Ososayensi base-Italiyane bahlolisise izinzuzo ze-artichoke zase-Jerusalema ezingathembeki. Kuyavela ukuthi lolu wuhlobo lwesiko elibaluleke kakhulu lokukhiqizwa kwamandla kabusha.
Emsebenzini wakhe wesayensi, iqembu lososayensi base-Italy abavela e-Faculty of Agricultural and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tushia, bayachaza ukuthi kungani i-artichoke yaseJerusalem ilungile futhi ibalulekile.
Muva nje, ama-biofuel asephenduke indlela yokunciphisa ukuphuma kwezimoto. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, ukukhiqizwa kwe-biofuel kuya ngokuya kukhulunywa ngesimo semiphumela yaso emibi, ngoba izilimo eziphambili zalezi zinhloso, njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ukudlwengulwa, ukolweni noma soya, kudinga izindlela eziphakeme zokuqina kwezolimo nenhlabathi evundile, ababhali bayaphawula. (Ama-biofuel ayimithombo yamandla asuselwa kwekhabhoni evela ezintweni ezibonakalayo).
Ngenkathi iKhomishini ye-EU isanda kuhlukanisa ama-biofuel njengomkhiqizo onezinga eliphansi lokushintshwa okungaqondile ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba, otholwe ezitshalweni ezitshalwe emazweni asemadolobholo ngokusetshenziswa okuncane kwemithombo.
Ngalesi sizathu, izitshalo ezimbalwa kuphela eYurophu ezingathola isivuno esikhulu ngalezi zidingo.
I-Jerusalema artichoke ingukuphaka kwezilwane zezolimo, i-biofuel ngisho nobhiya wezithelo.
Ukusuka kuleli phuzu, i-Jerusalem artichoke (I-Helianthus tuberosusL.), empeleni, yizinhlobo ezifanele ukunakwa, ngoba inazo zonke izimfanelo ezidingekayo ukufezekisa izinhloso ze-EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) ebuyekeziwe.
I-art artoke isetshenziswa kabanzi endaweni enhlobonhlobo futhi evame ukuthayisela ezinye izitshalo, futhi inezimo eziphezulu.
Isitshalo esenzelwe izinjongo eziningi esetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa kwabantu (ngqo kuma-tubers noma ama-sweeteners), ngezinhloso zokwenziwa kwemithi, ukukhiqizwa kwe-biomass ne-bioenergy (bioethanol ne-biogas).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufana nezinye izitshalo I-Asteraceae, njenge-chicory ne-safflower, i-artichoke yaseJerusalema inamandla njengesitshalo sokuphakelayo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, ngenxa yezinto ezintsha embonini yokwenziwa kokwehla, ama-tubers asetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ubhiya obumnandi nezithelo.
Iziqu kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa ze-Jerusalema artichoke zibonakaliswa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-inulin okunamandla okukhiqiza i-ethanol ukuze isetshenziswe njenge-biofuel.
Ikakhulu, ama-organic compounds (anjenge-inulin ne-cellulose) noshukela acutshungulwa ukuze kukhiqizwe i-ethanol ngokuvutshelwa kanye noshwele.
Eminyakeni engama-20 edlule, kwenziwe umsebenzi obalulekile ukwenza ngcono ukuguqulwa kwe-biomass ibe uphethiloli. Kodwa-ke, ama-biofuel wesizukulwane sokuqala (i-bioethanol ne-biodiesel etholakala ezitshalweni zokudla) akhishwa ezitshalweni ezimbalwa kuphela ezinokusebenza okuhlukile kokuguqula imisebe yelanga ibe amandla wamakhemikhali (biomass).
Ikakhulu, izifuyo ze-biofuel ikakhulukazi zidlwengulwa, isundu samafutha nesoya we-biodiesel; kanye nomoba, ummbila, amashukela, noshukela omnandi we-bioethanol.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuyona yonke i-biomass efanelekile ukuqoqwa (i.e., i-biomass yezimila ngaphansi komhlaba ngokuvamile ihlala emhlabathini), ngakho-ke ukulandelana kwe-carbon diac kuye kuncishiswe, futhi ukucubungula ukungasebenzi kahle kuyanda.
Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, izinhlobo zezitshalo zezinhlelo zokukhiqiza izithombo ezingama-biofuel ezizayo zilindelwe ukuba zinqobe okunye kwalokhu kubekelwa umkhawulo, ikakhulukazi uma ziveza i-biomass engaphansi komhlaba (isb. Izimpande noma ama-tubers).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ukusetshenziswa komhlaba okunzima kwezolimo sekuvele kwethulwe ezifundeni eziningi zomhlaba, izilimo ze-bioenergy kumele zikwazi ukusimamisa imvelo ukuze kugwenywe umthwalo owengeziwe ezinhlotsheni zezolimo, enhlabathini nasemithonjeni yamanzi.
