Ukulungiswa kwamazambane esiteji sokugcina kuqala ngaphambi kokuba imikhiqizo ifike esitolo. Sikhuluma noStanislav Vladimirovich Maltsev, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo, Inhloko Yelebhu Yezokugcina Amazambane kanye Nokucubungula I-Federal Research Center of Potatoes eqanjwe ngo-V.I. A.G. I-Lorkha.
- UStanislav Vladimirovich, ake siqale ngokukhetha izinhlobo ezifanele. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kunezinhlobonhlobo ezilungele ukugcinwa kancane kancane. Ingabe lesi sici sincike esikhathini sokuvuthwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa? Kungenzeka yini ukusho ukuthi izinhlobo ezivuthwa sekwephuzile, ngokwesibonelo, zifaneleka kakhulu ukugcinwa kunezivuthwa zakuqala?
- Izilimo eziyizigaxa zezinhlobonhlobo zamaqembu asheshe avuthiwe anqwabelanisa izinto ezomile kancane kanye nesitashi ngesikhathi sokukhula. Ngakho-ke, banenani eliphakeme lamanzi, ukuhwamuka kwawo okubangela ingxenye enkulu yokulahleka kwemvelo kwesisindo samazambane ngesikhathi sokugcina isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo zangaphambili zivunwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi zineshelufu ende. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izinto ezilinganayo, izinhlobo zakuqala futhi ikakhulukazi zakuqala zibonakala ngezinga eliphakeme lokulahlekelwa ngesikhathi sokugcinwa. Kodwa-ke, ikhwalithi yokugcina amazambane nayo incike kakhulu esikhathini sokulala kwemvelo kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, okunquma ukuqala kokuhluma nokulahlekelwa kwamahlumela. Le nkomba ihlobene ngokuqondile nezici ze-varietal futhi ayincikile eqenjini lokuvuthwa.
- Ngaphambi kokutshala amazambane, ochwepheshe batusa ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yiziphi izakhi eziqukethe ngobuningi obanele nokuthi yiziphi ezingekho. Yiziphi izinkomba okufanele uzinake ngokukhethekile uma uhlela ukubeka amazambane ukuze ugcine?
- Ulwazi lwemingcele ye-agrochemical yenhlabathi ibalulekile ekubaleni imithamo efanelekile yomanyolo wamazambane. Imvamisa, abakhiqizi bezolimo, belwela ukuthola isivuno esicebile, bafaka i-nitrogen eningi kakhulu, ngenxa yalokhu, ngesikhathi sokuvuna, izilimo eziyizigaxa ziphenduka zingavuthiwe ngokomzimba (ezinamanani aphansi esitashi, okuholela ekuwohlokeni kokunambitheka; nge ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-nitrate). Ngaphezu kwalokho, la mazambane anesikhumba esintekenteke esivame ukulimala kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Umphumela walokhu ukwehla kokugcinwa kwekhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Isilinganiso esilungile se-N: P: K samazambane ngu-1: 1-1,2: 1,2-1,5. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-phosphorus emhlabathini kuphela akuqinisekisi ukutholakala kwayo okuphezulu kwezitshalo, ngoba kungaba yinkimbinkimbi enensimbi ne-aluminium. Emhlabathini onjalo, kuyadingeka ukufaka inani elanele lomanyolo we-phosphorus fresh. Njengamanje, inhlabathi ene-phosphated ikhona emapulazini amaningi asebenzisa izindlela eziqinile zokukhiqiza izitshalo, futhi ngokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo okugcwele amazambane, lesi yisimo esivame kakhulu (ngaphandle kokubeka i-liming, ukwanda kwe-asidi, okuqukethwe kwensimbi ne-aluminium kuyanda, okubopha ngokuqinile i-phosphorus. futhi kuholela ku-phosphating).
- Yiziphi izakhi okufanele zifakwe ohlelweni lokudla kwamazambane ngesikhathi sonyaka futhi ngaziphi izikhathi?
