Umbhalo: Ilya Rubin
Ukubambisana kwezolimo akukaze kubhekwe njengamandla eRussia. Uma kuziwa emifelandawonye, i-Fonterra edume umhlaba wonke, i-Valio ne-Arla, ehlanganisa abakhiqizi bobisi, ifika engqondweni ngokushesha. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kunezibonelo zama-cooperatives aphumelelayo ekukhuleni kwemifino yaseRussia.
Ngokusho kwe-Association of Peasant (Farming) Farms and Agricultural Cooperatives of Russia (AKKOR), kukhona cishe izinkulungwane ezi-4 ezisebenza ngempela imifelandawonye yezolimo eRussia. Lesi sibalo siyalinganiselwa, futhi ayikashintshi neze kule minyaka embalwa edlule. Iqiniso liwukuthi ephepheni, ukubambisana kuyachuma eRussia: ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni, kunabanikazi bamasheya abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-400 cishe kuma-cooperatives ayizinkulungwane ezingu-6 ezweni, futhi inzuzo yabo idlula ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20.
Kodwa-ke, idatha ye-Rosstat ibonisa ukuthi phakathi neminyaka eyi-10 edlule inani lamapulazi eRussia liye lancipha ngo-40% - sekusele ayizinkulungwane ezingaphezu kuka-200. Yiqiniso, abalimi abasaphila baye bandisa kakhulu indawo yabo ngalesi sikhathi - izikhathi ezingu-2,5. ngokwesilinganiso kumahektha angama-269.
Kunoma yikuphi, ukuhlakanipha okuvamile mayelana nokwehluleka kokubambisana kwezolimo zaseRussia kungenziwa ihaba, ngoba izibonelo zokubambisana okuphumelelayo kwe-agrarians eRussia zisatholakala.
Indlela yokuthengisa imifino ngenzuzo
Njengomthetho, isisekelo sokubambisana isikhathi eside nesithelayo sabalimi bemifino yisifiso sabo sokuthengisa imikhiqizo yabo ngenzuzo. Umthengi omkhulu kunawo wonke amaketanga okuthengisa. Amanethiwekhi adinga ukulethwa okuqinisekisiwe kwamavolumu amakhulu anekhwalithi ebikezelwayo. Amapulazi amancane awakwazi ukwenza lokhu, kodwa, njengoba ehlangene, angakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngezinsiza kunethiwekhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwemibandela evumayo kakhulu.
Yile ndlela ukubambisana okuyimpumelelo komfelandawonye we-AgroKostroma okuthuthuke ngayo. Lo mfelandawonye wokuhlinzeka ngabathengi bezolimo kanye nokumaketha usebenzela ukuhlinzeka ngemifino yangaphandle. Ngokusho kwesistimu yokuqinisekisa ama-counterparties "Kartoteka", imali engenayo yokubambisana
idlula ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyi-120. Inzuzo yonke ye co-op ayiyona inkomba ebalulekile, kodwa kubalulekile ukuthi ibe yinhle.
Umlando we "AgroKostroma" waqala ngokuthi ngo-2007 amapulazi amaningana anquma ukuhlangana ukuze enze imisebenzi ephumelelayo. “Umsebenzi omkhulu womfelandawonye bekuwukudayisa imikhiqizo ngokulingana kwawo wonke amalungu omfelandawonye, okungabandakanyi ukuncintisana phakathi kwawo. Inhlangano yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthenga ngokuhlanganyela imishini nemishini ngokusekelwa uhulumeni, kanye nokuthola izindlela zokukhiqiza ngemibandela evumayo, ”kukhumbula uValentina Konkova, usihlalo womfelandawonye we-AgroKostroma.
“Idlelandawonye, okokuqala nje, iwukubambisana okuzuzisayo kubo bonke ababambiqhaza bayo. Ngakho-ke, naphezu kokuthi ukwakheka kwethu kwakushintsha kancane kancane (othile washiya umfelandawonye, amapulazi amasha anesithakazelo ajoyina), sasihlala sithola amaphuzu okuxhumana ", -
kusho uValentina Konkova.