Ososayensi bafuna izitshalo ze-bioenergy zesikhathi esizayo
Ucwaningo lwenziwa lapho kudingidwa izinhlelo zokuthola amandla avela esizukulwaneni esisha sama-biofuel anomthelela omncane kwezemvelo, ukukhiqiza okuningi kanye nokubuyiselwa okukhulu ekutshalweni kwezimali, futhi kucatshangelwe ukuncishiswa komncintiswano wokusetshenziswa komhlaba ngokudla nokondla izitshalo.
I-Lignocellulosic biomass evela ezitshalweni ze-bioenergy eziqhekekile kanye nemfucuza yezolimo ithathwa njengomthombo ozinzile wokukhiqizwa kwe-biioenergy, kepha i-hydrolysis isebenzisa ama-enzyme eselula futhi ebiza kakhulu kunokusebenzisa isitashi noma i-molass biomass.
Mayelana nalokhu, phakathi kwezinhlelo ezikhangayo kakhulu ze-biofuel zesizukulwane esilandelayo kukhona i-algae ehehayo ne-artichoke, ekhiqiza i-tuber, nayo engatshalwa futhi ivunwe kusetshenziswa ingqalasizinda ekhona kanye nezinqubo ezisetshenziselwa izitshalo ezifanayo (izitshalo ezinamanzi amaningi).
Kungani i-artichoke yaseJerusalem idinga iYurophu ngempela
Izici ezenza i-Jerusalema artichoke ibe yisitshalo esifanele samandla afaka: ukukhula okusheshayo, okuqukethwe okune-carbohydrate, okuhambisanayo okuphelele okwomile endaweni ngayinye, ikhono lokusebenzisa amanzi amdaka oqukethe izakhi, ukumelana ne-pathogen / ukubekezelela, amandla okukhula kalula ngezindleko zokukhiqizwa kwangaphandle okuncane futhi emazweni ayincithakalo.
Lesi sici sokugcina sithembisa ukuthi sizoba ngukhiye nekusasa lama-biofuel eYurophu.
Njengoba kuhlinzekelwe yi-Renewable Energy Directive (RED) ebuyekezwe yamukelwe yiPhalamende laseYurophu kanye noMkhandlu (Directive 2018/2001), iKhomishani ye-EU isanda kwamukela isenzo esibekiwe sokucacisa izinguquko zokusetshenziswa komhlaba ngokungaqondile.
I-ILUC iyinhlangano yokudla eyingozi enwetshiwe ngokungaqondile ngqo kwendawo yokukhiqiza emhlabathini enezinqolobane eziphezulu zekhabhoni, kanye nokunikwa isitifiketi kwama-biofuels e-ILUC anobungozi, ama-biofluids kanye namafutha e-biomass.
Kunganikezwa isitifiketi uma uphethroli ehlangabezana nalezi zindlela ezilandelayo:
(i) ukuhlangabezana nenqubo yokusimama, okusho ukuthi izinto zokusetshenziswa zingatshalwa kuphela kumhlaba ongasetshenziswanga ongacebile ngekhabhoni;
(ii) ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingeziwe ngenxa yezinyathelo zokwandisa umkhiqizo kumhlaba osuvele usetshenzisiwe noma izilimo ezikhulayo ezindaweni ezazingasetshenziswanga ngaphambili ukulima izitshalo (umhlaba ongasetshenziswanga), inqobo nje uma umhlaba ushiywe noma wehliswe kakhulu, noma isivuno ikhule ngumninikhaya elincane;
(iii) ubufakazi obucindezelayo bokuthi imigomo emibili eyedlule ihlangatsheziwe.
Ngokusobala, ngokuya ngezidingo ze-Directive, izinto ezinjalo zokusetshenziswa ezingezekile kumele zihlangabezane nezidingo zokukhiqizwa kwamafutha anobungozi obuphansi kuphela uma zitholakala ngendlela eqhubekayo.
Ngalesi sizathu, i-Jerusalem artichoke ingumuntu othembisayo ongathathela indawo izitshalo ezinjengamabheki ommbila noshukela.
I-biomass ekhula ngokushesha ama-biofuel
I-kinetics yokukhula kwezingxenye zezitshalo ikhombisa amandla ayo okukhiqiza izilimo ezifanele eYurophu.
Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kuya kwezintathu zezinto ezomile zomoya zimelelwa ngeziqu namagatsha, kanti amaqabunga nezimbali aqukethe amaphesenti aphansi. Ingxenye yokwabiwa kwesisindo esomile incike kakhulu ezintweni eziningi: ezinhlobonhlobo, isikhathi sokutshala, izimo zesimo sezulu kanye nezimo zokukhula.
Ngaphezulu kwama-50% wesisindo sezitshalo ezikulesiqu.
Kunezigaba ezimbili zokukhula kokukhula. Ezinyangeni zokuqala ezinhlanu, kukhuphuka okuqondile komugqa nokuphakama kwesisindo. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, ukuphakama kwesiqu kufinyelela kokuphezulu futhi kuhlala kungashintshiwe, futhi isisindo saso siyancipha.
Ukuphakama okuphezulu nesisindo sesitshalo kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngezimo zemvelo nohlobo lofuzo. Ezinhlotsheni zakuqala, ukuphakama kokugcina kufinyelela ku-140 cm, kanti kwezinye izinhlobo zakamuva, ukuphakama kokugcina cishe kungama-280 cm.
Ngenxa yalokho, lapho kuphela isikhathi sokukhula, inani lezinto ezomile ngeziqu zezinhlobo sekwephuzile zaziphakeme cishe kabili izikhathi kunezinhlobo zokuqala. Ngakho-ke, i-biomass ephelele yezinhlobo ezivuthwe sekwephuzile ingaphezulu kakhulu kuneyezinhlobo zokuqala zokuvuthwa. Ukufanisa kukhombisa ukuthi ezinhlotsheni zakamuva ukulondolozwa okude kwendawo eyiqabunga efanelekile kuvumela ukufakwa okungcono kwento eyomile.
I-Alexandria-free i-artichoke
Ngenxa yokumelana kwayo nesomiso nosawoti, i-artichoke yaseJerusalema ingatshalwa enhlabathini engafanele ezinye izilimo eziyizimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ikhula kahle enhlabathini nge-pH engu-4,4 kuye ku-8,6.
Uma inhlabathi enobumba obukhulu kanye ne-hydromorphic yenhlabathi ingaphambanisa ukuvunwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, kulezo zimo i-artichoke yaseJerusalem ingatshalwa ukukhiqiza iziqu.
Ngokuvamile, isivuno, usayizi nokwakheka kwama-tubers kuncike ohlotsheni lomhlabathi. Ngenxa yenhlabathi engasindi ilula ikhiqiza amabhula amakhulu, inhlabathi esindayo inikela ngesivuno esihle sesomiso ngenxa yokugcinwa okungcono komswakama wenhlabathi.
Ngokuqondene nokushisa kokutshala, kwezinhlobo eziningi ze-artichoke yaseJerusalema, isikhathi sezitshalo okungenani sezinsuku ezingama-125 ezingenantethe ziyadingeka.
Ngokuvamile, amazinga okushisa okutshala angena ku-6-26 ° C kuyadingeka ukuthola isivuno esihle.
Lesi sitshalo simelana ngokulingana nesithwathwa. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kusenesikhathi, isivuno sibekezelela amazinga okushisa aze afike ku-6 ° C, yize amazinga okushisa aphansi ebanga i -hlamvu chlorosis. Ngokuqondene nokuvunwa kwekwindla, iqhwa elisuka ku--2,8 ° C liye ku -8,4 ° C libangela indlela yokuqandelwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kubanda. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukunambitheka kwabo ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwe-inulin ibe yi-fructose.
Emvelweni wemvelo, ezinye izidalwa (ama-microorganisms, izinambuzane kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo) ziyahlangana nezitshalo zase-artichoke zase-Jerusalem, kubandakanya nemindeni eyisithupha yezinyosi nezinyosi.
Ama-phytophages amaningi nama-microorganisms abhalwe phansi kwi-artichoke yaseJerusalema, kepha amaningi awo angalimaza kakhulu isiko.
Ngokuvamile, ingxenye esemuva yesitshalo ayithathwa kalula yilesi sifo, kanti nezilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi sokukhula sekwephuzile kanye nokugcinwa kusengcupheni. Amagciwane ayingozi kakhulu yiScototinia sclerotiorum neSclerotinia rolfsii, okubangela ukubola.
Esokuqala sikhushulwa ngomanyolo we-nitrogen omningi, inhlabathi ephansi ye-pH noma inhlabathi ye-hydromorphic, bese kuthi kamuva kube ngumswakama ohlanganiswe namazinga okushisa aphezulu.
Kubangelwa nokugqwala I-Puccinia helianthikanye ne-Powdery isikhutha esidalwe I-Erisyphe chicoracearum, thinta i-artichoke yaseJerusalema, kepha abakwazi ukukhawula isivuno, njengeqabunga leqabunga ngenxa ye-Alternaria helianthi.
