengeziwe yokumanzisa kweqabunga ehlanganisa kokubili imvula (≥0,1 mm) kanye nomswakama ohlobene (≥90%),” kuphetha ababhali.
Funda ngokugcwele: https://www.agroxxi.ru/