Ngokusho kwakhe, umsebenzi oyinhloko owawubhekene nomfelandawonye kwakuwukuqala ukusebenzisana namaketanga amakhulu okudayisa. Ngo-2017, inkontileka yokuqala enkulu yasayinwa ngokuhlinzekwa kwemikhiqizo evela kumalungu omfelandawonye. “Kulula kakhulu ukuthi izitolo ezinkulu zisebenze nabahlinzeki abakhulu. Akuwona wonke amapulazi amancane anezinsiza zokubambisana okuzimele nawo. Ukwakhiwa kwesixhumanisi esisodwa sezokuthutha kuvumele amabhizinisi anemiqulu ehlukene yokukhiqiza ukuthi abe ababambiqhaza kule nkontileka. Siphumelele kuphela ngenxa yokusebenzisana kahle kweqembu, ”kugcizelela u-Valentina Konkova.
Ngendlela, ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo okunenzuzo akuyona ukuphela kwesizathu sokubambisana. Isikhathi esiningi amadlelandawonye angathola imali ebolekiwe kanye nezibonelelo ngokuhlangana kuphela, ngoba uma ehlangene aneziqinisekiso ezengeziwe zamabhange, izinsiza eziningi zokuqoqa imibhalo kanye nezizathu ezengeziwe zokuthola ukwesekwa kukahulumeni.
Isibonelo, umfelandawonye wokuthengisa abathengi bezolimo okhulayo wemifino "Kazachiy", edolobheni laseKrymsk, eKrasnodar Territory, wakwazi ukwakha izindawo zokugcina kuphela ngenxa yomsebenzi ohlangene wamapulazi abo. Ukuze kwakhiwe ngo-2017, uMnyango Wezolimo kanye Nezimboni Zokucubungula ze-Krasnodar Territory unikeze ukubambisana kwe-"Cossack" ngemali ye-ruble eyizigidi ezingu-19,5. Amanye ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyi-13. izimali zabo zasetshenziswa ukwenza umsebenzi wokwakha, ukuthenga imishini nezinto zokusebenza. Kungaba nzima kakhulu ukuthola isibonelelo sikahulumeni futhi sikhulise lezo zimali ngokuhlukana.
Ukubambisana kwesikhathi eside kwamapulazi ehlangene kuma co-op cishe njalo kukhombisa umphumela omuhle. Singabala njengesibonelo i-SEC "Vyshgorodsky", eyasungulwa ngo-2004 edolobhaneni laseVyshgorod, esifundeni saseRyazan. Unolwazi olubanzi kakhulu, okuhlanganisa nokutshala imifino.
Lo mfelandawonye waba umholi wesifunda endaweni ye-agro-industrial complex ngokunembile ngenxa yomsebenzi ohlangene wamapulazi, ongakwazi ukuthola imali eyanele yokuthenga imishini nemishini yezolimo. Ngo-2012-2019, ngokusekelwa uMnyango Wezolimo Nokudla weSifunda saseRyazan, ngaphakathi kohlaka lohlelo lwesifunda lwesifunda saseRyazan "Ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo yezimboni zezolimo", umfelandawonye wanikezwa imali mboleko kanye noxhaso. ngenani lama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-80,9. ukuthengwa kwezinto zokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umfelandawonye utshale imali elinganiselwa ku-RUB 9,9 million kuphrojekthi.
izimali zabo.
Ngenxa yalokhu kutshalwa kwezimali, imali engenayo yomfelandawonye ikhule ngo-90% eminyakeni edlule, futhi isivuno sezitshalo zemifino sikhule ngamaphesenti angamashumi.
Singasho ukuthi ukubambisana ekulinyweni kwemifino kwenza kube lula ukuthi amapulazi amancane ahlakazekile aqine njengezokulima. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amandla okuphatha kangcono amabhizinisi amancane angawenza asebenze kahle nakakhulu. Noma kunjalo, kunenkolelo yokuthi iRussia iyizwe elinezimboni ezinkulu zezolimo ezizothatha izinsalela zomhlaba kubalimi abacekeleke phansi. Nokho, le nkinga iyihaba ngandlela-thile.
Inganekwane yokubamba kwezolimo
Ngaphandle kungase kubonakale sengathi yonke inkimbinkimbi yezimboni zezolimo eRussia iyindawo eyodwa eqhubekayo yezolimo, esukela emkhathizwe kuya phezulu. Eqinisweni, ezolimo zaseRussia, ikakhulukazi ekukhuleni kwemifino, zimelelwa inani elikhulu lezinkampani ezincane namapulazi.
amapulazi.
Ngendlela, emazweni aseYurophu, lapho kungekho khona amapulazi amakhulu, kodwa kukhona amapulazi amancane omndeni, ama-co-operatives athole impumelelo enkulu, futhi amanye awo abe khona amashumi noma amakhulu eminyaka.