Lapho ugcina nezilimo eziyizigaxa, ikakhulukazi lapho zilinyazwa ngesikhathi sokuvuna, izifo ezibangelwa I-Botrytis cinerea, I-Rhizopus nigricans, I-Fusarium и I-Pennicillum spp.. Kodwa-ke, izinqubo zokubandayo zilawula ngempumelelo lezi zifo.
Ngokuqondene nezinambuzane, lokhu ikakhulukazi ama-aphid, kepha umphumela wawo awunakwa.
Lesi sitshalo siqine futhi siqinile, ngakho i-artichoke yaseJerusalema ingaba ukhula oluncintisanayo kakhulu. Ngokuqondene nolunye ukhula olukhula ngokushesha, ukulwa nabo kuyadingeka kuphela ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyela kuze kube yilapho i-canopy ivala. Kokubili ukhula lungasetshenziswa.
Lapho i-artichoke yaseJerusalema isiqalile ensimini, kunzima kakhulu ukuyikhipha, ngoba nezilimo eziyizigaxa noma izingxenye zazo zihlala emhlabathini, zibusika kahle emhlabathini.
Ukukhetha kwe-artichoke yaseJerusalema
Izakhiwo zenani elikhulu zemvelo kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo zeJeep artichoke ziyisisekelo sokusetshenziswa kwaso konke embonini yokudla kanye nezimboni, ezidinga ukuphuculwa kofuzo kwesitshalo.
Ukugxila okuyinhloko ekukhetheni kutholakala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa nokuqukethwe kwe-inulin yokudla nokuphakela, futhi muva nje, kugxilwe kakhulu ekwakheni ama-biomass ekukhiqizweni kwe-biofuel.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yesiko elisetshenzisiwe elilinganiselwe le-Jerusalem artichoke, kuze kube manje, kunenqubekela phambili encane kakhulu eyenziwe ekufuyeni. Ukutshalwa kwezimali ekuthuthukisweni kokuzalela nakho kuguquguqukayo futhi kuncike ekufunweni kwabasebenza kwezimboni ezweni ngalinye.
Ukuvuselelwa kwenzalo eJerusalem artichoke ngawo-1970 no-1980, okuhambisana nobunzima bamandla kanye nokushoda kokudla, kugqugquzele isenzo esihlelekile nesinamandla sokuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezintsha ukufeza izidingo ezivelayo.
Kusukela lapho, kuye kwabikwa ukwanda okukhulu kwezindawo ezitshaliwe, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni eyishumi edlule emazweni ase-Asia.
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu okukhona njengamanje, isidingo sokuthola imithombo yamandla esimeme futhi sinciphise indawo okuhloswe ukuthi kukhiqizwe ukudla, yona imali ekhethiwe lapho kukhethwa i-artichoke yase Jerusalem ibonakala inesizathu esikhulu.
I-USA nayo ingahle ihehehe i-artichoke yaseJerusalema
Kuze kube manje, izilimo ezivame kakhulu ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-ethanol kukhona ummbila, umoba, ushukela omnandi kanye nama-beet ashukela. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinhlobo zincike kumhlaba wokulima ovundile futhi, njengomthetho, zidinga izinsiza ezibalulekile zangaphandle (isb. Amanzi, izibulala-zinambuzane, umanyolo) ukuze zithole isivuno esikhulu.
I-United States neBrazil yibo abakhiqizi abakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele be-bioethanol. Babalwe cishe ngama-84% ukukhiqizwa kwe-bioethanol yomhlaba wonke ngonyaka we-2018.
Amabele kanye nomoba yizinto zokusetshenziswa eziphezulu zokukhiqiza i-ethanol kula mazwe.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Ethanol ngonyaka ka-2027 kulindeleke ukuthi kube yi-15 ne-18% yomkhiqizo wommbila womhlaba nokukhiqiza umoba.
I-United States, njenge-Yurobhu, isebenzisa ikakhulu isitashi sikakolweni nokolweni ukukhiqiza i-bioethanol, kuyilapho umoba ucutshungulwa eBrazil. Ngokuvamile, umoba unesithelo esiphakeme se-ethanol kunezommbila nezinye izitshalo ezinjengeJeephe artichoke.
Kodwa-ke, umoba ulungile ezindaweni ezishisayo nezithambile, kodwa hhayi ezimweni sezulu ezishisayo. Ngakho-ke, i-tominabur ingathatha indawo yayo eduze kommbila lapho kukhiqizwa i-ethanol yaseMelika.