- Okusakazeke kakhulu emapulazini aseRussia kwakuyindlela yokusetshenziswa kwe-fractional yendawo yomanyolo wamaminerali: 2/3 lapho usika ama-ridge (noma lapho utshala, uma kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe baseDashi) kanye ne-1/3 - ekuphakeleni izimpande ngokutshala phakathi kwemigqa amasonto amabili. ngemuva kokuvela kwezithombo (okungukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, N60P60K90 + N30P30K45 ngokwento esebenzayo). Amazambane asabela kahle ekuniseleni, futhi uma kungenzeka, ukuchelela (200 m3/ ha) kuhlanganiswe nokwethulwa kwe-ammonium nitrate 5 kg / ha noma umanyolo we-micronutrient (esifundeni esiPhakathi saseRussia, ukuchelela okubili kuya kwezine kwenziwa ngoJulayi-Agasti, kuye ngezimo zezulu).
- Yini enye ebalulekile okufanele icatshangelwe lapho ukhula amazambane, ukuze kamuva agcinwe kahle? Kungcono kanjani futhi nini ukusika amaqabunga? Kukuliphi izinga lokushisa lomoya nomhlabathi okunconywayo ukuvuna?
- Okokuqala, ngesikhathi sokukhula, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi kwezitshalo ngokuthintana, amalungiselelo e-systemic kanye ne-translaminar ngokumelene nokulimaza sekwephuzile, i-alternaria, i-anthracnose nezinye izifo zefungal kanye namagciwane. Inombolo edingekayo yokwelashwa okungenani emihlanu ngesizini ngayinye. Okwesibili, ukuze ugweme ukuminyanisa okukhulu kwenhlabathi yezilimo eziyizigaxa, inhlabathi esemagqumeni nasemaphasejini kufanele igcinwe ihlanzekile futhi ikhululekile kuze kuvunwe. Okwesithathu, kubalulekile ukukhipha iziqongo zangaphambi kokuvuna ngamakhemikhali (i-raglon super 2,5 l / ha, umoya owomile 2,5 l / ha, basta 2,0 l / ha), ngezindlela zemishini noma ezihlangene, kuye ngezimo nentuthuko. eziqongweni, okungenani izinsuku eziyi-10-12 ngaphambi kokumba izilimo eziyizigaxa. Okwesine, ukuhlanza kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela efike ngesikhathi futhi ekushiseni komoya okungenani +10 °C, ngaphandle kwalokho amaphesenti awonakele futhi athinteka yi-Fusarium rot tubers akhula kakhulu. Ngokubambezeleka kokuvuna nokuyifeza kumswakama ophezulu wenhlabathi (okuyinto ikakhulukazi i-loams esindayo), izilimo eziyizigaxa zine-turgor eyandayo, futhi i-pulp iqhekeka ngaphansi kwethonya lokucindezeleka kwemishini, kwakheka izinyembezi kanye nobumnyama. Uma ukuvuna kubambezeleka ngaphambi kokuqala kwesithwathwa, izinga lokulimala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa likhuphuka nakakhulu, njengoba i-pulp isesimweni esishubile futhi ilahlekelwa ukunwebeka kwayo (ikakhulukazi esimweni sokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwento eyomile). Ngokuvamile, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo ezingezinhle, ingxenye yesitshalo ngokuvamile kufanele ishiywe ensimini, futhi izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingase zivunwe zinephesenti eliphezulu lokulimala kwemishini futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukugcina izinga eliphansi.
- Yiziphi izigaba ezidingekayo zokulungiselela emva kokuvuna? Ochwepheshe abaningi bathi iningi lamapulazi aseRussia alinaki ngokwanele ukususa umhlaba ekugelezeni okujwayelekile kwemikhiqizo, awahlanganyeli ekuhlungeni nasekulinganiseni izilimo eziyizigaxa. Kungani kuyingozi? Ingakanani iphesenti lomhlaba elamukelekayo ukuthi ligcinwe?