Ngokusho kweFederal State Statistics Service, eRussia, isabelo samapulazi anendawo engamahektha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-10 eminyakeni yamuva nje sesifinyelele ingxenye yesithathu yawo wonke amapulazi aseRussia, kanti maphakathi nawo-2000 lesi sibalo sasingaphansi kwama-20. %. Kodwa-ke, akuyona nje indawo yezolimo ekhulile, kodwa futhi nomhlaba
iziza zezinkampani zezolimo ezingezinkulu kakhulu, ezaqhutshwa ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo eziningi ezingaphansi komuntu. Yilokhu okubangele ukukhula kwezindawo zezinkampani zezolimo "eziphakathi" eRussia - abalimi "abachwepheshile" baxosha "abayizimfundamakhwela" ezindlini ezizimele. Isibonelo, indawo ephelele yamapulazi ngesikhathi esifanayo iphindwe kabili - cishe amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-2. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi ekukhuleni kwemifino, lapho, ngokumelene nesizinda sokuncipha kwenani eliphelele lezinhlangano zezolimo, inani labalimi landa.
Manje kunabalimi abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-200 eRussia, futhi bandisa izindawo zabo, njengezindawo zezolimo. Kodwa-ke, izindawo zabo zomhlaba zincane - indawo yepulazi evamile ingamahektha angu-269 (kuyilapho inhlangano ngayinye yezolimo yaseRussia ihlanganisa amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-6). Ngakho-ke, abalimi banamathuba amaningi ekusebenzisaneni.
Njengamanje, kukhona ukwanda kokuthandwa kokubambisana. Sekukonke, ngo-2018-2020, kwasungulwa imifelandawonye yezolimo eyi-1848 eRussia, lapho i-1698 yayingabathengi, ngokusho kwe-Federal Corporation for Development of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kwe
abakhiqizi bezolimo inhloso kumele bakhe imifelandawonye ukuze yenze imisebenzi eyahlukene.
Ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kokubambisana, i-SME Corporation, kanye noMnyango Wezolimo waseRussia Federation, i-MSP Bank, i-Rosselkhozbank, i-Sberbank ne-Rosagroleasing, ithuthukise Iphakheji Lezinyathelo Zokusekela (umkhiqizo "webhokisi") wemifelandawonye yezolimo kanye namalungu abalimi. wemifelandawonye yezolimo. Le phakheji yezinyathelo zokweseka ihlanganisa imikhiqizo yezezimali ekhethekile yamadlelandawonye ezolimo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi iziqinisekiso ezivela ku-SME Corporation, imikhiqizo yezikweletu evela ku-SME Bank, i-Rosselkhozbank, i-Sberbank, ehambisana nokwesekwa kwezibonelelo kanye noxhaso oluvela eMnyangweni Wezolimo.
I-Russia, imikhiqizo ekhethekile yokuqashisa yezinkampani eziqashisayo zesifunda zokuthengwa kwemishini nemikhiqizo yokuqashisa ye-Rosagroleasing.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, Iphakheji Lezinyathelo Zokusekela lihlanganisa nezinyathelo zokusekela uMnyango Wezokuthuthukiswa Komnotho waseRussia ukuheha uxhaso lwezimali emakethe yamasheya. Futhi, ngaphezu kwezinyathelo zokusekelwa kwezezimali, iqukethe ulwazi lwezinyathelo zokusekela okungezona ezezezimali, okuhlanganisa ukukhulisa izimakethe zemikhiqizo: ukukhangisa imikhiqizo ku-inthanethi, ukuthengwa kumakhasimende amakhulu, nokubambisana namaketanga ezitolo zenhlangano.
Kodwa-ke, zonke lezi zinyathelo zokusekela akunakwenzeka ukuthi zikwazi ukuxazulula inkinga enkulu yokubambisana - ukuntuleka kokuthembana phakathi kwabalimi, kusho u-Alexander Nikulin, umqondisi we-RANEPA Center for Agricultural Research ngaphansi kukaMongameli weRussian Federation. Ufunda ukunyakaza kokubambisana eRussia futhi ngaphakathi kohlaka lwakhe
umsebenzi wesayensi uxoxa njalo nabalimi. "Ngokombono, abalimi abancane bangahlangana futhi ngaleyo ndlela baqale ukuncintisana nezindawo zezolimo ekuhlinzekeni amanethiwekhi ahlangene nawesifunda, kodwa empeleni abavamile ukuphumelela," kusho u-Alexander Nikulin.
Nokho-ke kunethemba lokuthi isizukulwane esisha sabalimi, esingenalo ubandlululo ngamadlelandawonye, sizoqala ukwakha imifelandawonye. Uchwepheshe ubona izimpawu zokuqala zalokhu kunyakaza esifundeni saseMoscow, lapho abalimi abasha sebevele bedala enye inhlangano yokubambisana ku-AKKOR.
Kuthiwani ngemithetho?
Kunzima kakhulu ukuthi kube khona imifelandawonye yezolimo ngaphandle kwemigomo kahulumeni ephusile. “Emazweni amaningi ase-Europe, ukubambisana kube nempumelelo ngenxa yokunakekelwa kwamapulazi amancane. Isibonelo, eFrance, abalimi babhekwa ngokusemthethweni njengengxenye yefa lamasiko, futhi eSwitzerland, abalimi abancane banikezwa ukusekelwa okubalulekile kwezezimali (hhayi okuqondile kakhulu, kodwa ngaphezulu ngendlela yengqalasizinda, izimo ezinhle zezikweletu, kanye like), "- kusho umqondisi wezokumaketha wenkampani yabameli i-Hoban Law Group Halston Punchek.
Ugcizelela ukuthi ama-cooperatives adumile futhi anamandla - i-Valio, i-CHS, i-Mondragon noma i-Arla - yadalwa ngokusekelwa kukahulumeni okungenamibandela, okuqhubekayo kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Japan, ngaphezu kuka-90% wabo bonke abalimi bangamalungu emifelandawonye, futhi umfelandawonye wabo we-ZEN-NOH ungomunye wemifelandawonye emikhulu emhlabeni. Amapulazi akhona amancane, kodwa ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa okunjalo angakwazi ukuvikela amalungelo abo ezingeni eliphezulu, ngakho-ke ingxenye yoxhaso lukahulumeni enzuzweni yabo ingaphezu kwama-50%.
Manje isidingo sokusekelwa kombuso kuma-cooperatives kuyaxoxwa ngakho eRussia. Ngenxa yezici zokubambisana, ukusekelwa kweziphathimandla zombuso kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwayo. Mayelana nalokhu, kuzo zonke izifunda (ngaphandle kwaseMoscow naseSt. Petersburg), kuthuthukiswe futhi
izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ukubambisana ziyasetshenziswa, futhi izikhungo zamakhono emkhakheni wokubambisana kwezolimo kanye nokweseka abalimi ziyabandakanyeka ekuhleleni ukwesekwa kwengqalasizinda.
Ngenxa yokusekelwa, izifunda ezihamba phambili ekuthuthukisweni kokubambisana kwezolimo yiLipetsk, iTyumen, izifunda zaseBelgorod, iKrasnodar Territory, iRepublic of Sakha (Yakutia), Bashkortostan neTatarstan. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, lezi zindawo ezilandelayo zingase zithembise: ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ye-organic kanye ne-eco, imikhiqizo enezici eziphezulu ze-gastronomic kanye ne-Culinary, kanye
ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yokudla yesifunda ehlukile, okuhlanganisa nemikhiqizo enengxenye ephezulu yokuthekelisa.
«Uma sibheka izibalo ezikhombisa inani imifelandawonye ku-dynamics eminyakeni yamuva, sizobona ukuthi abaholi bakhona bayashintsha njalo, - kusho u-Alexander Nikulin. - Muva nje, i-Tatarstan yayiphakathi kwabaholi mayelana nenani lama-cooperatives, futhi manje isifunda saseLipetsk. Lokhu kungenxa
okungukuthi ukwesekwa kwesifunda. Manje ezinye, ke ezinye izifunda ziqala ukwaba izimali kanye nokusekela ukubambisana ngazo zonke izindlela, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inzalo kule ndawo iyancipha, futhi ngemva kwalokho ukubambisana nakho kuyaphela. "
Ngokusho kwakhe, kukhona ukuphikisana emthethweni wokubambisana, futhi isinyathelo "esivela phezulu" asihambisani ngaso sonke isikhathi nesifiso sabalimi ngokwabo ukuhlanganisa. Ngakho-ke izinkinga okuvame ukukhulunywa ngazo futhi kubhalwe ngazo. Kodwa abalimi abasha kulula kakhulu ukubambisana. Ngakho mhlawumbe endaweni ethile eRussia
umfelandawonye wemifino wesikhathi esizayo uzokhula maduzane, okuzoqhathaniswa nobukhulu kanye nomthelela we-Fonterra yobisi edumile.