- Ukuvuna kulandelwa isigaba sezobuchwepheshe sokubeka amazambane ukuze agcinwe. Kukhona ubuchwepheshe obuthathu bokubekisa - ku-line, transshipment kanye nokugeleza okuqondile.
Ukusakaza - Amazambane avuniwe athunyelwa esiteshini sokuhlunga ukuze ahlukanise umhlabathi, ukungcola futhi ahlukaniswe abe yizingxenyana ngokugcinwa okulandelayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nobunye ubuchwepheshe, lezi nezilimo eziyizigaxa zithola inani elikhulu kakhulu lokulimala kwemishini. Ngakho-ke, kufanele isetshenziswe kuphela ezimweni lapho: 1) umkhiqizo uhlelwe ukuthi udayiswe ngesikhathi sokuwa; 2) amazambane avunwe yinhlanganisela avela ensimini enengxube yenhlabathi engaphezu kuka-25-30% kanye nezinsalela zezitshalo; 3) izilimo eziyizigaxa zivuthwe ngokugcwele, zinesikhumba esiqinile futhi azithintwa izifo.
Transshipment - izilimo eziyizigaxa zigcinwa ezinqwaba zesikhashana ngaphambi kokugcinwa noma ukuhlunga endaweni. Ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe kuphoqelekile uma kwenzeka umonakalo omkhulu kuma-tubers ngokucindezelwa, ukubola sekwephuzile, ukubola okumanzi, kanye nasezinkathini zonyaka lapho ukuvuna kwenziwa emakhazeni nasemvula, ikakhulukazi ngokuhlanganisa emhlabathini onzima.
Ukugeleza okuqondile - amazambane avela ensimini afakwa ngokushesha endaweni yokugcina ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kwekwindla. Kuye ngezimo, kungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili. Uma ingxube yenhlabathi enqwabeni ingeqi ku-10-15%, futhi okuqukethwe kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane ezifika ku-30 mm ubukhulu akubalulekile, zivunwa ngokulandela uhlelo olulula lokuhlanganisa, okungukuthi, amazambane avela ekuhlanganiseni. ziyiswa endaweni yokugcina bese zilayishwa ku-hopper ye-TZK-type conveyor-loader.. 30/60, ebeka izigaxa endundumeni. Uma umthamo wenhlabathi ekugelezeni okuphelele komkhiqizo udlula ama-20% futhi kunezilimo eziyizigaxa eziningi ezincane, amazambane aphuma kunhlanganisela alayishwa ku-hopper eyamukelayo efakwe phambi kwesango lokugcina. I-bunker ifakwe umshini wokuhlanza inqwaba, ohlukanisa inhlabathi nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane, futhi ingxenye eyinhloko yamazambane yondliwa uhlelo lwabadlulisi (abahambisa) endaweni yokugcina, lapho i-beat itholakala khona. Ku-conveyors, ama-tubers angajwayelekile, izigaxa, amatshe nokunye ukungcola kukhethwa ngesandla. Amazambane embewu abekwe kusetshenziswa lobu buchwepheshe agcinwa kuze kube yintwasahlobo, futhi alinganiswa abe yizingxenyana ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwangaphambi kokutshala.
Ukuba khona kwenani eliningi lomhlaba onqenqemeni lwamazambane agciniwe kwenza izimo zokungena komoya zibe zimbi kakhulu, kudala indawo yokugcina amagciwane e-phytopathogenic futhi, yiqiniso, amapulazi azama ukugwema lokhu ngangokunokwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi uma ukuvunwa kubambezeleka ngesizathu esithile, ikakhulukazi uma umsebenzi wenziwa enhlabathini enesihlabathi esindayo.
Ngokusho kwe-GOST 7176-201 "Amazambane okudla. Izimo zobuchwepheshe "ukuba khona kwenhlabathi enamathela kuma-tubers akuvunyelwe kumazambane okuqala, kulabo abaphuzile - akukho ngaphezu kwe-1% yengxenye enkulu evunyelwe. Ngokusho kwe-GOST 33996-2016. "Imbewu yamazambane nezindlela zokunquma ikhwalithi" ivumele ukuba khona kwenhlabathi nokungcola, kungabi ngaphezu kuka-2% ngesisindo ezigabeni ze-OS, ES, RS1-2.
- Yiziphi izigaba "inkathi yokwelashwa" ehlanganisa amazambane? Ingabe ihlale idingeka?
- Ngokuvamile, ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amazambane buhlanganisa izikhathi ezinhlanu eziyinhloko: ukomisa (100-200 m3/ t ngehora), ukwelashwa, ukupholisa (0,5 °C ngosuku), main kanye nentwasahlobo.
Kunconywa ngaso sonke isikhathi ukwenza isikhathi sokwelashwa noma nini lapho kungenzeka, ngoba kuyadingeka ukuphulukisa ukulimala kwemishini okubangelwa izilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi sokuvuna nokuthutha, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukulungiswa kwamazambane ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi eside. Ubude besikhathi sokwelashwa buncike ekushiseni komoya: ku-18-20 °Ngayo ihlala izinsuku eziyi-14-16, ku-14-16 °Ukusuka - izinsuku ezingama-20-25. Ezingeni lokushisa elingu-12 °Ukusuka nangaphansi izinqubo zokuvuthwa kanye nezibazi zezigaba kanye nemihuzuko azenzeki.
Ukuphulukiswa okusebenzayo kakhulu kokulimala (ukwakheka kwezingqimba zamaseli angaphansi kanye ne-peridermis yesilonda) kwenzeka ekushiseni okungaba ngu-18. °C.
Amazambane agcinwe esitokisini afakwa umoya ofudumele ofudumele (wangaphakathi) womoya izikhathi ezingama-5-6 ngosuku imizuzu engama-30 nezikhawu zamahora angama-3,5-4. Isango lokugcina impahla kanye namavalvu okuphakela kanye ne-exhaust agcinwa evaliwe. Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, umswakama womoya ohlobene (RH) ugcinwa ezingeni lika-90-95% ngokungeza inani elincane lomoya obandayo ongaphandle emoyeni wangaphakathi wesitoreji samazambane, isibonelo, ebusuku. Ukufakwa kwe-humidifier yokwenziwa embotsheni yomoya ngemuva kwefeni kusebenza kahle kakhulu. Ukwehla komswakama womoya ngaphansi kwama-80% ngesikhathi sokwelashwa akwamukelekile, ngoba kukhuthaza ukuhwamuka okukhulu komswakama ovela ezicutshini zezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, ukuvimbela ukwakheka kokubola okomile ezindaweni zokulimala kwemishini yezilimo eziyizigaxa (izifo zokukhunta), kunconywa ukuphatha amazambane ngosizo lokungena komoya osebenzayo ngokulungiselela intuthu ngesithako esisebenzayo se-thiabendazole (ngokwesibonelo, " Vist" ngokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kwe-8-10 g / t).
- Ingabe ngidinga ukufeza ukuhlaziywa kwe-tuber uma kuziwa kumazambane we-ware?
- Yebo, njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amazambane buncike kakhulu kwikhwalithi yokuqala yezilimo eziyizigaxa, enqunywa ngokunembile ukuhlaziywa kwe-tuber. Ngokuya ngekhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezibekiwe kanye nezigameko zezifo zazo, kwenziwa isinqumo mayelana nokuqina kanye nobude bokungena komoya ngesikhathi sokumiswa, izinga lokushisa lokugcina ngesikhathi esiyinhloko, kanye nesikhathi esiphezulu sokugcina esingaba khona samaqoqo athile. amazambane kanye nesikhathi esifanele sokuthengiswa kwawo.
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